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1700 BC | A Wisdom Archive on 1700 BC | | 1700 BC A selection of articles related to 1700 BC | |
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1700 BC, 17th century BC, 17th century BC - Events, 17th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions, 17th century BC - Overview, 17th century BC - Significant persons
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 1700 BC | | | |  1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - State - IntroductionThe word "state" in contemporary parlance often means the "Westphalian state", in reference to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and is used most often in international relations theory. In this sense, the modern state is an entity that enjoys extensive autonomy in its domestic economic and social policy, largely free from interference from other states and powers. A number of modern commentators have claimed that we are experiencing the decline of the Westphalian state as the principal actor of the international system, pointing to eco ...
See also:State, State - Introduction, State - Etymology, State - Formation of the state, State - International point of view, State - The domestic point of view, State - Philosophies of the state Read more here: » State: Encyclopedia II - State - Introduction |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - History Most linguists classify all of the variations of Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family and believe that there was an original language, called Proto-Sino-Tibetan, similar to Proto-Indo-European, from which the Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman languages descended. The relations between Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages are an area of active research, as is the attempt to reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan. The main difficulty in this effort is that, while there is very good documentation that allows us to reconstruct the ancient sou ...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - History |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Sounds The phonological structure of each syllable consists of a nucleus consisting of a vowel (which can be a monophthong, diphthong, or even a triphthong in certain varieties) with an optional onset or coda consonant as well as a tone. There are some instances where a vowel is not used as a nucleus. An example of this is in Cantonese, where the nasal sonorant consonants /m/ and /ŋ/ can stand alone as their own syllable.
Across all t ...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Sounds |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Culture Minoan men wore loincloths and kilts. Women wore robes that were open to the navel and had short sleeves and flounced skirts. The patterns on clothes emphasized symmetrical geometric designs.
The statues of priestesses in Minoan culture and frescoes showing men and women participating in the same sports (usually bull-leaping) lead some archaeologists to believe that men and women held equal social status, and that inheritance might even have been matrilineal. The frescos include many depictions of people, with the sexes distinguished by colour: the men's skin is reddish-brown, the women's white. The colour ...
See also:Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Culture |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Art The great collection of Minoan art is in the museum at Heraklion, near Knossos on the north shore of Crete. Minoan art, with other remains of material culture especially the sequence of ceramic styles, has defined the three phases of Minoan culture defined by archaeologists, each phase with its defining character.
The first, Early Minoan phase (EMI, EMII and EMIII) rose out of local Neolithic culture about 2500 BC and lasted until about 2300 BC. The Middle Minoan culture (MMI, MMII and MMIII) lasted from about 2150 BC to 1700 BC. The ...
See also:Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Art |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Agriculture The Minoans raised cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and grew wheat, barley, vetch, chickpeas, cultivated grapes figs, olives, and grew poppies, for poppyseed and perhaps opium. The Minoans knew domesticated bees, and adopted pomegranates and quinces from the Near East, though not lemons and oranges as is often imagined.
Farmers used wooden plows, bound by leather to wooden handles, and pulled by pairs of donkeys or oxen.
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See also:Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Agriculture |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Politics In Minoan art, women vastly outnumber men (see archaeologists Goodison and Morris, 1998, p. 115). Women are shown seated on thrones, and in commanding positions. Women are often saluted by people and/or animals. Whereas depictions exist of men showing deference to women, not one shows women deferring to men. Unlike their contemporaries, who possessed obvious “strong-man” male rulers, the Minoans show almost no trace of male rule at all.
"In Minoan imagery ... female figures seem preeminent. Males, to be sure, appear on frescoed wa ...
See also:Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Politics |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Religion The Minoans worshipped goddesses, (see Rodney Castleden, Minoans, 1994; Goodison and Morris, Ancient Goddesses, 1998; Nanno Marinatos, Minoan Religion, 1993; etc.). Although there is some indication of male gods, depictions of Minoan goddesses vastly outnumber depictions of anything that could be considered a Minoan god. There seem to be several goddesses including a Mother Goddess of fertility, a Mistress of the Animals, a protectress of cities, the household, the harvest, and the underworld, and more. Some would argue ...
See also:Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Religion |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Rock carvings at Alta - Discovery and restoration The first carvings were discovered in autumn 1972 in the area of Jiepmaluokta (a Sami name meaning "bay of seals"), about 4 kilometers from the town center of Alta. During the 1970s, many more carvings were discovered all around Alta, with a noticeably higher density around Jiepmaluokta (of around 5000 known carvings in the area, more than 3000 are located there). A system of wooden gangways totalling about 3 kilometers was constructed in the Jiepmaluokta area during the second half of the 1980s, and Alta's museum was moved from its previous ...
See also:Rock carvings at Alta, Rock carvings at Alta - Cultural and historical background, Rock carvings at Alta - Discovery and restoration, Rock carvings at Alta - Imagery and interpretations, Rock carvings at Alta - Animals, Rock carvings at Alta - Hunting and Fishing scenes, Rock carvings at Alta - Scenes of mundane life and scenes of rituals, Rock carvings at Alta - Geometric symbols Read more here: » Rock carvings at Alta: Encyclopedia II - Rock carvings at Alta - Discovery and restoration |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Rock carvings at Alta - Cultural and historical background At the time the carvings were created, northern Norway was inhabited by a culture of hunter-gatherers that are thought to be descendants of the Komsa culture, a stone age culture that expanded along the Norwegian coast following receding glaciation during the late ice age around 8000 BC. The period of almost 5000 years over which carvings were created at the site saw many cultural changes, including the adoption of metal tools and advances in areas such as boat building and fishing techniques; therefore, the carvings show a wide variety of m ...
See also:Rock carvings at Alta, Rock carvings at Alta - Cultural and historical background, Rock carvings at Alta - Discovery and restoration, Rock carvings at Alta - Imagery and interpretations, Rock carvings at Alta - Animals, Rock carvings at Alta - Hunting and Fishing scenes, Rock carvings at Alta - Scenes of mundane life and scenes of rituals, Rock carvings at Alta - Geometric symbols Read more here: » Rock carvings at Alta: Encyclopedia II - Rock carvings at Alta - Cultural and historical background |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Technology The Minoan cities were connected with stone-paved roads, formed from blocks cut with bronze saws. Streets were drained and water and sewage facilities were available to the upper class, through clay pipes.
Minoan buildings often had flat tiled roofs; plaster, wood, or flagstone floors, and stood 2-3 stories high. They would construct the lower walls of stone and rubble and use mudbrick for higher el ...
See also:Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Technology |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Theories of failure There is evidence that the trade networks collapsed, and that Minoan cities perished by famine. The Minoans' grain supply is believed to have come from farms on the shore of the Black Sea.
Many scholars believe that ancient trading empires were in constant danger from uneconomic trade, that is, food and staple goods were improperly valued relative to luxury goods, because accounting was undeveloped. The result could be famine and decline in population.
One theory of Minoan collapse is that increasing use of iron tools impoverished the Minoan traders. When the trade networks ceas ...
See also:Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Theories of failure |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Chronological history The oldest signs of inhabitants on Crete are ceramic Neolithic remains that date to approximately 7000 BC. See History of Crete for details.
The beginning of its Bronze Age, around 2600 BC, was a period of great unrest in Crete, but it also marks the beginning of Crete as an important center of civilization.
Around 1700 BC there was a large disturbance in Crete, probably an earthquake, although an invasion from Anatolia has also been suggested. After that, population increased again, and the palaces ...
See also:Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Chronological history |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Morphology Chinese morphology is strictly bound to a set number of syllables with a fairly rigid construction which are the morphemes, the smallest building blocks, of the language. Some of these single-syllable morphemes can stand alone as individual words, but contrary to what is often claimed, Chinese is not a monosyllabic language. Most words in the modern Chinese spoken varieties are in fact multisyllabic, consisting of more than one morphem ...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Morphology |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Other Transcriptions Chinese languages have been phonetically transcribed into many other writing systems over the centuries. The phagsba script, for example, has been very helpful in reconstructing the pronunciation of pre-modern forms of Chinese.
Zhuyin is still widely used in Taiwan's elementary schools. A comparison table of Zhuyin to Pinyin exists in the Zhuyin page. Syllables based on Pinyin and Zhuyin can also be compared by looking at the following pages:
Pinyin table
Zhuyin table
There are also at least two systems of cyrillization ...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Other Transcriptions |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Romanization Romanization is the process of transcribing a language in the Latin alphabet. There are many systems of romanization for the Chinese languages; this is due to the complex history of interaction between China and the West, and to the Chinese languages' lack of phonetic transcription until modern times. Chinese is first known to have been written in Latin characters by Western Christian missionaries of the 16th century, but may be written down by West ...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Romanization |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Grammar In general, all spoken varieties of Chinese are isolating languages, in that they depend on syntax (word order and sentence structure) rather than morphology (changes in the form of the word through inflection). Because they are isolating languages, they make heavy use of grammatical particles to indicate aspect and mood.
Chinese features Subject Verb Object word order, and like many other languages in East Asia, makes frequent use of the topic-comment construction to form sentences. Even though Chinese has no grammatical gender, it h ...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Grammar |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Deluge mythology - Theories of origin Some geologists believe that quite dramatic, greater than normal flooding of rivers in the distant past might have influenced the myths. One of the latest, and quite controversial, theories of this type is the Ryan-Pitman Theory, which argues for a catastrophic deluge about 5600 BC from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea. Many other prehistoric geologic events, including tsunamis, have also been advanced as possible foundations for these myths. For example, some have asserted that the original versions of the Greek myth of Deukalion's ...
See also:Deluge mythology, Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures, Deluge mythology - Ancient Near East, Deluge mythology - Europe, Deluge mythology - Americas, Deluge mythology - India, Deluge mythology - China, Deluge mythology - Batak Indonesia, Deluge mythology - Theories of origin, Deluge mythology - Other references Read more here: » Deluge mythology: Encyclopedia II - Deluge mythology - Theories of origin |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Geography and climate Crete is a mountainous island with natural harbors. There are signs of earthquake damage at Minoan sites.
Homer recorded a tradition that Crete had 90 cities. The site at Knossos was the most important one. Archeologists have found palaces in Phaistos and Malia as well. The island was probably divided into four political units, the north being governed from Knossos, the south from Phaistos, the central eastern part from Malia and the eastern tip from Kato Zakros. Smaller palaces have been found in other places. It is remarkable that none of ...
See also:Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Geography and climate |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans Some scholars try to equate the deities venerated by the Mitanni with Vedic deities, and trace the names used by the aristocracy to Indo-Aryan roots. In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni, the deities Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya (Ashvins) are invoked. Kikkuli's horse training text includes technical terms such as aika (eka, one), tera (tri, three), panza (pancha, five), satta (sapta, seven), na (nava, nine), vartana (vartana, round). Another ...
See also:Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwazza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat "Mitanni" seems to have been the native term; this entity may also have been the Biblical Harran, though this is contested. We may assume a Hurrian population with an Indo-Aryan aristocracy.
No native sources for the history of Mitanni (i.e. Hanilgalbat) have been found so far. The account is mainly based on Assyrian, Hittite and Egyptian sources, as well as inscriptions from nearby places in Syria. Often it is not even possible to establish synchronicity between the rulers of different countries and cities, let alone give unco ...
See also:Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwazza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat |
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