1648 - Ongoing events. English Civil War (1642-1649) 1648 - Births. January 1 - Elkanah Settle, English writer (d. 1724) February 23 - Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England (d. 1730) April 4 - Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (d. 1721) April 7 - John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (d. 1721) April 9 - Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Viscount Ga ...

Including:

• 1648 - Events
• 1648 - Ongoing events
• 1648 - Births
• 1648 - Deaths

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1648 - Ongoing events. English Civil War (1642-1649) ...

See also:

1648, 1648 - Events, 1648 - Ongoing events, 1648 - Births, 1648 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1648: Encyclopedia II - 1648 - Events

The causes of the French Revolution, the uprising which brought the regime of King Louis XVI to an end, were manifold. France in 1789 was one of the richest and most powerful nations in Europe; only in Great Britain and the Netherlands did the common people have more freedom and less chance of arbitrary punishment. Nevertheless, the ancien régime was brought down, partly by its own rigidity in the face of a changing world, partly by the ambitions of a rising bourgeoisie, allied with aggrieved peasants and wage-earners and with ...

Including:

• Causes of the French Revolution - Absolutism and privilege
• Causes of the French Revolution - Economics
• Causes of the French Revolution - Debt
• Causes of the French Revolution - Taxation
• Causes of the French Revolution - Attempts at reforms
• Causes of the French Revolution - The nobility's reaction
• Causes of the French Revolution - Famine

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Kabbalah (Hebrew קַבָּלָה "reception", Standard Hebrew Qabbala, Tiberian Hebrew Qabbālāh; also written variously as Cabala, Cabalah, Cabbala, Cabbalah, Kabala, Kabalah, Kabbala, Qabala, Qabalah, Kaballah) is an interpretation (exegesis, hermeneutic) key, "soul" of the Torah (Hebrew Bible), or the religious mystical system of Judaism claiming an insight into divine nature. Kabbalah is a doctrine of esoteric knowledge concerning God, God's creation of the universe and the laws of nature, and the path by whic ...

Including:

• Kabbalah - Origin of Jewish mysticism
• Kabbalah - Mystic doctrines in Talmudic times
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the early Middle Ages
• Kabbalah - Lurianic Kabbalah in the Middle Ages
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Sefardim and Mizrahim
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Maharal
• Kabbalah - The failure of Sabbatian mysticism
• Kabbalah - Spread of Kabbalah during the 1700s
• Kabbalah - The modern world
• Kabbalah - Primary texts
• Kabbalah - Theodicy: explanation for the existence of evil
• Kabbalah - Kabbalistic understanding of God
• Kabbalah - Sefirot
• Kabbalah - A Greek Orthodox theological view
• Kabbalah - The human soul in Kabbalah
• Kabbalah - Foretelling the future
• Kabbalah - Practical applications
• Kabbalah - Textual antiquity of esoteric mysticism
• Kabbalah - Gnosticism and Kabbalah
• Kabbalah - Criticisms
• Kabbalah - Dualism
• Kabbalah - Debate about Kabbalah in Judaism
• Kabbalah - Early critiques
• Kabbalah - Within Conservative and Reform Judaism
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah Centre
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah in non-Jewish society
• Kabbalah - Hermetic Kabbalah
• Kabbalah - Fictional representations
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah personalities
• Kabbalah - Footnotes

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1571 - Events. January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. January 23 - The Royal Exchange opens in London. Crimean Tatars from the Crimean Khanate seize and burn Moscow. Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School founded in Horncastle October 7 Battle of Lepanto - Spanish, Venetian, and Papal naval forces under Don John of Austria defeat the Turkish fleet of Ali Monizindade Pasha. 1571 - Births. January 9 - Karel ...

Including:

• 1571 - Events
• 1571 - Births
• 1571 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1571: Encyclopedia - 1571

this is a political history, for a military history of this time, see Irish Confederate Wars The Catholic Confederation was formed in the aftermath of the 1641 rebellion, both to control the popular uprising and to organise an Irish Catholic war effort against the remaining British armies in Ireland. It was hoped that by doing this, the Irish Catholics could hold off an English or Scottish re-conquest of the country. The initiative for the Confederation came from a Catholic bishop, Nicholas French and a lawyer named Nich ...

See also:

Confederate Ireland, Confederate Ireland - Rebellion and the formation of the Confederation, Confederate Ireland - Cessation with the royalists the Nuncio's arrival and the first Ormonde peace, Confederate Ireland - Military defeat and a new Ormonde peace, Confederate Ireland - Civil War within the Confederation, Confederate Ireland - Cromwell’s invasion, Confederate Ireland - Significance, Confederate Ireland - Sources, Confederate Ireland - External link

Read more here: » Confederate Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Confederate Ireland - Rebellion and the formation of the Confederation

2 Population sans doubles comptes, i.e. not counting those people already counted in another commune (such as students and military personal). Verdun (German: Wirten, official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city and commune in the Lorraine région, northeast France, in the Meuse département, of which it is ...

Including:

• Verdun - History
• Verdun - Battle of Verdun

Read more here: » Verdun: Encyclopedia - Verdun

Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Qur'an • Hadith • Sharia Jurisprudence • Theology Biographies of Muhammad Sunni • Shi'a • Sufi Art • Architecture Cities • Calendar Science • Philosophy Religious leaders Women in Islam Politi ...

Including:

• Caliph - Origins of the caliphate
• Caliph - Succession to Muhammad
• Caliph - The authority of the caliph
• Caliph - The history of the caliphate
• Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end
• Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate
• Caliph - Famous caliphs
• Caliph - Dynasties
• Caliph - Claims to the caliphate
• Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats
• Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided
• Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus
• Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad
• Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo
• Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs
• Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey
• Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia
• Caliph - Sources and references

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Antwerp (Dutch name: Antwerpen; French name: Anvers) is a city and a municipality in Belgium, its chief centre of commerce and a strong fortified position; it is capital of Antwerp province, in Flanders, one of Belgium's three regions. Antwerp's total population is ca. 457,749 (January 2005). Its total area is 204.51 km² with a population density of 2,238.23 inhabitants per km². The agglomeration has a population of ca. 800,000 (municipality: 457,749 (2005), metropolitan area: ca. 1,225,000 (2004)). Antwe ...

Including:

• Antwerp - Overview
• Antwerp - Commerce
• Antwerp - Fortifications
• Antwerp - History
• Antwerp - Historical population
• Antwerp - Municipality
• Antwerp - Sports
• Antwerp - Famous Antwerp people
• Antwerp - Reference

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Conventional warfare is a form of warfare conducted by using conventional military weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation. The forces on each side are well-defined, and fight using weapons that primarily target the opposing army. It is normally fought through means other than with weapons of mass destruction, namely chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons. The general purpose of conventional warfare is to destroy the opponent's military force, thereby negating his ability to engage in ...

Including:

• Conventional warfare - History
• Conventional warfare - Formation of the state
• Conventional warfare - The Clausewitzian paradigm
• Conventional warfare - Prevalence
• Conventional warfare - Decline
• Conventional warfare - Replacement

Read more here: » Conventional warfare: Encyclopedia - Conventional warfare

Jan Amos Komenský (Latinized Comenius) (March 28, 1592, in Moravia (now the Czech Republic) – November 15, 1670, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) was a Czech teacher, scientist, educator and writer, known as teacher of nations. He was a Unity of the Brethren/Moravian protestant bishop, a religious refugee and one of the earliest champions of universal education eventually set forth in his book Didactica magna. Comenius - Life and work. The birthplace of Comenius is not known. There are th ...

Including:

• Comenius - Life and work
• Comenius - Legacy
• Comenius - Bibliography

Read more here: » Comenius: Encyclopedia - Comenius

Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. Congregational church - Origins. Many Congregational churches trace their descent from the original Congregational Church, a family of Protestant denominations formed on a theory of union published by the theologian Robert Browne in 1592 and arising from the Nonconformist religious movement in England during the Puritan refo ...

Including:

• Congregational church - Origins
• Congregational church - United States
• Congregational church - Later mergers with other groups
• Congregational church - Australia
• Congregational church - Canada
• Congregational church - United Kingdom
• Congregational church - United States

Read more here: » Congregational church: Encyclopedia - Congregational church

The Canadian Martyrs were eight Jesuit missionaries from Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, who were martyred in the 17th century in Canada. The Martyrs are St. Jean de Brébeuf (1649), St. Noël Chabanel (1649), St. Antoine Daniel (1648), St. Charles Garnier (1649), St. René Goupil (1642), St. Isaac Jogues (1646), St. Jean de Lalande (1646), and St. Gabriel Lalemant (1649). They were each killed during the wars between the Huron and Iroquois. They had converted many of the Huron, although even among the Huron tribes they w ...

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The Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of Bavaria. It's subdivided into two regions (Planungsverband) - Oberpfalz-Nord and Regensburg. The region took its name in the Late Middle Ages, when it was one of the main portions of the territory of the Wittelsbach Elector Palatine, who also ruled over the Lower Palatinate in the Rhineland, now normally just called the Palatinate, or Pfalz. The capital of the Upper Palatinate was Amberg. Cadet b ...

Including:

• Upper Palatinate - Population

Read more here: » Upper Palatinate: Encyclopedia - Upper Palatinate

Anton[1] van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 - August 30, 1723, full name Thonius Philips van Leeuwenhoek (pronounced 'Layewenhook') was a tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. He was known as "the Father of Microbiology". Born the son of a basket maker, at age 16 he secured an apprenticeship with a Scottish cloth merchant in Amsterdam. He is best known for his contribution to the improvement of the microscope and for his contr ...

Including:

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Early involvement with the microscope
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Eventual recognition by the English Royal Society
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Possible Vermeer connection
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Notes

Read more here: » Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Encyclopedia - Anton van Leeuwenhoek

13 April is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). There are 262 days remaining. It is also the Ides of April. April 13 - Events. 1055 - Victor II is consecrated pope 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor 1180 - Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople 1598 - Henry IV of France issues the Edict of Nantes, allowing freedom of religion to the HuguenotsIncluding:

• April 13 - Events
• April 13 - Births
• April 13 - Deaths
• April 13 - Holidays and Observances

Read more here: » April 13: Encyclopedia - April 13

April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (117th in leap years). There are 249 days remaining. April 26 - Events. 1478 - The Pazzi attack Lorenzo de' Medici and kill his brother Giuliano during High Mass in the Florence Cathedral. 1607 - English colonists of the Jamestown settlement make landfall at Cape Henry, Virginia. 1865 - American Civil War: Confederate General Joseph Johnston surrenders his army to General William Tecumseh S ...

Including:

• April 26 - Events
• April 26 - Births
• April 26 - Deaths
• April 26 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » April 26: Encyclopedia - April 26

The Décapole (Zehnstädtebund in German) was an alliance of ten towns in Alsace, France in a league founded in 1354, and discontinued in 1679. In 1354 the Holy Roman Emporer Charles IV ratified the treaty uniting the towns of Haguenau, Colmar, Wissembourg, Turckheim, Obernai, Kaysersberg, Rosheim, Munster, Sélestat and Mulhouse. Haguenau became its capital while Strasbourg, another free town of the empire, remained outside of the alliance. In 1515, Mulhouse pulled out of the alliance in order to ally w ...

Read more here: » Décapole: Encyclopedia - Décapole

April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). There are 271 days remaining. April 4 - Events. 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. 1721 - Sir Robert Walpole enters office as the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom under King George I. 1812 - U.S. President James Madison enacted a ninety-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom. 1814 - Napo ...

Including:

• April 4 - Events
• April 4 - Births
• April 4 - Deaths
• April 4 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » April 4: Encyclopedia - April 4

April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). There are 268 days remaining. April 7 - Events. 529 - first draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I 1348 - Charles University is founded in Prague. 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu 1541 - Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies. 1655 - Fab ...

Including:

• April 7 - Events
• April 7 - Births
• April 7 - Deaths
• April 7 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » April 7: Encyclopedia - April 7