1521 - Events. January 3 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. January 28 - Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25. March 6 - Ferdinand Magellan discovers Guam. March 16 - Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines. April 7 - Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu. April 16 - 18 - Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the German Diet of Worms. April 26 - Martin Luther leaves Worms and disap ...

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• 1521 - Events
• 1521 - Births
• 1521 - Deaths

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1531 - Events. January 26 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake-- thousands die October 1 - Battle of Kappel - The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed. October 28 - Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia falls under Imam Ahmad's control. Our Lady of Guadalupe: The Virgin Mary appears to Aztec conv ...

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• 1531 - Events
• 1531 - Births
• 1531 - Deaths

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1525 in science 1525 - Events. January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. February 10 - Albert of Prussia committed Prussian Homage. February 24 - Battle of Pavia - Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the French army and capture Fra ...

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• 1525 - Events
• 1525 - Births
• 1525 - Deaths

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1672 - Events. March 15 - Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence. May 2 - John Maitland becomes Duke of Lauderdale and Earl of March. June 12 - French forces under king Louis XIV cross the Rhine to Netherlands June 28 - William III of Orange appointed Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht. August 20 - Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland is slaughtered by a mob in The Hague. England, France, Münster and Cologne in ...

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• 1672 - Events
• 1672 - Births
• 1672 - Deaths

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1554 - Events. January 5 - Great fire in Eindhoven, Netherlands. February - Thomas Wyatt surrenders to government forces in London. February 12 - After claiming the throne of England the previous year, Lady Catherine Grey is beheaded for treason alongside her husband. March 17 - Princess Elizabeth imprisoned in The Tower. April 12 - Mary of Guise becomes Regent of Scotland. July 23 - 25 - Wedding of Queen Mary I of England and King Philip of Naples, only son of E ...

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• 1554 - Events
• 1554 - Births
• 1554 - Deaths

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The kingdom of Champa (or Lin-yi in Chinese records) controlled what is now south and central Vietnam from approximately 192 through 1697. The empire began to decline in the late 15th century, became a Vietnamese vassal state in 1697, and was finally dissolved in 1832. Writing Champa's history was dominated, until the end of the Twentieth Century, by the Chinese and Vietname annals. This imposed a unitary view on Cham history which is not supported by epigraphical, geographical, or archaeological records. Recently, a rev ...

Including:

• Champa - Prehistory
• Champa - History
• Champa - The dynasties of Champa
• Champa - External References

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A Midsummer Night's Dream is a romantic comedy by William Shakespeare written sometime in the mid-1590s. A Midsummer Night's Dream - Date and sources. It is not known exactly when A Midsummer Night's Dream was written or first performed, but it is assumed to be between 1594 and 1596. Some have theorized that the play might have been written for performance at the wedding of Sir Thomas Berkeley and Elizabeth Carey, in February, 1596. There is no known source for the plot of A Midsumme ...

Including:

• A Midsummer Night's Dream - Date and sources
• A Midsummer Night's Dream - Character list
• A Midsummer Night's Dream - Synopsis
• A Midsummer Night's Dream - Movie adaptations
• A Midsummer Night's Dream - Other adaptations

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The Duke of the Anatolian city of Ephesus is about to execute Egeon, an aged merchant from Syracuse, because of a law that all Syracusans visiting Ephesus must pay a fine, or else be executed. Egeon says that he looks forward to his death, since his life has been nothing but sorrow. He explains that as a young man, he married and had twin sons. The same day his twins were born, he discovered a poor woman who had also just given birth to twin boys, and he purchased these children to be slaves to his sons. Soon afterward, the family had to mak ...

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The Comedy of Errors, The Comedy of Errors - Source, The Comedy of Errors - Synopsis, The Comedy of Errors - Date, The Comedy of Errors - Themes, The Comedy of Errors - Reference

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Solovetsky Monastery was founded in the late 1420s by monks Zosima and Savvatiy of Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the monastery quickly enlarged its estate, which was situated on the shores of the White Sea and the rivers falling into it. Solovetsky Monastery extended its producing and commercial activity, becoming an economic and political center of the White Sea region. Archmandrites of the monastery were appointed by the tsar himself and the patriarch. In 1765, Solovetsky Monastery became stauropegic (from Greek: stauros - cross, pegio - to affi ...

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Solovetsky Monastery, Solovetsky Monastery - History, Solovetsky Monastery - Layout

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Prior to the first act, an Induction (sometimes omitted) frames the play as a "kind of history" played in front of a drunkard named Christopher Sly. Sly has been kicked out of an alehouse for refusing to pay for his alcohol, and a Lord, come newly from hunting, finds him lying asleep outside and decides to fool Sly into thinking that he himself is a lord. Sly is lumbered up to a classy apartment, and slipped into bed. When he awakes, he is told that he is a great lord who has lost his memory of his real identity, and that his ale-house rambl ...

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The Taming of the Shrew, The Taming of the Shrew - Plot summary, The Taming of the Shrew - Analysis, The Taming of the Shrew - Film and television adaptations, The Taming of the Shrew - Derivations

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Evidence suggests that in the 1580s Kyd became an important playwright, but little is known about his activity. Francis Meres placed him among "our best for tragedy" and Heywood elsewhere called him "Famous Kyd". Ben Jonson mentions Kyd in the same breath as Christopher Marlowe and John Lyly in the Shakespeare First Folio. The Spanish Tragedie was probably written in the mid to late 1580s. The earliest surviving edition was printed in 1592; the full title being, The Spanish Tragedie, Containing the lamentable end of Don Hora ...

See also:

Thomas Kyd, Thomas Kyd - Early life, Thomas Kyd - Career, Thomas Kyd - Later life

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Tonic Sol-fa is a system of musical notation based on relationships between tones in a key. The usual staff notation is replaced with solmization syllables (e.g. do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, do) or their abbreviations (d,r,m,f,s,l,t,d). "Do" is chosen to be the tonic of whatever key is being used (thus the terminology moveable Do). This is the name of one of the most popular among letter systems which ...

See also:

Solfege, Solfege - Etymology, Solfege - Variations, Solfege - Tonic Sol-fa, Solfege - Common scales

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The 17th century saw fierce rivalry between the then major Eastern European powers – Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. At its heyday, the Commonwealth comprised the territories of present-day Poland, and large parts of Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Russia, and represented a major European power. However, by the end of the 17th century a series of internal conflicts and wars with foreign enemies led to the dissolution of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the partitioning of most of it ...

See also:

List of Polish wars, List of Polish wars - Piast Poland, List of Polish wars - Jagiellon Poland, List of Polish wars - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, List of Polish wars - Partitions, List of Polish wars - Second Polish Republic and World War II, List of Polish wars - People's Republic of Poland, List of Polish wars - Third Polish Republic

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The town was named scir burne by the Saxon inhabitants, a name meaning "clear stream" (see: Bourne). The town was made the capital of Wessex, one of the seven Saxon kingdoms of England, and King Alfred's elder brothers King Ethelbert and King Ethelbald are buried in the abbey. In 705 the diocese was split between Sherborne and Winchester, and King Ine founded an Abbey for St Aldhelm, the first bishop of Sherborne. The Bishop's seat was moved to Old Sarum in 1075 and the church at Sherborne became a Benedictine Monastery. ...

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Sherborne, Sherborne - History, Sherborne - Trivia, Sherborne - Sources

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Archdiocese of Toledo - Bishops of Toledo. St. James the Great (1st cent.) unknown St. Eugenius I Melantius (286-306) Archdiocese of Toledo - Archbishops of Toledo. unknown person (306-325) Patruinus (325-335) Toribius (335-345) Quintus (345-355) Vincent (355-365) Paulatus (365-375) Natallus (375-385) Audencius (385-395) Asturius (395-412) < ...

See also:

Archdiocese of Toledo, Archdiocese of Toledo - List of Bishops & Archbishops of Toledo, Archdiocese of Toledo - Bishops of Toledo, Archdiocese of Toledo - Archbishops of Toledo

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From Mannerism onward there are more and more art movements representing tides of opinion pushing in various different directions, causing art philosophy over the centuries from about the 16th century onward to gradually fragment into the characteristic isms of Modern art. The work of Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio sometimes simply called Caravaggio (1571-1610) stands on its own as one of the most original and influential artists who ever lived. He did something completely contraversial and new. He painted figu ...

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Art of Italy, Art of Italy - The Etruscans, Art of Italy - The Roman Period, Art of Italy - Byzantine Period, Art of Italy - Gothic Period, Art of Italy - The Renaissance, Art of Italy - Mannerism, Art of Italy - Modernity, Art of Italy - Baroque, Art of Italy - Rococo, Art of Italy - Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, Art of Italy - Expressionism, Art of Italy - Cubism Futurism and Dada, Art of Italy - Metaphysical painting and Surrealism, Art of Italy - Classical Modernism of the 20th Century, Art of Italy - Modernists: see also:, Art of Italy - Post-Modern Italian art

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1632 series - Published works. Novel: 1632 (2000) Novel: 1633 (2002) with David Weber includes material initating the British Isles spinoff Anthology: Ring of Fire (Jan. 2004) includes the The Wallenstein Gambit with Mike Spehar which begins the Eastern Europe spinoff Unlike most anthologies, this one is considered to be part of the official canon of the 1632 universe. Events which occur in the anthology have ...

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1632 series, 1632 series - Works in the series, 1632 series - Published works, 1632 series - Planned works, 1632 series - The story, 1632 series - History connections, 1632 series - Historical characters, 1632 series - Historical places, 1632 series - Historical events and organisations, 1632 series - Fiction, 1632 series - Fictional characters, 1632 series - Fictional places, 1632 series - Fictional events, 1632 series - Terminology

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The legend derives from the discovery in the caves between 1594 and 1606 of 22 volumes of "lead books" - each consisting of a number of inscribed circular lead leaves, laced together with lead wire, and bound within folded lead covers; together with burned human remains, identified by lead plaques as being those of Cecilio and eleven followers, supposedly martyred under the Emperor Nero. References in the "books" claim that they were inscribed by Arabic-speakin ...

See also:

Sacromonte, Sacromonte - The Lead Books Los Plomos del Sacromonte, Sacromonte - References:

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The Cimmerians of the early 1st millennium BC left a small number (about ten are known) of distinctive stone stelae. Another four or five "deer stelae" dating to the same time are known from the northern Caucasus. ...

See also:

Ukrainian stone stela, Ukrainian stone stela - Copper Age and Bronze Age, Ukrainian stone stela - Cimmerians, Ukrainian stone stela - Scythians and Sarmatians, Ukrainian stone stela - Early Slavs

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who established his hegemony in Japan in the latter part of the 16th century, had wanted to conquer Ming China. Motivated in part also by a need to satisfy the perpetual land hunger of his vassals and find employment for restive samurai, he began making plans for the conquest of China. He first made his intentions to conquer China known to Mori Terumoto in 1586, then set about trying to realize it after he defeated the clans of Shimazu and Hojo. First he intended to secure the Korean peninsula as an invasion route for his ...

See also:

Seven-Year War, Seven-Year War - The first invasion, Seven-Year War - Initial assault, Seven-Year War - Chungju Campaign, Seven-Year War - The Road to Hanseong and the Slow march to China, Seven-Year War - The Four Campaigns of Admiral Yi, Seven-Year War - Harassment of Japanese Rearguard by Korean Irregular Army, Seven-Year War - The Intervention of Ming China, Seven-Year War - The interlude, Seven-Year War - The second invasion, Seven-Year War - Aftermath, Seven-Year War - Battles of the Seven-Year War

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He was born at Gripsholm during his parents' imprisonment by King Eric XIV. Although Sweden was protestant, Sigismund was raised as a catholic. This fact combined with the troublesome personal union would later strike back at his attempts to find support in Sweden. His mother, Katarzyna Jagiellonka, was the daughter of Sigismund I the Elder and his wife Bona Sforza. The Jagiellon dynasty had held the crown of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since the first ruler Wladislaus II ...

See also:

Zygmunt III Vasa, Zygmunt III Vasa - Royal titles, Zygmunt III Vasa - Biography, Zygmunt III Vasa - Sigismund's politics, Zygmunt III Vasa - The royal family, Zygmunt III Vasa - Other

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The portrait miniature developed from the miniature of illuminated manuscripts, which had been superseded for the purposes of book illustration by printing techniques such as engraving. The first portrait miniaturist about whom anything definite is known was Nicholas Hilliard (c. 1537–1619), whose work partakes of the characteristics of illuminated manuscripts. The colors are opaque; gold is used to heighten the effect; while the paintings are on card. They are often signed, and have frequently also a Latin motto upon them. Hilliard ...

See also:

Portrait miniature, Portrait miniature - England 16th and 17th centuries, Portrait miniature - England 18th and 19th centuries, Portrait miniature - France, Portrait miniature - Materials

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