Indo-Aryan migration refers to the migration and expansion of the Indo-Aryans during the 2nd millennium BC or earlier. Archaeological and philological data indicates that there was a shift of settlements from the northwestern part of South Asia to the Gangetic valley and to the south during the second millennium BCE, but does not clearly support a migration of Indo-Aryan people into South Asia. Based on linguistic data, many scholars have argued that Indo-Aryan speakers invaded in South Asia in the second millennium BCE. This correspo ...

Including:

• Indo-Aryan migration - Overview
• Indo-Aryan migration - History
• Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics
• Indo-Aryan migration - Philology
• Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda
• Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists
• Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas
• Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah
• Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology
• Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization
• Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head
• Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery
• Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia
• Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data
• Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology
• Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics

Read more here: » Indo-Aryan migration: Encyclopedia - Indo-Aryan migration

The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, Pinyin: Hànyǔ, 华语/華語, Huáyǔ or 中文, Zhōngwén) forms part of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. About one-fifth of the people in the world speak some form of Chinese as their native language, making it the language with the most native speakers. In general, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. However, Chinese is also distinguished for a high level of internal diversity. Regional variation between different variants/dialects is comparable t ...

Including:

• Chinese language - Spoken Chinese
• Chinese language - Language or language family?
• Chinese language - Written Chinese
• Chinese language - Chinese characters
• Chinese language - History
• Chinese language - Influence on other languages
• Chinese language - Sounds
• Chinese language - Romanization
• Chinese language - Other Transcriptions
• Chinese language - Morphology
• Chinese language - Loanwords
• Chinese language - Grammar

Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia - Chinese language

18th century BC - Significant persons. Hammurabi, ruler of the Babylonian Empire Tang overthrew emperor Jie, last ruler of the Xia dynasty. 18th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions. The Phaistos Disc most likely dating from about 1700 BC. Its purpose and meaning, and even its original geographical place of manufacture remains unknown, making it one of the most famous mysteries of archaeology. 18th century BC ...

Including:

• 18th century BC - Events
• 18th century BC - Significant persons
• 18th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 18th century BC - Deaths

Read more here: » 18th century BC: Encyclopedia - 18th century BC

The postal system is a system by which written documents typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages containing other matter, are delivered to destinations around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post. In principle, a postal service can be private or official. Restrictions are generally placed on private systems by governments. Since the 19th century, national postal systems have generally been established as government monopolies with a fee on the article prepaid, ...

Including:

• Mail - Early postal systems
• Mail - Persia
• Mail - China
• Mail - Rome
• Mail - Other systems
• Mail - Modern mail
• Mail - Organization
• Mail - Payment
• Mail - Rules and etiquette
• Mail - Rise of electronic correspondence
• Mail - Collecting
• Mail - Deregulation
• Mail - Types of mail
• Mail - Letters
• Mail - Postal cards and postcards
• Mail - Other
• Mail - Famous letters
• Mail - List of national postal services

Read more here: » Mail: Encyclopedia - Mail

In Eckankar doctrine, ECK masters, or the Order of Vairagi Adepts, are said to be religious figures who assume leadership of the Eckankar faith in endless succession. Eckankar emphasizes spiritual liberation, and how this relates to ECK (forms of God). The Living ECK master is the one who aids followers in connecting their souls to ECK. The ECK master "does what he pleases, has what he wants, comes and goes absolutely at his own will... He bows only to God.".^Including:

• ECK master - Important ECK masters
• ECK master - Rami Nuri
• ECK master - Lai Tsi
• ECK master - Gopal Das
• ECK master - Yaubl Sacabi
• ECK master - Fubbi Quantz
• ECK master - Rebazar Tarzs
• ECK master - Others
• ECK master - Women as ECK masters
• ECK master - Historical figures as ECK masters
• ECK master - Origins of the ECK masters
• ECK master - Notes
• ECK master - References

Read more here: » ECK master: Encyclopedia - ECK master

The Ulaid or Ulaidh (singular Ulad or Uladh) were a Celtic people of Early Ireland who gave their name to the Irish Province of Ulster. They may appear in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geography as the Voluntii. Their capital was traditionally at Emain Macha near modern Armagh. Their territory at its height extended as far south as the River Boyne and as far west as County Leitrim, but by early Christian times they were pressed by the northern Uí Néill and they were reduced to eastern County Down, where they became kno ...

Including:

• Ulaid - Kings of the Ulaid
• Ulaid - Legendary kings
• Ulaid - Historical kings

Read more here: » Ulaid: Encyclopedia - Ulaid

17th century BC - Events. 1700 – 1500 BC -- Hurrian conquests. 1700 BC - Belu-bani became the King of Assyria. c. 1700 BC - Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire. c. 1698 BC - Lila-Ir-Tash the ruler of the Elamite Empire died. Temti-Agun I started to rule the Elamite Empire. 1691 BC - Belu-bani, the King of Assyria died. c. 1690 BC - Temti-Agun I, the ruler of the Elamite Empire, died. Tan-Uli started to rule the Elamite Empire.

Zoroaster was an ancient Iranian prophet and the founder of Zoroastrianism, which was the national religion of the Sassanian dynasty of the Persian Empire, and of the earlier Achaemenean dynasty. The original form of his name was Zarathushtra (Zaraθuštra), but he is usually known in English as Zoroaster (after the Greek version, Ζωροάστρης, Zoroastres). Zoroaster was born in the northwestern part of Iran, in the city of Urmehr, modern day Uroomiyeh in east Azarbaijan province. T ...

Including:

• Zoroaster - Name
• Zoroaster - Zoroaster in History
• Zoroaster - Life
• Zoroaster - Zoroaster in Historical Context
• Zoroaster - Date of Zoroaster
• Zoroaster - Zoroastrian teachings
• Zoroaster - Zoroaster in the West
• Zoroaster - Contemporary views
• Zoroaster - Bibliography

Read more here: » Zoroaster: Encyclopedia - Zoroaster

A state is an organized political community occupying a definite territory, having an organized government, and possessing internal and external sovereignty. Recognition of the state's claim to independence by other states, enabling it to enter into international agreements, is often important to the establishment of its statehood, although some theories do not make this a requirement - for instance, the Montevideo Convention. The "state" can also be defined in terms of domestic conditions, specifically, as conceptualized by Max Weber ...

Including:

• State - Introduction
• State - Etymology
• State - Formation of the state
• State - International point of view
• State - The domestic point of view
• State - Philosophies of the state

Read more here: » State: Encyclopedia - State

Imhotep (sometimes spelt Immutef, Ȧmhotep, or Ii-em-Hotep, Egyptian ii-m-ḥtp) was a vizier, wizard, and the first architect and physician known by name to written history. As the Pharaoh Djosèr's Vizier, he designed the Pyramid of Djzosèr (Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC, during the 3rd Dynasty. He may also have been responsible for the first known use of columns in architecture. His ...

Including:

• Imhotep - Fringe theories
• Imhotep - Modern cultural impact

Read more here: » Imhotep: Encyclopedia - Imhotep

As early as Akkadian times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khabur valley. Hurrians are mentioned in the private Nuzi texts, in Ugarit, and the Hittite archives in Hattushsha (Bogazköy). Cuneiform texts from Mari mention rulers of city-states in upper Mesopotamia with both Amurru (Amorite) and Hurrian names. Rulers with Hurrian names are also attested for Urshum and Hashshum, and tablets from Alalakh (layer VII, from the later part of the old-Babylonian period) ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwazza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - History

"Kings who dwelled in tents" Ikunum Tudiya Adamu Yangi Suhlamu Harharu Mandaru Imsu HAR-su Didanu Hana Zuabu Nuabu Abazu Belu Azarah Ushpia (ca. 2020 BC) "Kings who were forefathers" (listed in reverse order by the Assyrian King List) Apiashal son of Ushpia Hale son of Apiashal Samani son of Hale Hayani son of Samani Ilu-Mer ...

See also:

Kings of Assyria, Kings of Assyria - Early Period, Kings of Assyria - Old Assyrian Period, Kings of Assyria - Middle Assyrian Period, Kings of Assyria - Neo-Assyrian Period

Read more here: » Kings of Assyria: Encyclopedia II - Kings of Assyria - Early Period

There are several theories about the origins of the Greek language. One theory suggests that it originated with a migration of proto-Greek speakers into the Greek peninsula, which is dated to any period between 2500 BC and 1700 BC. Another theory maintains that the migration into Greece occurred at a pre-proto-Greek (late PIE) stage, and the characteristic Greek sound-changes occurred later. History of Greek - Linear B. The first known script for writing Greek was the Linear B syllabary, used for the archa ...

See also:

History of Greek, History of Greek - Origins, History of Greek - Linear B, History of Greek - Ancient Greek dialects, History of Greek - Attic Greek, History of Greek - Hellenistic Greek - Koiné, History of Greek - Medieval and Modern Greek

Read more here: » History of Greek: Encyclopedia II - History of Greek - Origins

In July 1979, Bakr resigned, and his chosen successor, Saddām Husayn, assumed the offices of both President and Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. He was the de facto ruler of Iraq for some years before he formally came to power. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war, the Iran-Iraq War (1980 – 1988, termed Qādisiyyat-Saddām – 'Saddām's Qādisiyyah'), eventually devastating the economy. Iraq declared victory in 1988 but actually achieved a weary return to the < ...

See also:

History of Iraq, History of Iraq - Prehistory, History of Iraq - Ancient Times, History of Iraq - Mesopotamia, History of Iraq - Post-Sumerian civilizations, History of Iraq - Chaldeans, History of Iraq - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon, History of Iraq - Persian Domination; 550 BCE to 652 CE, History of Iraq - Ethnic Diversity & Religion, History of Iraq - The Arab conquest and the early Islamic period, History of Iraq - The Turkish Conquest, History of Iraq - Modern History, History of Iraq - The Iraqi Monarchy, History of Iraq - The Republic, History of Iraq - Rule Under Saddām, History of Iraq - Invasion of Kuwait and the Persian Gulf War, History of Iraq - Iraq under UN Sanction, History of Iraq - 2003 invasion of Iraq, History of Iraq - Coalition occupation of Iraq, History of Iraq - Coalition withdrawal

Read more here: » History of Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of Iraq - Rule Under Saddām

Long before the earliest written records, there are drawings that indicate a knowledge of mathematics and of measurement of time based on the stars. For example, paleontologists have discovered ochre rocks in a cave in South Africa adorned with scratched geometric patterns dating back more than 70,000 years [1]. Also prehistoric artifacts discovered in Africa and France, dated between 35000 BC and 20000 BC, indicate early attempts to quantify time Evidence exists that early counting involved women who kept records of their monthly biological ...

See also:

History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200, History of mathematics - Classical Indian mathematics 200 BC - AD 1600, History of mathematics - Arabic and Persian mathematics 650 - 1500, History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600, History of mathematics - 17th century, History of mathematics - 18th century, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes

Read more here: » History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory

The map on the right depicts the subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") within Chinese. The traditionally recognized seven main groups, in order of population size are: Mandarin 官話/官话 or 北方方言(old name) Wu 吳/吴 Cantonese 粵/粤 Min 閩/闽 Xiang 湘 Hakka 客家 or 客 Gan 贛/赣 In parentheses above are the culturally dominant or representativ ...

See also:

Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Spoken Chinese

Gods Enlil and 7 who decree fate Ishtar and planet Venus Tiamat and Tablets of Destiny Annunaki and astronauts Marduk and Babylon Heroes Utnapishtim and world-flood Tammuz and new life Gilgamesh and Cedar Forest Enkidu, the man-beast Monsters Zu, the lion-eagle Kingu, mankind's bloodSee also:

Deluge mythology, Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures, Deluge mythology - Ancient Near East, Deluge mythology - Europe, Deluge mythology - Americas, Deluge mythology - India, Deluge mythology - China, Deluge mythology - Batak Indonesia, Deluge mythology - Theories of origin, Deluge mythology - Other references

Read more here: » Deluge mythology: Encyclopedia II - Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures

Gods Enlil Ishtar Tiamat and Tablets of Destiny Annunaki Marduk and Babylon Heroes Utnapishtim Tammuz Gilgamesh and Enkidu Monsters Zu Humbaba Kingu Resheph Namtar Related Me, divine decrees Ma, primeval land Irkalla, the underworld Mesopotamian religion The Fertile Crescent

See also:

Deluge mythology, Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures, Deluge mythology - Ancient Near East, Deluge mythology - Europe, Deluge mythology - Americas, Deluge mythology - India, Deluge mythology - China, Deluge mythology - Batak Indonesia, Deluge mythology - Theories of origin, Deluge mythology - Other references

Read more here: » Deluge mythology: Encyclopedia II - Deluge mythology - Flood myths in various cultures

Since no written records exist from the period the carvings were created, there is no way to know what purposes they were meant to serve and what spurred their creation. Possible explanations include use in shamanistic rituals, totemistic symbols that denoted tribal unity or marked a tribe's territory, a kind of historical record of important events, or even simple artistic pleasure. Since individual carvings show such a wide array of different images and the carvings were created over an extremely long period of time, it seems plausible that individual carvings might have served any of the purposes li ...

See also:

Rock carvings at Alta, Rock carvings at Alta - Cultural and historical background, Rock carvings at Alta - Discovery and restoration, Rock carvings at Alta - Imagery and interpretations, Rock carvings at Alta - Animals, Rock carvings at Alta - Hunting and Fishing scenes, Rock carvings at Alta - Scenes of mundane life and scenes of rituals, Rock carvings at Alta - Geometric symbols

Read more here: » Rock carvings at Alta: Encyclopedia II - Rock carvings at Alta - Imagery and interpretations

The early history of Banská Bystrica is connected with the exploitation of abundant deposits of copper (and to a lesser extent of silver, gold, and iron). The tools used by prehistoric miners in a locality called Špania Dolina are dated as early as 2000-1700 BC. In 1255, King Béla IV of Hungary granted Banská Bystrica extensive municipal privileges in order to attract skilled settlers from the Holy Roman Empire. The town, called Neusohl by these Carpathian Germans, flourished as a regional mining center. In th ...

See also:

Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica - History, Banská Bystrica - Places of interest, Banská Bystrica - Famous people

Read more here: » Banská Bystrica: Encyclopedia II - Banská Bystrica - History