Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Warfare And The Minoan Peace
It is generally assumed there was little internal armed conflict on Minoan Crete. In the past, this condition was known as "Pax Minoica,"...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ulaid: Encyclopedia - Ulaid
The Ulaid or Ulaidh (singular Ulad or Uladh) were a Celtic people of Early Ireland who gave their name to the Irish Province of Ulster. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mail: Encyclopedia - Mail
The postal system is a system by which written documents typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages containing other matter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 17th Century Bc: Encyclopedia - 17th Century Bc
17th century BC - Events. 1700 – 1500 BC -- Hurrian conquests. 1700 BC - Belu-bani became the King of Assyria. c. 1700 BC - Lila-Ir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 18th Century Bc: Encyclopedia - 18th Century Bc
18th century BC - Significant persons. Hammurabi, ruler of the Babylonian Empire Tang overthrew emperor Jie, last ruler of the Xia dyn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration
Indo-Aryan migration refers to the migration and expansion of the Indo-Aryans during the 2nd millennium BC or earlier. Archaeological and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eck Master: Encyclopedia - Eck Master
In Eckankar doctrine, ECK masters, or the Order of Vairagi Adepts, are said to be religious figures who assume leadership of the Eckankar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Language: Encyclopedia - Chinese Language
The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, Pinyin: Hànyǔ, 华语/華語, Huáyǔ or 中文, Zhōngwén) forms part of the Sino-Tibetan family...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Imhotep: Encyclopedia - Imhotep
Imhotep (sometimes spelt Immutef, Ȧmhotep, or Ii-em-Hotep, Egyptian ii-m-ḥtp) was a vizier, wizard, and the first architect and physic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia - State
A state is an organized political community occupying a definite territory, having an organized government, and possessing internal and e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zoroaster: Encyclopedia - Zoroaster
Zoroaster was an ancient Iranian prophet and the founder of Zoroastrianism, which was the national religion of the Sassanian dynasty of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Language - Spoken Chinese
The map on the right depicts the subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") within Chinese. The traditionally recognized seven main g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - Archaeology
The Indo-Aryans were nomadic or at least peripatetic, following their herds of cows around from pasture to pasture. Consequently they had...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Imhotep: Encyclopedia Ii - Imhotep - Modern Cultural Impact
Imhotep is also the name of a fictional character played by Boris Karloff in the 1932 movie The Mummy, and of a similar character played ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitanni: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitanni - History
As early as Akkadian times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deluge Mythology: Encyclopedia Ii - Deluge Mythology - Flood Myths In Various Cultures
Gods Enlil and 7 who decree fate Ishtar and planet Venus Tiamat and Tablets of Destiny Annunaki and astronauts Marduk and Babylon Heroe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kings Of Assyria: Encyclopedia Ii - Kings Of Assyria - Early Period
"Kings who dwelled in tents" Ikunum Tudiya Adamu Yangi Suhlamu Harharu Mandaru Imsu HAR-su Didanu Hana Zuabu Nuabu Abazu Belu Azarah Ush...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Rule Under Saddām
In July 1979, Bakr resigned, and his chosen successor, Saddām Husayn, assumed the offices of both President and Chairman of the Revoluti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - Mathematics In Prehistory
Long before the earliest written records, there are drawings that indicate a knowledge of mathematics and of measurement of time based on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hattusa: Encyclopedia Ii - Hattusa - The Hittite Imperial City
Only a generation later, a Hittite king had chosen the site as his residence and capital. The Hittites, speaking an Indo-European languag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Greek: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Greek - Origins
There are several theories about the origins of the Greek language. One theory suggests that it originated with a migration of proto-Gree...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Language - Spoken Chinese
The map on the right depicts the subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") within Chinese. The traditionally recognized seven main g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rock Carvings At Alta: Encyclopedia Ii - Rock Carvings At Alta - Imagery And Interpretations
Since no written records exist from the period the carvings were created, there is no way to know what purposes they were meant to serve ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zoroaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Zoroaster - Life
What we know of the life of Zoroaster is from the Avesta, the Gāthās, the Greek texts, oral history (which is a significant method of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mail: Encyclopedia Ii - Mail - Modern Mail
Modern mail is usually organised by national services (that in recent times are increasingly being replaced by privately owned companies)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Banská Bystrica: Encyclopedia Ii - Banská Bystrica - History
The early history of Banská Bystrica is connected with the exploitation of abundant deposits of copper (and to a lesser extent of silver...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitanni: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitanni - History
As early as Akkadian times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Language - Spoken Chinese
The map on the right depicts the subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") within Chinese. The traditionally recognized seven main g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deluge Mythology: Encyclopedia Ii - Deluge Mythology - Flood Myths In Various Cultures
Gods Enlil Ishtar Tiamat and Tablets of Destiny Annunaki Marduk and Babylon Heroes Utnapishtim Tammuz Gilgamesh and Enkidu Monsters ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - Formation Of The State
The birth of the state, in the broadest sense of the word, coincides with the rise of civilization. For most of the existence of the huma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - Formation Of The State
The birth of the state, in the broadest sense of the word, coincides with the rise of civilization. For most of the existence of the huma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phaistos Disc: Encyclopedia Ii - Phaistos Disc - Attempted Decipherment
A great deal of speculation developed around the disc during the 20th century. The Phaistos Disc captured the imagination of amateur arch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eck Master: Encyclopedia Ii - Eck Master - Important Eck Masters
ECK master - Rami Nuri. Rami Nuri is one ECK master, from an unspecified time in the past. According to the religion's beliefs, he now ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - Linguistics
The linguistic facts of the situation are little disputed. However, linguistic data alone cannot determine whether this migration was pea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Language - Influence On Other Languages
Throughout history Chinese culture and politics has had a great influence on unrelated languages such as Korean, Vietnamese, and Japanese...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Ancient Times
For most of historic time, the land area now known as modern Iraq was almost equivalent to Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian plain between th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Greek: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Greek - Hellenistic Greek - Koiné
As Greeks colonized from Asia Minor to Egypt to the Middle East, the Greek language began to evolve into multiple dialects. Alexander the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hattusa: Encyclopedia Ii - Hattusa - Discovery Of The City
Since 1906, the Deutsche Orientgesellschaft (the German Institute of Archaeology) has been excavating at Hattusa (with breaks during the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hattusa: Encyclopedia Ii - Hattusa - Early History Of The City
Before 2000 BC a settlement of the apparently indigenous Hatti people was established on sites that had been occupied even earlier. The e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Persian Domination; 550 Bce To 652 Ce
In CE 600 the country which in our modern time known as Iraq was a province of the Iranian Empire known as khvarvaran province, to which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hattusa: Encyclopedia Ii - Hattusa - The Surroundings
The landscape surrounding the city included rich agricultural fields, hill lands for pasture, as well as woods. Smaller woods are still f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Greek: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Greek - Ancient Greek Dialects
In the archaic and classical periods, there were three main dialects of the Greek language: Aeolic, Ionic, and Doric, corresponding to th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - Classical Indian Mathematics 200 Bc - Ad 1600
From 200 BC, mathematicians in India began studying mathematics for the sole purpose of science, starting with Jaina mathematicians betwe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - International Point Of View
The legal criteria for statehood are not obvious. A document that is often quoted on the matter is the Montevideo Convention from 1933, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - Introduction
The word "state" in contemporary parlance often means the "Westphalian state", in reference to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and is use...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - Miscellaneous Historical Notes
The Maya calendar utilized a base-20 number system which included the 'number' zero (also see Maya numerals). In China, Zu Chongzhi (5th ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - Complex Numbers
When the complex numbers were introduced, there were many who argued that they were imaginary constructs to solve the cubic, and that the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - The Domestic Point Of View
Looked at from the point of view of an individual nation, the state is a centralized organization of the whole country. Those studying th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - Philosophies Of The State
Different political philosophies have distinct opinions concerning the state as a domestic organization. In the modern era, these philoso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitanni: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitanni - Possible Connections To Sanskrit And Indo-aryans
Some scholars try to equate the deities venerated by the Mitanni with Vedic deities, and trace the names used by the aristocracy to Indo-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitanni: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/maitani And Hanilgalbat
"Mitanni" seems to have been the native term; this entity may also have been the Biblical Harran, though this is contested. We may assume...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Art
The great collection of Minoan art is in the museum at Heraklion, near Knossos on the north shore of Crete. Minoan art, with other remain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Agriculture
The Minoans raised cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and grew wheat, barley, vetch, chickpeas, cultivated grapes, figs, olives, and grew poppie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - 18th Century
As we have seen, knowledge of the natural numbers, 1, 2, 3,..., as preserved in monolithic structures, is older then any surviving writte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - 17th Century
The 17th century saw an unprecedented explosion of mathematical and scientific ideas that not only fascinated philosophers but had indust...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Coalition Occupation Of Iraq
In 2003, after the American and British invasion, Iraq was occupied by Coalition forces. On 23 May 2003, the UN Security Council unanimou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Modern History
Ottoman rule over Iraq lasted until the Great War (World War I) when British forces invaded the country. During the invasion the British ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - The Turkish Conquest
During the late 14th and early 15th centuries, the Black Sheep Turkmen ruled the area now known as Iraq. In 1466, the White Sheep Turkmen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - The Arab Conquest And The Early Islamic Period
The first organised conflict between local Bedouin Arab tribes and Iranian forces seems to have been in 634, when the Arabs were defeated...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - Egyptian And Babylonian Mathematics 2000 Bc - 600 Bc
The oldest mathematics text discovered so far is the Moscow papyrus, which is an Egyptian Middle Kingdom papyrus dated circa 2050 BC - 18...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - Ancient Indian Mathematics 800 Bc - 200 Bc
The earliest known mathematics in ancient India dates back to 3000 BC with the Indus Valley civilization. After its collapse in 1700 BC h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - European Renaissance Mathematics 1200 - 1600
In Europe at the dawn of the Renaissance, most of what is now called school mathematics -- addition, subtraction, multiplication, divisio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - Arabic And Persian Mathematics 650 - 1500
The Islamic Caliphate (Islamic empire) established across the Middle East, North Africa, and in parts of India in the 8th century preserv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - Chinese Mathematics 200 Bc - Ad 1200
In China, in 212 BC, the Emperor Qin Shi Huang (Shi Huang-ti) commanded that all books be burned. While this order was not universally ob...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mathematics: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mathematics - Greek And Hellenistic Mathematics 550 Bc - 200 Bc
Although the earliest Greek texts on mathematics were written after the Hellenistic period, many of these are considered to be copies of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Ethnic Diversity & Religion
The inhabitants were very mixed. There was an aristocratic and administrative Persian upper class, but most of the population were middle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Palaces
The first palaces were constructed at the end of the Early Minoan period in the third millenum BC (Malia). While it was formerly believed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zoroaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Zoroaster - Contemporary Views
Zoroaster was ranked #93 on Michael H. Hart's list of the most influential figures in history. President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmonov s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zoroaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Zoroaster - Zoroaster In The West
Zoroaster was known as a sage, magician and miracle-worker in post-Classical Western culture, though almost nothing was known of his idea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zoroaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Zoroaster - Zoroastrian Teachings
The teachings of Zoroaster are presented in seventeen liturgical, texts, or "hymns", the yasna which is divided into groups called Gāth�...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zoroaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Zoroaster - Date Of Zoroaster
One of the most important, and dividing, of all issues regarding the Persian history is “the date of Zoroaster”, that is the date whe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - Overview
The separation of Indo-Aryans proper from Proto-Indo-Iranians has been dated to roughly 2000 BC–1800 BC. The Nuristani languages probab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - History
When British and European language students first encountered Sanskrit in the late 18th century, they naturally assumed Sanskrit was the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Language - Written Chinese
The relationship among the Chinese spoken and written languages is complex. It is compounded by the fact that spoken variations evolved f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - Physical Anthropology
Brian E. Hemphill and Alexander F. Christensen's study (1994) of the migration of genetic traits does not support a movement of Aryan spe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-aryan Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-aryan Migration - Philology
Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda. The Rigveda is by far the most archaic testimony of Vedic Sanskrit. It describes a pastoral or nomadic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zoroaster: Encyclopedia Ii - Zoroaster - Zoroaster In Historical Context
Textual evidence regarding the birthplace of Zoroaster is conflicting. Yasnas 9 & 17 cite Airyanem Vaējah, "Homeland of the Aryans" ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - Philosophies Of The State
Different political philosophies have distinct opinions concerning the state as a domestic organization. In the modern era, these philoso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eck Master: Encyclopedia Ii - Eck Master - Origins Of The Eck Masters
To the Eckists, who believe Twitchell merely brought Eckankar to public knowledge, the ECK master is the embodiment of the spirit the Mah...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eck Master: Encyclopedia Ii - Eck Master - Historical Figures As Eck Masters
There are certain individuals identified by Twitchell as ECK masters who, while their existence is not disputed, may have their identitie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eck Master: Encyclopedia Ii - Eck Master - Women As Eck Masters
One essay written on Eckankar from the Warren Wilson College, citing sources as recent as 1998, states that women can never be Living ECK...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mail: Encyclopedia Ii - Mail - Early Postal Systems
Communication via written documents which an intermediary carries from one person or place to another almost certainly dates back nearly ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mail: Encyclopedia Ii - Mail - Types Of Mail
Mail - Letters. Letter-sized mail comprises the bulk of the contents sent through most postal services. These are usually documents pri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - The Domestic Point Of View
Looked at from the point of view of an individual nation, the state is a centralized organization of the whole country. Those studying th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - International Point Of View
The legal criteria for statehood are not obvious. A document that is often quoted on the matter is the Montevideo Convention from 1933, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - Introduction
The word "state" in contemporary parlance often means the "Westphalian state", in reference to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and is use...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Language - History
Most linguists classify all of the variations of Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family and believe that there was an origin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Language - Sounds
The phonological structure of each syllable consists of a nucleus consisting of a vowel (which can be a monophthong, diphthong, or even a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Culture
Minoan men wore loincloths and kilts. Women wore robes that were open to the navel and had short sleeves and flounced skirts. The pattern...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Art
The great collection of Minoan art is in the museum at Heraklion, near Knossos on the north shore of Crete. Minoan art, with other remain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Agriculture
The Minoans raised cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and grew wheat, barley, vetch, chickpeas, cultivated grapes figs, olives, and grew poppies...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Politics
In Minoan art, women vastly outnumber men (see archaeologists Goodison and Morris, 1998, p. 115). Women are shown seated on thrones, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Religion
The Minoans worshipped goddesses, (see Rodney Castleden, Minoans, 1994; Goodison and Morris, Ancient Goddesses, 1998; Nanno Marinatos, Mi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rock Carvings At Alta: Encyclopedia Ii - Rock Carvings At Alta - Discovery And Restoration
The first carvings were discovered in autumn 1972 in the area of Jiepmaluokta (a Sami name meaning "bay of seals"), about 4 kilometers fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rock Carvings At Alta: Encyclopedia Ii - Rock Carvings At Alta - Cultural And Historical Background
At the time the carvings were created, northern Norway was inhabited by a culture of hunter-gatherers that are thought to be descendants ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Technology
The Minoan cities were connected with stone-paved roads, formed from blocks cut with bronze saws. Streets were drained and water and sewa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Theories Of Failure
There is evidence that the trade networks collapsed, and that Minoan cities perished by famine. The Minoans' grain supply is believed to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minoan Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Minoan Civilization - Chronological History
The oldest signs of inhabitants on Crete are ceramic Neolithic remains that date to approximately 7000 BC. See History of Crete for detai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Language - Morphology
Chinese morphology is strictly bound to a set number of syllables with a fairly rigid construction which are the morphemes, the smallest ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Language - Other Transcriptions
Chinese languages have been phonetically transcribed into many other writing systems over the centuries. The phagsba script, for example,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Language - Romanization
Romanization is the process of transcribing a language in the Latin alphabet. There are many systems of romanization for the Chinese lang...   » Read the article