Villach (Slovenian Beljak) is the second largest city in Carinthia in the south of Austria, on the river Drau (Slovenian Drave) . It currently has 57,646 inhabitants. Villach - History. The oldest human traces found in Villach date back to 3500 BC. A lot of Roman artefacts were found there. Villach got its first mayor in the 16th century. In 1348 an earthquake destroyed a big part of Villach followed by another earthquake in 1690. There were also several fires in Villach which destroyed a lot ...

Including:

• Villach - History
• Villach - Geography
• Villach - Festivals
• Villach - Notable citizens
• Villach - External link

Read more here: » Villach: Encyclopedia - Villach

The Williamite war in Ireland, which could also be described as the Jacobite war in Ireland and is known in Ireland as Cogadh an Dá Rí or The War of the Two Kings, was the opening conflict following the deposition of King James II in 1688 when he attempted to regain the throne of his Three Kingdoms from his daughter Mary II who replaced him jointly with her husband William of Orange. It influenced the Jacobite Rising in Scotland led by "Bonnie Dundee" which started at about the same time. While William successfu ...

Including:

• Williamite war in Ireland - The Glorious Revolution
• Williamite war in Ireland - War Breaks Out - Campaign in Ulster
• Williamite war in Ireland - William Arrives - Battle of the Boyne
• Williamite war in Ireland - Limerick Aughrim and the end of the War
• Williamite war in Ireland - Long-Term Effects
• Williamite war in Ireland - Sources

Read more here: » Williamite war in Ireland: Encyclopedia - Williamite war in Ireland

April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). There are 269 days remaining. April 6 - Events. 648 BC - Earliest solar eclipse recorded by the Ancient Greeks. 402 - Stilicho stymies the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia 1320 - The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath. 1327 - The poet Petrarch first saw his idealized love Laura in the church of Saint Claire ...

Including:

• April 6 - Events
• April 6 - Births
• April 6 - Deaths
• April 6 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » April 6: Encyclopedia - April 6

The city of Worcester (pronounced /ˈwʊstə/) is a city and the county town of Worcestershire in England. The River Severn runs through the middle, with the city's large cathedral overlooking the river. Worcester - History. The site of Worcester was first used by the Roman Empire in the 1st century, linking Gloucester to Wroxeter. In AD 407 the village was thought to have been abandoned, only to be resurrected as a settlement in the mid 7th century by t ...

Including:

• Worcester - History
• Worcester - Politics
• Worcester - Industry and commerce
• Worcester - Education
• Worcester - University
• Worcester - Private Schools
• Worcester - State sixth forms
• Worcester - State high schools
• Worcester - State primary schools
• Worcester - Famous citizens
• Worcester - Culture and arts
• Worcester - Festivals and shows
• Worcester - Theatre
• Worcester - Religion
• Worcester - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Worcester: Encyclopedia - Worcester

Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one locality to another, often over long distances or in large groups. Humans are known to have extensively migrated throughout history. This can be compared with the periodic migratory behaviour of groups of animals such as some birds and fishes (see migration). This article concentrates on the historical human migrations. Migration and population isolation is one of the four evolutionary forces (along with natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation). The study of the distribution of and change in allele (gene variations) frequencies under suc ...

Including:

• Human migration - Overview of historical migrations
• Human migration - Earliest migrations
• Human migration - Spread of Agriculture
• Human migration - Indo-European migrations
• Human migration - The Great Migrations
• Human migration - Other Old World migrations
• Human migration - Polynesian migration
• Human migration - Migrations to the New World
• Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations
• Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles
• Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia - Human migration

The Westminster Confession of Faith is a Reformed confession of faith, in the Calvinist theological tradition. Although drawn up by the 1647 Westminster Assembly largely of the Church of England, it became, and remains the 'subordinate standard' of doctrine in the Church of Scotland and has been influential within Presbyterian churches worldwide (with appropriate changes it has also been adopted by some Congregationalists and even Baptists). In 1643, the English Parliament called upon "learned, godly and judicious Divines", to ...

Including:

• Westminster Confession of Faith - Historical situation
• Westminster Confession of Faith - American Presbyterian Adoption and Revisions
• Westminster Confession of Faith - The 1789 American Revision
• Westminster Confession of Faith - 1903 PCUSA Revision
• Westminster Confession of Faith - The Doctrinal Deliverance of 1910
• Westminster Confession of Faith - External link

Read more here: » Westminster Confession of Faith: Encyclopedia - Westminster Confession of Faith

William III of England (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702; also known as William II of Scotland and William III of Orange) was a Dutch aristocrat and a Protestant Prince of Orange from his birth, King of England and King of Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scots from 11 April 1689, in each case until his death. Born a member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William III won the English, Scottish and Irish Crowns following the Glorious Revolution, during which his uncle and father-in-law, James II, was depos ...

Including:

• William III of England - Early life
• William III of England - Early reign
• William III of England - Glorious Revolution
• William III of England - Revolution Settlement
• William III of England - Rule with Mary II
• William III of England - Later years
• William III of England - Death
• William III of England - Legacy
• William III of England - Style and arms
• William III of England - Ancestry

Read more here: » William III of England: Encyclopedia - William III of England

Semiotics, or semiology, is the study of signs, both individually and grouped in sign systems. It includes the study of how meaning is made and understood. Semioticians also sometimes examine how organisms, no matter how big or small, make predictions about and adapt to their semiotic niche in the world (see Semiosis). Semiotics theorises at a general level about signs, while the study of the communication of information ...

Including:

• Semiotics - Clarification of terms
• Semiotics - History
• Semiotics - Some important semioticians
• Semiotics - Current applications
• Semiotics - Branches
• Semiotics - Select bibliography

Read more here: » Semiotics: Encyclopedia - Semiotics

Johannes Trithemius (1 February 1462 - 13 December 1516) was born Johann Heidenberg. The name by which he is more commonly known is derived from his native town of Trittenheim on the Moselle in Germany. He studied at the University of Heidelberg. Travelling from university back to his home town in 1482, he was surprised by a snowstorm and took refuge in the Benedictine abbey of Sponheim near Bad Kreuznach. He decided to stay and was elected abbot in 1483, at the age of twenty-one. He set out to transform the abbey from a poor, ...

Including:

• Johannes Trithemius - Steganographia
• Johannes Trithemius - Other works

Read more here: » Johannes Trithemius: Encyclopedia - Johannes Trithemius

A wallet is a small (usually pocket-sized) storage device. It is generally made of fabrics such as leather or PVC and is used to keep credit cards, cash, driver's licenses and other such items in one place. Wallets are usually associated with men, but women also carry them inside purses. Wallets were developed almost immediately after the introduction of paper currency to the West in the 1600s. (The first paper currency was introduced in the New World by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1690.) Prior to the introduction of ...

Read more here: » Wallet: Encyclopedia - Wallet

The national flag of Denmark is more commonly known as the Dannebrog. The Dannebrog is red with a white Scandinavian cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side. The cross design of the Danish flag was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries: Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Iceland. During the Danish-Norwegian personal union, the Dannebrog was also the flag of Norway and continued to be, slightly mo ...

Including:

• Flag of Denmark - The legendary origin of the flag
• Flag of Denmark - The continuation of the romantic legend
• Flag of Denmark - Other theories of the origin of the flag
• Flag of Denmark - Theories of the origin of the flag #2
• Flag of Denmark - Theories of the origin of the flag #3
• Flag of Denmark - Theories of the origin of the flag #4
• Flag of Denmark - Theories of the origin of the flag #5
• Flag of Denmark - Theories of the origin of the flag #6
• Flag of Denmark - Earliest recorded use of the flag
• Flag of Denmark - Earliest undisputed link
• Flag of Denmark - Origin and meaning of Dannebrog
• Flag of Denmark - From King's banner to National flag
• Flag of Denmark - Laws and flag variations
• Flag of Denmark - National flag
• Flag of Denmark - Splitflag
• Flag of Denmark - Who may use what?
• Flag of Denmark - Flag days
• Flag of Denmark - External link

Read more here: » Flag of Denmark: Encyclopedia - Flag of Denmark

The Coronation Crown of George IV was the coronation crown of King George IV of the United Kingdom. It was used in the coronation in 1821. It has remained unworn since 1823. Coronation Crown of George IV - Origins. As the Prince of Wales and as Prince Regent George had been an extravagant figure, with controversial artistic tastes. When he became king George planned an innovation in British coronations. Instead of having separate coronation and state crowns, he decided to have one crown with which h ...

Including:

• Coronation Crown of George IV - Origins
• Coronation Crown of George IV - Design
• Coronation Crown of George IV - Usage

Read more here: » Coronation Crown of George IV: Encyclopedia - Coronation Crown of George IV

During a siege a counterscarp is an earthenwork or wooden palisade built behind a breach in the walls of a fortress, or a city, made by the attackers guns. Its purpose hinder and frustrate an attack made by the forlorn hope. This was a strategy used many times by defenders of fortifications, for example by the Irish defenders during the Siege of Limerick on 27 August 1690. Other related archives1690, 27 August, Siege of Limerick, forlorn hope, siege

Read more here: » Counterscarp: Encyclopedia - Counterscarp

The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire, and Gloucestershire. To the west, the county is bordered by the Malvern Hills, by which is located the former spa town of Malvern. The western side of the hills is in the county of Herefordshire. The southern part of the county is bordered by Gloucestershire and the northern edge of the Cotswolds, and to the east is Warwickshire. The two major rivers flowing thr ...

See also:

Worcestershire, Worcestershire - Situation, Worcestershire - Local Produce, Worcestershire - History, Worcestershire - Towns and villages, Worcestershire - Places of interest, Worcestershire - Local groups

Read more here: » Worcestershire: Encyclopedia II - Worcestershire - Situation

The site of Worcester was first used by the Roman Empire in the 1st century, linking Gloucester to Wroxeter. In AD 407 the village was thought to have been abandoned, only to be resurrected as a settlement in the mid 7th century by the Saxons, giving it the name of "Weogoran cester". The town was almost destroyed in 1041 after a rebellion against the punitive taxation of Harthacanute. The town was attacked several times in the civil war (in 1139, 1150 and 1151) between King Stephen and ...

See also:

Worcester, Worcester - History, Worcester - Politics, Worcester - Industry and commerce, Worcester - Education, Worcester - University, Worcester - Private Schools, Worcester - State sixth forms, Worcester - State high schools, Worcester - State primary schools, Worcester - Famous citizens, Worcester - Culture and arts, Worcester - Festivals and shows, Worcester - Theatre, Worcester - Religion, Worcester - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Worcester: Encyclopedia II - Worcester - History

In the surroundings of Villach there are several lakes: Lake Ossiach (Ossiacher See) Lake Faak (Faaker See) Villach is also surrounded by the mountains of the Alps which are used for skiing in winter and hiking in summer. It is located half an hour by train or car from the border to Italy or Slovenia. ...

See also:

Villach, Villach - History, Villach - Geography, Villach - Festivals, Villach - Notable citizens, Villach - External link

Read more here: » Villach: Encyclopedia II - Villach - Geography

William at first opposed the project of invasion. Meanwhile, in England, James II's second wife, Mary of Modena, bore a son (James Francis Edward), who displaced William's wife to become first in the line of succession. Public anger also increased due to the trial of seven bishops who had publicly opposed James II's religious policies and had petitioned him to reform them. The acquittal of the bishops signalled a major defeat for the Government of James II, and encouraged further resistance to its activities. Still, William was reluct ...

See also:

William III of England, William III of England - Early life, William III of England - Early reign, William III of England - Glorious Revolution, William III of England - Revolution Settlement, William III of England - Rule with Mary II, William III of England - Later years, William III of England - Death, William III of England - Legacy, William III of England - Style and arms, William III of England - Ancestry

Read more here: » William III of England: Encyclopedia II - William III of England - Glorious Revolution

The first Presbyterian ministers were Puritans, whose congregations originated with the migration from New England to the Dutch colony as early as the 1640s; the first American presbytery, uniting some of these independent congregations, was formed in 1706; and the first Synod, uniting the presbyteries, was held in Philadelphia in 1716. However, until the Westminster standards were adopted, these churches did not have a constitution or any standard for ordination other than the Bible. When the Synod of Philadelphia met in 1729 to adopt the W ...

See also:

Westminster Confession of Faith, Westminster Confession of Faith - Historical situation, Westminster Confession of Faith - American Presbyterian Adoption and Revisions, Westminster Confession of Faith - The 1789 American Revision, Westminster Confession of Faith - 1903 PCUSA Revision, Westminster Confession of Faith - The Doctrinal Deliverance of 1910, Westminster Confession of Faith - External link

Read more here: » Westminster Confession of Faith: Encyclopedia II - Westminster Confession of Faith - American Presbyterian Adoption and Revisions

The War in Ireland began as a direct consequence of the Glorious Revolution in England. James, who was a Roman Catholic attempted to introduce freedom of religion for Catholics and to bypass the English Parliament in order to introduce unpopular laws. For many in England, this was an unpleasant reminder of the rule of Charles I, whose conflict with the Parliament had ended with the outbreak of the English Civil War. The breaking point in James' relationship with the English political class came when his wife gave birth to a son - which opene ...

See also:

Williamite war in Ireland, Williamite war in Ireland - The Glorious Revolution, Williamite war in Ireland - War Breaks Out - Campaign in Ulster, Williamite war in Ireland - William Arrives - Battle of the Boyne, Williamite war in Ireland - Limerick Aughrim and the end of the War, Williamite war in Ireland - Long-Term Effects, Williamite war in Ireland - Sources

Read more here: » Williamite war in Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Williamite war in Ireland - The Glorious Revolution

Orange Order - Roots. The Orange Order was founded in the 1790s, but its roots go back to conflicts arising out of the creation of English and Scottish Protestant communities in Ulster in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the Plantation of Ulster, lands were seized from the native Irish and Catholic population and "planted" with Presbyterian settlers from the Lowlands of Scotland and Anglicans from northern England. This included many of the infamous border Reiver clans. Small numbers of Gaelic-speaking Highland Sc ...

See also:

Orange Order, Orange Order - History and origins, Orange Order - Roots, Orange Order - Foundation, Orange Order - The Battle of Garvagh, Orange Order - The Defence Of Crossgar, Orange Order - Battle of Dolly's Brae, Orange Order - The Twelfth, Orange Order - Requirements for entry, Orange Order - Religion and Culture, Orange Order - Political links, Orange Order - Related organisations, Orange Order - The Orange Order throughout the world, Orange Order - The Ulster Tower, Orange Order - The Orange Order in Canada, Orange Order - Flag, Orange Order - Orange Charities

Read more here: » Orange Order: Encyclopedia II - Orange Order - History and origins

Johann Pachelbel - Introduction. During his lifetime, Pachelbel was best known as an organ composer. He wrote more than two hundred organ pieces, both liturgical and secular, and used most of the genres that existed at the time. His other keyboard music includes harpsichord suites and sets of variations. Pachelbel also composed numerous vocal works: arias, Magnificat settings, motets, sacred concertos, and chambe ...

See also:

Johann Pachelbel, Johann Pachelbel - Life, Johann Pachelbel - Works, Johann Pachelbel - Introduction, Johann Pachelbel - Organ works, Johann Pachelbel - Other keyboard works, Johann Pachelbel - Chamber works, Johann Pachelbel - Vocal music, Johann Pachelbel - Rise in popularity of the Canon in D, Johann Pachelbel - Media, Johann Pachelbel - Literature

Read more here: » Johann Pachelbel: Encyclopedia II - Johann Pachelbel - Works

This section focusses on the political context. For military aspects of these campaigns see the Williamite war in Ireland and Jacobite Risings. Jacobitism - Jacobite war in Ireland. James II and VII had his viceroy Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell take action to secure Ireland for the Catholic cause, culminating in the Siege of Derry which began on 7 December 1688. By then the deposed James had fled to France, and with support from King Louis XIV of France, who was already at war with William ...

See also:

Jacobitism, Jacobitism - Political background, Jacobitism - Religion politics and adventurers, Jacobitism - Ireland, Jacobitism - England and Scotland, Jacobitism - The Scottish Highlands, Jacobitism - Opportunists and Adventurers, Jacobitism - Jacobite community ideology and policy, Jacobitism - Military campaigns and Jacobitism, Jacobitism - Jacobite war in Ireland, Jacobitism - Bonnie Dundee, Jacobitism - The Old Pretender's attempted invasion, Jacobitism - Union and Hanoverians, Jacobitism - The 'Fifteen, Jacobitism - Jacobitism in England, Jacobitism - Spanish supported Jacobite invasion, Jacobitism - The Atterbury plot, Jacobitism - Aftermath of the 'Fifteen in Scotland, Jacobitism - The Cornbury plot, Jacobitism - 1744 French invasion attempt, Jacobitism - The 'Forty-Five', Jacobitism - Decline of Jacobitism, Jacobitism - The Elibank plot, Jacobitism - Crushing of the clans, Jacobitism - Henry IX, Jacobitism - Outcome, Jacobitism - Romantic revival, Jacobitism - Jacobite Claimants to the Thrones of England Scotland France and Ireland, Jacobitism - Future descent after the Duke of Bavaria, Jacobitism - Alternative Successions

Read more here: » Jacobitism: Encyclopedia II - Jacobitism - Military campaigns and Jacobitism