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1700 BC | A Wisdom Archive on 1700 BC | | 1700 BC A selection of articles related to 1700 BC | |
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1700 BC, 17th century BC, 17th century BC - Events, 17th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions, 17th century BC - Overview, 17th century BC - Significant persons
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 1700 BC | | | |  1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200In China, in 212 BC, the Emperor Qin Shi Huang (Shi Huang-ti) commanded that all books be burned. While this order was not universally obeyed, it means that little is known with certainty about ancient Chinese mathematics. Another problem is that the Chinese wrote on bamboo, a perishable medium.
Dating from the Shang period (1500 BC - 1027 BC), the earliest extant Chinese mathematics consists of numbers scratched on tortoise shell. These numbers use a decimal system, so that the number 123 is written (from top to bottom) as the symbol ...
See also:History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200, History of mathematics - Classical Indian mathematics 200 BC - AD 1600, History of mathematics - Arabic and Persian mathematics 650 - 1500, History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600, History of mathematics - 17th century, History of mathematics - 18th century, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes Read more here: » History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200 |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC Although the earliest Greek texts on mathematics were written after the Hellenistic period, many of these are considered to be copies of works written during, and some before, the Hellenistic period. Nevertheless, the dates of Greek mathematics are more certain than the dates of earlier mathematical writing, since a large number of chronologies exist that, overlapping, record events year by year up to the present day. Even so, many dates are uncertain; but the doubt is a matter of decades rather than centuries.
Greek mathematics is th ...
See also:History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200, History of mathematics - Classical Indian mathematics 200 BC - AD 1600, History of mathematics - Arabic and Persian mathematics 650 - 1500, History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600, History of mathematics - 17th century, History of mathematics - 18th century, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes Read more here: » History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - History of Iraq - Ethnic Diversity & Religion The inhabitants were very mixed. There was an aristocratic and administrative Persian upper class, but most of the population were middle class Persian Zoroastrians and the rest Aramaic-speaking peasants. There were a number of Tāzis (Arabs), most of whom lived as pastoralists along the western margins of the settled lands, but some lived as townspeople, especially in Hireh (al-Hira). In addition, there were another group of Iranian, Kurds, who lived along the foothills of the Zagros Mountains, and a surprisingly large number of Greeks, mostly prisoners ca ...
See also:History of Iraq, History of Iraq - Prehistory, History of Iraq - Ancient Times, History of Iraq - Mesopotamia, History of Iraq - Post-Sumerian civilizations, History of Iraq - Chaldeans, History of Iraq - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon, History of Iraq - Persian Domination; 550 BCE to 652 CE, History of Iraq - Ethnic Diversity & Religion, History of Iraq - The Arab conquest and the early Islamic period, History of Iraq - The Turkish Conquest, History of Iraq - Modern History, History of Iraq - The Iraqi Monarchy, History of Iraq - The Republic, History of Iraq - Rule Under Saddām, History of Iraq - Invasion of Kuwait and the Persian Gulf War, History of Iraq - Iraq under UN Sanction, History of Iraq - 2003 invasion of Iraq, History of Iraq - Coalition occupation of Iraq, History of Iraq - Coalition withdrawal Read more here: » History of Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of Iraq - Ethnic Diversity & Religion |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Palaces The first palaces were constructed at the end of the Early Minoan period in the third millenum BC (Malia). While it was formerly believed that the foundation of the first palaces was synchronous and dated to the Middle Minoan at around 2000 BC (the date of the first palace at Knossos), scholars now think that palaces were built over a longer period of time in different locations, in response to local developments. The main ...
See also:Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Palaces |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Zoroaster - Contemporary views Zoroaster was ranked #93 on Michael H. Hart's list of the most influential figures in history.
President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmonov successfully encouraged UNESCO to declare 2002-2003 the third millennium since Zoroaster's birth, and in his book, The Tajiks in the Mirror of History, he claimed that Zoroaster was a Tajik from Bactria. While Tajikstan is majority Muslim, Rahmonov states in his work:
"Many principles of the Zarathushtrian religion have left a deep imprint on the [Tajik] people's mind. The habit ha ...
See also:Zoroaster, Zoroaster - Name, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in History, Zoroaster - Life, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in Historical Context, Zoroaster - Date of Zoroaster, Zoroaster - Zoroastrian teachings, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in the West, Zoroaster - Contemporary views, Zoroaster - Bibliography Read more here: » Zoroaster: Encyclopedia II - Zoroaster - Contemporary views |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Zoroaster - Zoroaster in the West Zoroaster was known as a sage, magician and miracle-worker in post-Classical Western culture, though almost nothing was known of his ideas until the late eighteenth century. By this time his name was associated with lost ancient wisdom and was appropriated by Freemasons and other groups who claimed access to such knowledge. He appears in Mozart's opera Die Zauberflöte under the variant name "Sarastro", who represents mor ...
See also:Zoroaster, Zoroaster - Name, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in History, Zoroaster - Life, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in Historical Context, Zoroaster - Date of Zoroaster, Zoroaster - Zoroastrian teachings, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in the West, Zoroaster - Contemporary views, Zoroaster - Bibliography Read more here: » Zoroaster: Encyclopedia II - Zoroaster - Zoroaster in the West |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Zoroaster - Zoroastrian teachings The teachings of Zoroaster are presented in seventeen liturgical, texts, or "hymns", the yasna which is divided into groups called Gāthās.
If basic precepts of Zoroastrianism are to be distilled into a single maxim, the maxim is Humata, Hukhta, Huvarshta (Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds).
A cosmic struggle between Aša "The Truth" (Pahlavi Ahlāyīh) and Druj "The Lie" (Pahlavi Druz) is presented as the foundation of our existence. This is often related to a struggle between ...
See also:Zoroaster, Zoroaster - Name, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in History, Zoroaster - Life, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in Historical Context, Zoroaster - Date of Zoroaster, Zoroaster - Zoroastrian teachings, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in the West, Zoroaster - Contemporary views, Zoroaster - Bibliography Read more here: » Zoroaster: Encyclopedia II - Zoroaster - Zoroastrian teachings |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Zoroaster - Date of Zoroaster One of the most important, and dividing, of all issues regarding the Persian history is “the date of Zoroaster”, that is the date when he lived and composed his Gathas. Different sources ranging from linguistic evidence to textual sources and traditional dates have been used by various scholars to determine the date of Zoroaster. Accordingly, any date from the 6th century BC to 6000 BC has been suggested, although some with more merit than others. Here we shall ...
See also:Zoroaster, Zoroaster - Name, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in History, Zoroaster - Life, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in Historical Context, Zoroaster - Date of Zoroaster, Zoroaster - Zoroastrian teachings, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in the West, Zoroaster - Contemporary views, Zoroaster - Bibliography Read more here: » Zoroaster: Encyclopedia II - Zoroaster - Date of Zoroaster |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Aryan migration - Overview The separation of Indo-Aryans proper from Proto-Indo-Iranians has been dated to roughly 2000 BC–1800 BC. The Nuristani languages probably split in such early times, and are either classified as remote Indo-Aryan dialects, or as an independent branch of Indo-Iranian. It is believed Indo-Aryans reached Assyria in the west and the Punjab in the east before 1500 BC: the Indo-Aryan Mitanni rulers appear from 1500, and the Gandhara grave culture emerges from 1600. This suggests that Indo-Aryan tribes would have had to be present in the area of t ...
See also:Indo-Aryan migration, Indo-Aryan migration - Overview, Indo-Aryan migration - History, Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics, Indo-Aryan migration - Philology, Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda, Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists, Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas, Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah, Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology, Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization, Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head, Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery, Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia, Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data, Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology, Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics Read more here: » Indo-Aryan migration: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Aryan migration - Overview |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Aryan migration - History When British and European language students first encountered Sanskrit in the late 18th century, they naturally assumed Sanskrit was the oldest of the Indo-European languages & the fount of all the others. As the study of language progressed, it became clear -- for very technical reasons -- that this could not be the case: there had existed a still older language (Proto-Indo-European) from which all the Indo-European languages descended. This reconstructed language had clearly come from a temperate climate, north of the Himalayas. Hence the Indo-Aryan language ...
See also:Indo-Aryan migration, Indo-Aryan migration - Overview, Indo-Aryan migration - History, Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics, Indo-Aryan migration - Philology, Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda, Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists, Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas, Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah, Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology, Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization, Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head, Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery, Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia, Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data, Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology, Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics Read more here: » Indo-Aryan migration: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Aryan migration - History |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Written Chinese The relationship among the Chinese spoken and written languages is complex. It is compounded by the fact that spoken variations evolved for centuries, since at least the late Han Dynasty, while written Chinese changed much less.
Until the 20th century, most formal Chinese writing was done in wényán (文言), translated as Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese, which was very different from any spoken variety of Chinese, much as Classical Latin differs from modern Romance languages. Since the May Fourth Movement of 1919, the f ...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Written Chinese |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology Brian E. Hemphill and Alexander F. Christensen's study (1994) of the migration of genetic traits does not support a movement of Aryan speakers into the Indus Valley around 1500 BC. According to Hemphill's study, "Gene flow from Bactria occurs much later, and does not impact Indus Valley gene pools until the dawn of the Christian era."
Kenneth Kennedy (1984), who examined 300 skeletons from the Indus Valley civilization, concludes that the ancient Harappans “are not markedly different in their skeletal biology from the present ...
See also:Indo-Aryan migration, Indo-Aryan migration - Overview, Indo-Aryan migration - History, Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics, Indo-Aryan migration - Philology, Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda, Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists, Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas, Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah, Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology, Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization, Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head, Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery, Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia, Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data, Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology, Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics Read more here: » Indo-Aryan migration: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Aryan migration - Philology
Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda.
The Rigveda is by far the most archaic testimony of Vedic Sanskrit. It describes a pastoral or nomadic, mobile culture, still centered on the Indo-Iranian Soma cult and fire worship. The purely nomadic and/or pastoral character of the Rig Vedic people is however disputed. The mobile nature of the Vedic religion is illustrated by the laying out of the ritual precinct as part of the ritual, rather than the existence of fixed temples. This holds for the invitation of Indra to the Som ...
See also:Indo-Aryan migration, Indo-Aryan migration - Overview, Indo-Aryan migration - History, Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics, Indo-Aryan migration - Philology, Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda, Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists, Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas, Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah, Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology, Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization, Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head, Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery, Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia, Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data, Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology, Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics Read more here: » Indo-Aryan migration: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Aryan migration - Philology |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Zoroaster - Zoroaster in Historical Context Textual evidence regarding the birthplace of Zoroaster is conflicting. Yasnas 9 & 17 cite Airyanem Vaējah, "Homeland of the Aryans" (Pahlavi Ērān Wēj), on the Ditya River, as the home of Zoroaster, and the scene of his first appearance. The Būndahišn or Creation (20, 32 and 24, 15) says the Dhraja River in Ērān Wēj was his birth-place, and the home of his father. This same text identifies Ērān Wēj with the district of Arran on the river Aras (Araxes), close by the north-western ...
See also:Zoroaster, Zoroaster - Name, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in History, Zoroaster - Life, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in Historical Context, Zoroaster - Date of Zoroaster, Zoroaster - Zoroastrian teachings, Zoroaster - Zoroaster in the West, Zoroaster - Contemporary views, Zoroaster - Bibliography Read more here: » Zoroaster: Encyclopedia II - Zoroaster - Zoroaster in Historical Context |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - State - Philosophies of the state Different political philosophies have distinct opinions concerning the state as a domestic organization. In the modern era, these philosophies emerged with the rise of capitalism, which coincided with the (re)emergence of the state as a separate and centralized sector of society. Philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau pondered issues concerning the ideal and actual roles of the state. Recent philosophers like John Rawls and Robert Nozick were more concerned with distributive just ...
See also:State, State - Introduction, State - Etymology, State - Formation of the state, State - International point of view, State - The domestic point of view, State - Philosophies of the state Read more here: » State: Encyclopedia II - State - Philosophies of the state |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - ECK master - Origins of the ECK masters To the Eckists, who believe Twitchell merely brought Eckankar to public knowledge, the ECK master is the embodiment of the spirit the Mahanta. The Mahanta may not have an origin; Klemp referred to it as being "eternal." He also wrote that it is based in the "Ocean of Love and Mercy."[39]
Conversely, Johnson, who believes Twitchell invented the religion, writes that the true origin of the ECK master can be found in various other, older spiritual theorie ...
See also:ECK master, ECK master - Important ECK masters, ECK master - Rami Nuri, ECK master - Lai Tsi, ECK master - Gopal Das, ECK master - Yaubl Sacabi, ECK master - Fubbi Quantz, ECK master - Rebazar Tarzs, ECK master - Others, ECK master - Women as ECK masters, ECK master - Historical figures as ECK masters, ECK master - Origins of the ECK masters, ECK master - Notes, ECK master - References Read more here: » ECK master: Encyclopedia II - ECK master - Origins of the ECK masters |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - ECK master - Historical figures as ECK masters There are certain individuals identified by Twitchell as ECK masters who, while their existence is not disputed, may have their identities as ECK masters questioned by those outside of Eckankar.
These include:
Plato, the Greek philosopher and teacher of the fifth century BC.
Francis of Assisi (1181-1226) has also been called an ECK master.
The Taoist leader ...
See also:ECK master, ECK master - Important ECK masters, ECK master - Rami Nuri, ECK master - Lai Tsi, ECK master - Gopal Das, ECK master - Yaubl Sacabi, ECK master - Fubbi Quantz, ECK master - Rebazar Tarzs, ECK master - Others, ECK master - Women as ECK masters, ECK master - Historical figures as ECK masters, ECK master - Origins of the ECK masters, ECK master - Notes, ECK master - References Read more here: » ECK master: Encyclopedia II - ECK master - Historical figures as ECK masters |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - ECK master - Women as ECK masters One essay written on Eckankar from the Warren Wilson College, citing sources as recent as 1998, states that women can never be Living ECK Masters. The reason given for this was that in life, women are "negatively charged, being receivers, not senders of light." In other words, they are physically incapable of holding the position. (It was, however, apparently considered possible by some that a woman could become the Living ECK mas ...
See also:ECK master, ECK master - Important ECK masters, ECK master - Rami Nuri, ECK master - Lai Tsi, ECK master - Gopal Das, ECK master - Yaubl Sacabi, ECK master - Fubbi Quantz, ECK master - Rebazar Tarzs, ECK master - Others, ECK master - Women as ECK masters, ECK master - Historical figures as ECK masters, ECK master - Origins of the ECK masters, ECK master - Notes, ECK master - References Read more here: » ECK master: Encyclopedia II - ECK master - Women as ECK masters |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Mail - Early postal systems Communication via written documents which an intermediary carries from one person or place to another almost certainly dates back nearly to the invention of writing. The development of a formal postal system occurred much later, however. The first documented use of an organized courier service for the diffusion of written documents is in Egypt, where Pharaohs used couriers for the diffusion of their decrees in the territory of the State (2400 BC). This practice almost certainly has roots in the much older practice of oral messaging and may have been built on a pre-existing infrastructure ...
See also:Mail, Mail - Early postal systems, Mail - Persia, Mail - China, Mail - Rome, Mail - Other systems, Mail - Modern mail, Mail - Organization, Mail - Payment, Mail - Rules and etiquette, Mail - Rise of electronic correspondence, Mail - Collecting, Mail - Deregulation, Mail - Types of mail, Mail - Letters, Mail - Postal cards and postcards, Mail - Other, Mail - Famous letters, Mail - List of national postal services Read more here: » Mail: Encyclopedia II - Mail - Early postal systems |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - Mail - Types of mail
Mail - Letters.
Letter-sized mail comprises the bulk of the contents sent through most postal services. These are usually documents printed on A4 (210×297 mm), Letter-sized (8.5×11 inches), or smaller paper and placed in envelopes.
While many things are sent through the mail, interpersonal letters are often thought of first in reference to postal systems. Handwritten correspondence, while once a major means of communications between distant people, is now used less frequently due to the advent of more im ...
See also:Mail, Mail - Early postal systems, Mail - Persia, Mail - China, Mail - Rome, Mail - Other systems, Mail - Modern mail, Mail - Organization, Mail - Payment, Mail - Rules and etiquette, Mail - Rise of electronic correspondence, Mail - Collecting, Mail - Deregulation, Mail - Types of mail, Mail - Letters, Mail - Postal cards and postcards, Mail - Other, Mail - Famous letters, Mail - List of national postal services Read more here: » Mail: Encyclopedia II - Mail - Types of mail |
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| | | | | 1700 BC: Encyclopedia II - State - The domestic point of view Looked at from the point of view of an individual nation, the state is a centralized organization of the whole country. Those studying this dimension emphasize the relationship between the state and its people. The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes argued that in order to avoid a multi-sided civil war, in which life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short", individuals must necessarily surrender many of their "natural rights" -- including that of attacking each other -- to the "Leviathan", a unified and centralized state. In ...
See also:State, State - Introduction, State - Etymology, State - Formation of the state, State - International point of view, State - The domestic point of view, State - Philosophies of the state Read more here: » State: Encyclopedia II - State - The domestic point of view |
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