It is generally assumed there was little internal armed conflict on Minoan Crete. In the past, this condition was known as "Pax Minoica," or "The Minoan Peace." As with much of Minoan Crete, however, it is hard to draw any obvious conclusions from the evidence. One sometimes feels that the civilization is much like a Rorschach inkblot, in that intepretations often reflect more of the intepreter than the civilization itself. Many argue that there is little evidence for ancient Minoan fortifications. But as S. Alexiou has pointed out (i ...

See also:

Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace

Including:

Ulaid - Kings of the Ulaid
Ulaid - Legendary kings Ulaid - Historical kings

Read more here: » Ulaid: Encyclopedia - Ulaid

The postal system is a system by which written documents typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages containing other matter, are delivered to destinations around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post. In principle, a postal service can be private or official. Restrictions are generally placed on private systems by governments. Since the 19th century, national postal systems have generally been established as government monopolies with a fee on the article prepaid, ...

Including:

Mail - Early postal systems
Mail - Persia Mail - China Mail - Rome Mail - Other systems
Mail - Modern mail
Mail - Organization Mail - Payment Mail - Rules and etiquette Mail - Rise of electronic correspondence Mail - Collecting Mail - Deregulation
Mail - Types of mail
Mail - Letters Mail - Postal cards and postcards Mail - Other
Mail - Famous letters Mail - List of national postal services

Read more here: » Mail: Encyclopedia - Mail

17th century BC - Events. 1700 – 1500 BC -- Hurrian conquests. 1700 BC - Belu-bani became the King of Assyria. c. 1700 BC - Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire. c. 1698 BC - Lila-Ir-Tash the ruler of the Elamite Empire died. Temti-Agun I started to rule the Elamite Empire. 1691 BC - Belu-bani, the King of Assyria died. c. 1690 BC - Temti-Agun I, the ruler of the Elamite Empire, died. Tan-Uli started to rule the Elamite Empire.

18th century BC - Significant persons. Hammurabi, ruler of the Babylonian Empire Tang overthrew emperor Jie, last ruler of the Xia dynasty. 18th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions. The Phaistos Disc most likely dating from about 1700 BC. Its purpose and meaning, and even its original geographical place of manufacture remains unknown, making it one of the most famous mysteries of archaeology. 18th century BC ...

Including:

18th century BC - Events 18th century BC - Significant persons 18th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions 18th century BC - Deaths

Read more here: » 18th century BC: Encyclopedia - 18th century BC

Indo-Aryan migration refers to the migration and expansion of the Indo-Aryans during the 2nd millennium BC or earlier. Archaeological and philological data indicates that there was a shift of settlements from the northwestern part of South Asia to the Gangetic valley and to the south during the second millennium BCE, but does not clearly support a migration of Indo-Aryan people into South Asia. Based on linguistic data, many scholars have argued that Indo-Aryan speakers invaded in South Asia in the second millennium BCE. This correspo ...

Including:

Indo-Aryan migration - Overview Indo-Aryan migration - History Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics Indo-Aryan migration - Philology
Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah
Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology
Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia
Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics

Read more here: » Indo-Aryan migration: Encyclopedia - Indo-Aryan migration

In Eckankar doctrine, ECK masters, or the Order of Vairagi Adepts, are said to be religious figures who assume leadership of the Eckankar faith in endless succession. Eckankar emphasizes spiritual liberation, and how this relates to ECK (forms of God). The Living ECK master is the one who aids followers in connecting their souls to ECK. The ECK master "does what he pleases, has what he wants, comes and goes absolutely at his own will... He bows only to God.".^Including:

ECK master - Important ECK masters
ECK master - Rami Nuri ECK master - Lai Tsi ECK master - Gopal Das ECK master - Yaubl Sacabi ECK master - Fubbi Quantz ECK master - Rebazar Tarzs ECK master - Others
ECK master - Women as ECK masters ECK master - Historical figures as ECK masters ECK master - Origins of the ECK masters
ECK master - Notes ECK master - References

Read more here: » ECK master: Encyclopedia - ECK master

The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, Pinyin: Hànyǔ, 华语/華語, Huáyǔ or 中文, Zhōngwén) forms part of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. About one-fifth of the people in the world speak some form of Chinese as their native language, making it the language with the most native speakers. In general, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. However, Chinese is also distinguished for a high level of internal diversity. Regional variation between different variants/dialects is comparable t ...

Including:

Chinese language - Spoken Chinese
Chinese language - Language or language family?
Chinese language - Written Chinese
Chinese language - Chinese characters
Chinese language - History Chinese language - Influence on other languages Chinese language - Sounds Chinese language - Romanization Chinese language - Other Transcriptions Chinese language - Morphology
Chinese language - Loanwords
Chinese language - Grammar

Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia - Chinese language

Imhotep (sometimes spelt Immutef, Ȧmhotep, or Ii-em-Hotep, Egyptian ii-m-ḥtp) was a vizier, wizard, and the first architect and physician known by name to written history. As the Pharaoh Djosèr's Vizier, he designed the Pyramid of Djzosèr (Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC, during the 3rd Dynasty. He may also have been responsible for the first known use of columns in architecture. His ...

Including:

Imhotep - Fringe theories Imhotep - Modern cultural impact

Read more here: » Imhotep: Encyclopedia - Imhotep

A state is an organized political community occupying a definite territory, having an organized government, and possessing internal and external sovereignty. Recognition of the state's claim to independence by other states, enabling it to enter into international agreements, is often important to the establishment of its statehood, although some theories do not make this a requirement - for instance, the Montevideo Convention. The "state" can also be defined in terms of domestic conditions, specifically, as conceptualized by Max Weber ...

Including:

State - Introduction State - Etymology State - Formation of the state State - International point of view State - The domestic point of view State - Philosophies of the state

Read more here: » State: Encyclopedia - State

Zoroaster was an ancient Iranian prophet and the founder of Zoroastrianism, which was the national religion of the Sassanian dynasty of the Persian Empire, and of the earlier Achaemenean dynasty. The original form of his name was Zarathushtra (Zaraθuštra), but he is usually known in English as Zoroaster (after the Greek version, Ζωροάστρης, Zoroastres). Zoroaster was born in the northwestern part of Iran, in the city of Urmehr, modern day Uroomiyeh in east Azarbaijan province. T ...

Including:

Zoroaster - Name Zoroaster - Zoroaster in History Zoroaster - Life Zoroaster - Zoroaster in Historical Context Zoroaster - Date of Zoroaster Zoroaster - Zoroastrian teachings Zoroaster - Zoroaster in the West Zoroaster - Contemporary views Zoroaster - Bibliography

Read more here: » Zoroaster: Encyclopedia - Zoroaster

The map on the right depicts the subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") within Chinese. The traditionally recognized seven main groups, in order of population size are: Mandarin 北方话/北方話 or 官話/官话 (old name) Wu 吳/吴 Cantonese 粵/粤 Min 閩/闽 Xiang 湘 Hakka 客家 or 客 Gan 贛/赣 Chinese linguists have recently distinguished 3 more groups from the traditional seven: ...

See also:

Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Spoken Chinese

The Indo-Aryans were nomadic or at least peripatetic, following their herds of cows around from pasture to pasture. Consequently they had no permanent settlements; the RgVeda only mentions temporary huts. These leave no archaeological record. So it is only to be expected that the migrations left no archaeological traces. The Huns are a comparable instance. No one doubts that the Huns actually invaded parts of western Europe on more than one occasion. Yet -- because the Huns were nomads -- they left no archaeological ...

See also:

Indo-Aryan migration, Indo-Aryan migration - Overview, Indo-Aryan migration - History, Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics, Indo-Aryan migration - Philology, Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda, Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists, Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas, Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah, Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology, Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization, Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head, Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery, Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia, Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data, Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology, Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics

Read more here: » Indo-Aryan migration: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology

Imhotep is also the name of a fictional character played by Boris Karloff in the 1932 movie The Mummy, and of a similar character played by Arnold Vosloo in the 1999 movie The Mummy and its 2001 sequel The Mummy Returns. The architect Imhotep most likely provided the name (but just the name) for the character. 'Imhotep' is also the name of the mortuary priest in Agatha Christie's novel 'Death Comes as the End'. 'Imhotep' is also the name of wide receiver Imhotep Durham for the Virginia Cavaliers football team for the year of 2004. 'Imhotep' is also the name ...

See also:

Imhotep, Imhotep - Fringe theories, Imhotep - Modern cultural impact

Read more here: » Imhotep: Encyclopedia II - Imhotep - Modern cultural impact

As early as Akkadian times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khabur valley. Hurrians are mentioned in the private Nuzi texts, in Ugarit, and the Hittite archives in Hattushsha (Bogazköy). Cuneiform texts from Mari mention rulers of city-states in upper Mesopotamia with both Amurru (Amorite) and Hurrian names. Rulers with Hurrian names are also attested for Urshum and Hashshum, and tablets from Alalakh (layer VII, from the later part of the old-Babylonian period) ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwazza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - History

Gods Enlil and 7 who decree fate Ishtar and planet Venus Tiamat and Tablets of Destiny Annunaki and astronauts Marduk and Babylon Heroes Utnapishtim and world-flood Tammuz and new life Gilgamesh and Cedar Forest Enkidu, the man-beast Monsters Zu, the lion-eagle Kingu, mankind's bloodSee also:

Deluge mythology, Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures, Deluge mythology - Ancient Near East, Deluge mythology - Europe, Deluge mythology - Americas, Deluge mythology - India, Deluge mythology - China, Deluge mythology - Batak Indonesia, Deluge mythology - Theories of origin, Deluge mythology - Other references

Read more here: » Deluge mythology: Encyclopedia II - Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures

"Kings who dwelled in tents" Ikunum Tudiya Adamu Yangi Suhlamu Harharu Mandaru Imsu HAR-su Didanu Hana Zuabu Nuabu Abazu Belu Azarah Ushpia (ca. 2020 BC) "Kings who were forefathers" (listed in reverse order by the Assyrian King List) Apiashal son of Ushpia Hale son of Apiashal Samani son of Hale Hayani son of Samani Ilu-Mer ...

See also:

Kings of Assyria, Kings of Assyria - Early Period, Kings of Assyria - Old Assyrian Period, Kings of Assyria - Middle Assyrian Period, Kings of Assyria - Neo-Assyrian Period

Read more here: » Kings of Assyria: Encyclopedia II - Kings of Assyria - Early Period

In July 1979, Bakr resigned, and his chosen successor, Saddām Husayn, assumed the offices of both President and Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. He was the de facto ruler of Iraq for some years before he formally came to power. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war, the Iran-Iraq War (1980 – 1988, termed Qādisiyyat-Saddām – 'Saddām's Qādisiyyah'), eventually devastating the economy. Iraq declared victory in 1988 but actually achieved a weary return to the < ...

See also:

History of Iraq, History of Iraq - Prehistory, History of Iraq - Ancient Times, History of Iraq - Mesopotamia, History of Iraq - Post-Sumerian civilizations, History of Iraq - Chaldeans, History of Iraq - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon, History of Iraq - Persian Domination; 550 BCE to 652 CE, History of Iraq - Ethnic Diversity & Religion, History of Iraq - The Arab conquest and the early Islamic period, History of Iraq - The Turkish Conquest, History of Iraq - Modern History, History of Iraq - The Iraqi Monarchy, History of Iraq - The Republic, History of Iraq - Rule Under Saddām, History of Iraq - Invasion of Kuwait and the Persian Gulf War, History of Iraq - Iraq under UN Sanction, History of Iraq - 2003 invasion of Iraq, History of Iraq - Coalition occupation of Iraq, History of Iraq - Coalition withdrawal

Read more here: » History of Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of Iraq - Rule Under Saddām

Long before the earliest written records, there are drawings that indicate a knowledge of mathematics and of measurement of time based on the stars. For example, paleontologists have discovered ochre rocks in a cave in South Africa adorned with scratched geometric patterns dating back more than 70,000 years [1]. Also prehistoric artifacts discovered in Africa and France, dated between 35000 BC and 20000 BC, indicate early attempts to quantify time Evidence exists that early counting involved women who kept records of their monthly biological ...

See also:

History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200, History of mathematics - Classical Indian mathematics 200 BC - AD 1600, History of mathematics - Arabic and Persian mathematics 650 - 1500, History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600, History of mathematics - 17th century, History of mathematics - 18th century, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes

Read more here: » History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory

Only a generation later, a Hittite king had chosen the site as his residence and capital. The Hittites, speaking an Indo-European language had been drifting into the area, without notable violence or mass migrations, for some time. The Hattian Hattush now became the Hittite Hattusha, and the king took the name of Hattusili I, the "one from Hattusha." Hattusili marked the beginning of a royal line of H ...

See also:

Hattusa, Hattusa - The surroundings, Hattusa - Early history of the city, Hattusa - The Hittite Imperial City, Hattusa - Discovery of the city, Hattusa - Bibliography

Read more here: » Hattusa: Encyclopedia II - Hattusa - The Hittite Imperial City