1531 - Events. January 26 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake-- thousands die October 1 - Battle of Kappel - The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed. October 28 - Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia falls under Imam Ahmad's control. Our Lady of Guadalupe: The Virgin Mary appears to Aztec conv ...

Including:

• 1531 - Events
• 1531 - Births
• 1531 - Deaths

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See also:

Bratislava Castle, Bratislava Castle - The castle site, Bratislava Castle - Castle building the Palace, Bratislava Castle - Entrance Gates to the site, Bratislava Castle - Other buildings and objects, Bratislava Castle - History, Bratislava Castle - Prehistory 2800 – 450 BC, Bratislava Castle - Celts and Romans 450 BC – 5th century AD, Bratislava Castle - Slavs Nitrian Principality Great Moravia 500 – 907, Bratislava Castle - High and Late Middle Ages 907 – 1531, Bratislava Castle - Main castle of the Kingdom of Hungary 1531 – 1783, Bratislava Castle - Loss of importance and destruction 1783 – 1811, Bratislava Castle - Castle in ruins 1811 – 1953, Bratislava Castle - Restoration and modern history after 1953

Read more here: » Bratislava Castle: Encyclopedia II - Bratislava Castle - History

The castle site includes the following: Bratislava Castle - Castle building the Palace. The castle building includes 4 towers (one on each corner) and a courtyard with a 80m deep water well. The biggest tower is the Crown Tower in the south-west from the 13th century, which housed the crown jewels (see History) . The outside walls and inside corridors contain fragments of old Gothic and Renaissance construction elements. To the east of the main entrance, one can see the walled up entrance gate from the 16t ...

See also:

Bratislava Castle, Bratislava Castle - The castle site, Bratislava Castle - Castle building the Palace, Bratislava Castle - Entrance Gates to the site, Bratislava Castle - Other buildings and objects, Bratislava Castle - History, Bratislava Castle - Prehistory 2800 – 450 BC, Bratislava Castle - Celts and Romans 450 BC – 5th century AD, Bratislava Castle - Slavs Nitrian Principality Great Moravia 500 – 907, Bratislava Castle - High and Late Middle Ages 907 – 1531, Bratislava Castle - Main castle of the Kingdom of Hungary 1531 – 1783, Bratislava Castle - Loss of importance and destruction 1783 – 1811, Bratislava Castle - Castle in ruins 1811 – 1953, Bratislava Castle - Restoration and modern history after 1953

Read more here: » Bratislava Castle: Encyclopedia II - Bratislava Castle - The castle site

1500s 1510s 1520s - 1530s - 1540s 1550s 1560s 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1530s - Events and Trends. Spanish conquest of Peru Beginning of colonization of Brazil Category: 1530s ...

Including:

• 1530s - Events and Trends

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Villa Guadalupe is a former town near what is now Mexico City which in 1531 was the site of the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the most renowned Marian apparition in the Americas. Villa de Guadalupe is located in the Mexican Federal District within the borough of Gustavo A. Madero. The town was founded in 1563, it was chartered as the city of "Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo" in 18 ...

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1456 - Births. March 1 - King Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary (died 1516) June 11 - Anne Neville, queen of Richard III of England (died 1485) June 23 - Margaret of Denmark, queen of James III of Scotland (died 1486) Jan Laski, Polish nobleman (died 1531) Jan Lubranski, Polish bishop (died 1520) 1456 - Deaths. May 24 - Ambroise de Loré, French military leader (b. 1396) August 11 - John Hunyadi, Transylvanian st ...

Including:

• 1456 - Events
• 1456 - Births
• 1456 - Deaths
• 1456 - 1456 Year Equivalents

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Conrad Gessner (Konrad Gessner, Conrad von Gesner, Conradus Gesnerus) (26 March 1516-13 December 1565) was a Swiss naturalist. His three-volume Historia Animalium (1555-1558) is considered the beginning of modern zoology, and the plant family Gesneriaceae is named after him. Born and educated in Zürich, he was the son of a furrier. After the death of his father at the Battle of Kappel (1531), he was very short of money. He had good friends, however, in his old master, Oswald Myconius, and subsequently in Heinrich Bullin ...

Including:

• Conrad Gessner - Notes

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Bernhard Rothmann, or Bernard Rothmann, (ca. 1495 - ca. 1535) was a 16th century Reformer and an Anabaptist leader in the city of Münster. He was born in Stadtlohn around 1495. Bernhard Rothmann - Overview. In the late 1520s Bernard Rothmann became the leader for religious reform in the city of Münster. In his sermons he condemned Catholic doctrines such as purgatory and the use of images, as well as the low morals of the priests. He suffered censure of the Catholic bishop in 1531, and afterwards denied t ...

Including:

• Bernhard Rothmann - Overview
• Bernhard Rothmann - Rothmann's Theology
• Bernhard Rothmann - Baptism
• Bernhard Rothmann - Bible
• Bernhard Rothmann - Christology
• Bernhard Rothmann - Church
• Bernhard Rothmann - Polygamy
• Bernhard Rothmann - Rothmann's Legacy
• Bernhard Rothmann - Rothmann's Writings
• Bernhard Rothmann - Reference
• Bernhard Rothmann - Footnotes

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The Apology of the Augsburg Confession was formulated by Philip Melanchthon as the response to the Roman Confutation against the Augsburg Confession. Melanchthon was writing a defense of the original Confession, and a refutation of this Confutation that Emperor Charles V had commissioned. The second edition, published in September 1531 in Latin is the edition that is most widely recoginzed as the best and includes changes to the original that were suggested by Martin Luther. The Book of Concord includes it as a Lutheran confessiona ...

Including:

• Apology of the Augsburg Confession - Sources

Read more here: » Apology of the Augsburg Confession: Encyclopedia - Apology of the Augsburg Confession

Vallabhacharya (1479 - 1531) was the founder of the Vallabha sect in Indian philosophy. He called his system of thought Shuddhadvaita (pure monism). Vallabhacharya - Everything is Krishna's Leela. According to the version of Vaishnava Theology he espoused; the glorious Krishna in His sat-chid-ananda form is the Absolute Brahman. He is permanently playing out His sport (leela) from His seat in the goloka which is even beyond the divine Vaikuntha, the abode of Vishnu and Satya-loka, the abode of Brahma ...

Including:

• Vallabhacharya - Everything is Krishna's Leela
• Vallabhacharya - Grace the only path in Kali yuga
• Vallabhacharya - Atma-nivedana
• Vallabhacharya - Ashta-chaap

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Andrea del Sarto (Andrea d'Agnolo di Francesco di Luca di Paolo del Migliore, Gualfonda, Florence, 1487 - Florence, 1531) was a painter of the Italian Renaissance. Andrea del Sarto - Early Life and Training. This celebrated painter of the Florentine school was born in either 1486 or 1487 one of four children to Agnolo, a tailor (sarto). Since 1677 some have attributed the surname Vannucchi with little documentation. By 1494 Andrea apprenticed to a goldsmith, and then to a skillful woodcarver and in ...

Including:

• Andrea del Sarto - Early Life and Training
• Andrea del Sarto - Frescoes at SS Anunziata in Florence
• Andrea del Sarto - Visit to France
• Andrea del Sarto - Later Works in Florence
• Andrea del Sarto - Madonna of the Harpies
• Andrea del Sarto - Details of Personal Life
• Andrea del Sarto - Critical Assessment and Legacy
• Andrea del Sarto - Partial Anthology of Works

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Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli (January 1, 1484 – October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, and founder of the Swiss Reformed Churches. Independent from Luther, who was doctor biblicus, Zwingli arrived at similar conclusions, by studying the Scriptures from the point of view of a humanist scholar. Zwingli was born in Wildhaus, St. Gall, Switzerland to a prominent family of the middle classes. He was the seventh of eight sons. His father Ulrich was the chief magistrate in ...

Including:

• Huldrych Zwingli - Zwingli's contribution to Reformation
• Huldrych Zwingli - Background
• Huldrych Zwingli - Theology: sacraments and covenants Zwingli versus Luther
• Huldrych Zwingli - Music in the Church
• Huldrych Zwingli - Zwingli’s life
• Huldrych Zwingli - Youth
• Huldrych Zwingli - Priesthood
• Huldrych Zwingli - Alienation from the Church
• Huldrych Zwingli - Marriage
• Huldrych Zwingli - The Reformation in Zürich
• Huldrych Zwingli - The political phase
• Huldrych Zwingli - Reaction
• Huldrych Zwingli - Dictator of Zürich
• Huldrych Zwingli - Civil war and Zwingli's death on the battlefield
• Huldrych Zwingli - Zwingli's successor
• Huldrych Zwingli - Other notables in Swiss Reformation
• Huldrych Zwingli - Literary production

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It is hard to say precisely when Catherine was born, although it seems fair to say that it was at some point between 1520 and 1525. She was the niece of the Duke of Norfolk and a first cousin of Anne Boleyn. Catherine's father was Lord Edmund Howard, but he was constantly in debt and begging for handouts. His powerful niece, Anne Boleyn, got him a government job working for the king in Calais in 1531. At this point, young Catherine was sent to li ...

See also:

Catherine Howard, Catherine Howard - The Rise and Fall of Catherine Howard, Catherine Howard - Catherine Howard in artwork, Catherine Howard - In film, Catherine Howard - Historiography

Read more here: » Catherine Howard: Encyclopedia II - Catherine Howard - The Rise and Fall of Catherine Howard

Construction of the old basilica began in 1531 and was not finished until 1709. It is characterized by its doric interior and marble statues of Juan Diego and Fray Juan de Zumárraga. The church was granted basilica status by Pope Pius X in 1904. The apron of Juan Diego was housed in this church from 1709 to 1974. In 1921 a bomb planted in a flower vase near the altar exploded causing great damage to the interior of the buildi ...

See also:

Basilica of Guadalupe, Basilica of Guadalupe - Old basilica, Basilica of Guadalupe - Modern basilica, Basilica of Guadalupe - External link

Read more here: » Basilica of Guadalupe: Encyclopedia II - Basilica of Guadalupe - Old basilica

The proper distinction of Law and Gospel was first specifically brought to the attention of the Christian Church by Martin Luther (1483-1546), and laid down as the foundation of evangelical Lutheran biblical exegesis and exposition in Article IV of the Apology of the Augsburg Confession (1531): "All Scripture ought to be distributed into these two principal topics, the Law and the promises. For in some places it presents the Law, and in others the promise concerning Christ, namely, either when [in the Old Testament] it promises that Christ w ...

See also:

Law and Gospel, Law and Gospel - Lutheran teaching on Law and Gospel, Law and Gospel - The Reformed Tradition on Law and Gospel

Read more here: » Law and Gospel: Encyclopedia II - Law and Gospel - Lutheran teaching on Law and Gospel

Having perceived that the elements of the comet of 1682 were nearly the same as those of two comets which had appeared in 1531 (observed by Petrus Apianus) and 1607 (observed by Johannes Kepler in Prague), Halley concluded that all three comets were in fact the same object returning every 76 years (a period that has since been amended to every 75-76 years). After a rough estimate of the perturbations the comet would sustain from the attraction of the planets, he predicted its return for 1757. Halley's prediction of the comet's return proved ...

See also:

Comet Halley, Comet Halley - Composition, Comet Halley - Early history, Comet Halley - Recent history, Comet Halley - Dates of perihelia, Comet Halley - Trivia, Comet Halley - Halley's Comet in fiction

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Henry had himself declared Supreme Head of the Church of England in February 1531. In April 1533 an Act in Restraint of Appeals eliminated the right of clergy to appeal to "foreign tribunals" (Rome) over the King's head in any spiritual or financial matter. In 1534 Henry had Parliament authorize Thomas Cromwell, a layman in the King's service since 1530, to "visit" all the monasteries (which term includes abbeys. priories and convents), ostensibly to make sure their members were instructed in the new rules for their supervision by the ...

See also:

Dissolution of the Monasteries, Dissolution of the Monasteries - Context, Dissolution of the Monasteries - Process, Dissolution of the Monasteries - Consequences

Read more here: » Dissolution of the Monasteries: Encyclopedia II - Dissolution of the Monasteries - Process

Guayaquil was founded on July 25 (see note below), 1531 with the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil by Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana. Even before it was founded by the Spanish, it already existed as a native village. Note - July 25 is the legal holiday in Guayaquil. Historians have not yet reached a consensus about the date of Guayaquil's foundation or founder. The city might have been founded more than once. Another possible founder might be Diego de Almagro. In 1600 Guayaquil had a population of about 2,000 people; by 1700 the ...

See also:

Guayaquil, Guayaquil - History, Guayaquil - Guayaquil in modern fiction

Read more here: » Guayaquil: Encyclopedia II - Guayaquil - History

Andrey's elder brother, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Pleten', was one of the leading Muscovite generals between 1531 and his death in 1559. During the regency of Elena Glinskaya he served as the governor of Moscow and of Kholmogory. In 1540, he was put in charge of the Russian army operating in Livonia. In 1542 he routed the Crimean Tatars. Two years later, he was recorded as operating against Kazan. In the late 1540s, he administrated the royal palaces. In 1553, Ivan Pleten' signed an a ...

See also:

Shuisky, Shuisky - The Regency, Shuisky - Military heroes, Shuisky - The last of the Shuiskys, Shuisky - Trivia

Read more here: » Shuisky: Encyclopedia II - Shuisky - Military heroes

In 1527 he was appointed Custos or head of the Chapter of Székesfehérvár, and accompanied the queen-dowager in 1530 to the Imperial Diet at Augsburg. When in 1531 she became Governor of the Netherlands, he went with her to what is today Belgium, where he remained (with a brief interruption in 1539) until his return to Hungary in 1542. In the following year he was made Royal Chancellor ...

See also:

Nicolaus Olahus, Nicolaus Olahus - Early life, Nicolaus Olahus - High office, Nicolaus Olahus - Activities, Nicolaus Olahus - Writings

Read more here: » Nicolaus Olahus: Encyclopedia II - Nicolaus Olahus - High office