1453 - Events. May 29 - Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). July 17 - Battle of Castillon. The French under Jean Bureau utterly defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed October 19 - The French recapture of Bordeaux brings the Hundred Years War to a close, with the English retaining only Calais on French soil. Johann Gutenberg invents the movable type printing press.< ...

Including:

• 1453 - Events
• 1453 - Births
• 1453 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1453: Encyclopedia - 1453

See also:

Ottoman Flag, Ottoman Flag - Flags From Ghazi to Emperor 1299-1453, Ottoman Flag - Flags of the Sublime Porte 1453-1789, Ottoman Flag - Reform and Decline 1789-1923, Ottoman Flag - Myths, Ottoman Flag - Personal Standard of the Sultan, Ottoman Flag - Flag Poles, Ottoman Flag - External link

Read more here: » Ottoman Flag: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman Flag - Flags From Ghazi to Emperor 1299-1453

In some Turkish clans and kingdoms crescent figure was used. The crescent was quite popular in Persia, which was the origin of most of the non-Roman Ottoman culture at that point, remarkably similar to the Osman tamgha, and an ancient symbol of the city. Those early designers binded the crescent, the sign of kayi clan and traditional Turkish weapon of a bow's shape into their flag. The original flag changed very little, the gold crescent merely makes its appearance for the first time. By the 18th century this began to be flown as a re ...

See also:

Ottoman Flag, Ottoman Flag - Flags From Ghazi to Emperor 1299-1453, Ottoman Flag - Flags of the Sublime Porte 1453-1789, Ottoman Flag - Reform and Decline 1789-1923, Ottoman Flag - Myths, Ottoman Flag - Personal Standard of the Sultan, Ottoman Flag - Flag Poles, Ottoman Flag - External link

Read more here: » Ottoman Flag: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman Flag - Flags of the Sublime Porte 1453-1789

Byzantium was an ancient Greek city-state, founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas. The name "Byzantium" is a Latinization of the original Thracian-Greek name Byzantion (Βυζάντιον; see also List of traditional Greek place names). After siding with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus the city was besieged by Rome and suffered extensive damage in AD 196. Byzantium was rebuilt by the now Roman Emperor Septimius Severus and quickly regained its previous ...

Including:

• Byzantium - External link

Read more here: » Byzantium: Encyclopedia - Byzantium

1420s 1430s 1440s - 1450s - 1460s 1470s 1480s 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 Events and Trends Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453. 1456: Siege of Belgrade. The Hungarians under John Hunyadi rout the Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II. The victory stopped the Ottoman Turkish advance towards Catholic Europe for 70 years. Category: 1450s ...

Read more here: » 1450s: Encyclopedia - 1450s

Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. Their principal roles were as: Kings of Germany, (several centuries to 1806), mostly also crowned as Holy Roman Emperors, and Rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282–1453, archdukes 1453–1804, and emperors 1804–1918), Kings of Croatia (1527–1918), Kings of Hungary (1437–1918), Kings of Spain (1516–1700), Kings of Portugal (1580–1640),Including:

• Habsburg - A brief history of the House of Habsburg
• Habsburg - From Counts of Habsburg to Holy Roman Emperors
• Habsburg - Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine: the Austrian Empire
• Habsburg - Main Line
• Habsburg - Ancestors
• Habsburg - Counts of Habsburg
• Habsburg - Kings of Germany
• Habsburg - Dukes of Austria
• Habsburg - Albertine line: Dukes of Austria
• Habsburg - Leopoldine line: Dukes of Styria Carinthia Tyrol
• Habsburg - Reuniting of Habsburg possessions
• Habsburg - Main Line: Holy Roman Emperors Archdukes of Austria
• Habsburg - Spanish Habsburgs: Kings of Spain Kings of Portugal 1580-1640
• Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors Archdukes of Austria
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine Lothringen main line: Holy Roman Emperors Archdukes of Austria
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Emperors of Austria
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Heads of the House of Habsburg post-monarchy
• Habsburg - Burials
• Habsburg - Habsburgs as Kings of Hungary
• Habsburg - Albertine line: Kings of Hungary
• Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Hungary
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Kings of Hungary
• Habsburg - Habsburgs as Kings of Bohemia
• Habsburg - Main line: Kings of Bohemia
• Habsburg - Albertine line: Kings of Bohemia
• Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Bohemia
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Kings of Bohemia
• Habsburg - Habsburgs as Queens Consort of France
• Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs
• Habsburg - Spanish Habsburgs
• Habsburg - Habsburg-Lorraine

Read more here: » Habsburg: Encyclopedia - Habsburg

1404 - Events. June 14 - Owain Glyndwr of Wales allies with the French against the English and Henry Bolingbroke. Later he gains control of his country, declares himself Prince of Wales, and holds a parliament. Founding of the University of Turin. 1404 - Births. February 9 - Constantine XI, last Byzantine Emperor (died 1453) February 14 - Leone Battista Alberti, Italian painter, poet, and philosopher (died 1472) March 25 (baptism) - ...

Including:

• 1404 - Events
• 1404 - Births
• 1404 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1404: Encyclopedia - 1404

1390 - Events. 1390 - Births. December 27 - Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (died 1411) Domenico da Piacenza, Italian dancemaster (died 1470) John Dunstable, English composer (died 1453) Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Swedish statesman and rebel leader (died 1436) Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (died 1447) John VIII Palaeologus Byzantine Emperor (died 1448) 1390 - Deaths. Apr ...

Including:

• 1390 - Events
• 1390 - Births
• 1390 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1390: Encyclopedia - 1390

Claret is the chiefly British name used in English for red wine from the Bordeaux region of France, along the valleys of the rivers Gironde, Garonne and Dordogne. Americans call it red Bordeaux or just Bordeaux. The Plantagenet kingdom, covering England and much of France from 1152 to 1453, encouraged wine trade and the development of English taste for this wine, adopting the French word clairet to describe it. Claret is a protected name within the European Union for describing a red Bordeaux wine; it was a ...

Read more here: » Claret: Encyclopedia - Claret

2 April is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. April 2 - Events. 69 - Galba, governor of Spain, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Roman emperors begun with Caesar and Augustus. 1453 - Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople (İstanbul), which would fall on May 29 1513 - Juan Ponce de Leon sets foot on Florida becoming the first known European to ...

Including:

• April 2 - Events
• April 2 - Births
• April 2 - Deaths

Read more here: » April 2: Encyclopedia - April 2

Constantine XI Paleologus (sometimes numbered Constantine XII or Constantine XIII), also known as Constantine XI Dragases Paleologus (Gr. Κωνσταντίνος ΧΙ Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος - Konstantinos XI Dragases Palaiologos), (February 9, 1404 – May 29, 1453) was the last reigning emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 1449 to his death. He was born in Constantinople, the eighth of ten children of Manuel II and Helena Dragas, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine of Serres. I ...

Including:

• Constantine XI - Bibliography

Read more here: » Constantine XI: Encyclopedia - Constantine XI

Edirne is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. It has a population of 119,298 (2000 census). The city was known in English until after the First World War as Adrianople (see below, and also List of traditional Greek place names). The city was founded eponymously by the Roman Emperor Hadrian on the site of a previous Thracian settlement known as Uskadama, Uskudama or Uskodama. Conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1362, the city served as the Ottoman capital from 1365 until 1453. Edirne is the capital of Edirne Province and ...

Including:

• Edirne - Education

Read more here: » Edirne: Encyclopedia - Edirne

Ubisi (Georgian უბისი) is a small village and a medieval monastic complex in Georgia, particularly in the region Imereti, some 25 km from the town Kharagauli. The monastic complex of Ubisi comprises a 9th-century St. George’s Monastery founded by St. Gregory of Khandzta, a 4-floor tower (AD 1141), fragments of a 12th-century defensive wall and several other buildings and structures. The monastery houses a unique cycle of murals from the late 14th century made by Damiane apparently influenced by art from the Byzantine Palaiologan period (1261-1453). The monastery is ...

Including:

• Ubisi - Mural gallery

Read more here: » Ubisi: Encyclopedia - Ubisi

Roman or Romans may refer to: History Ancient Rome Roman Kingdom (753 BC to 509 BC) Roman Republic (509 BC to 44 BC) Roman Empire (44 BC to AD 476) Roman citizen Byzantine Empire (330 to 1453), also known as the Eastern Roman Empire Romioi, a name for the Greeks during and after the Byzantine period Holy Roman Empire (c. 900 ...

Read more here: » Roman: Encyclopedia - Roman

As most of modern Austria used to be part of the Holy Roman Empire, a very similar system of nobility applied as in what is today Germany. Austrian nobility - History. From 1453 onwards, the Archduke of Austria had the right to confer nobility on non-nobles, as did the Archbishop of Salzburg, which remained an independent territory. Beside the Holy Roman Emperor (an office which was almost uninterruptedly held by the Archduke of Austria from 1438 to 1806 anyway), only a few territoral rulers within t ...

Including:

• Austrian nobility - History
• Austrian nobility - Burgenland
• Austrian nobility - Abolition of nobility in 1919
• Austrian nobility - Noble titles
• Austrian nobility - Erzherzog Archduke Erzherzogin Archduchess
• Austrian nobility - Herzog Duke Herzogin Duchess
• Austrian nobility - Fürst Prince Fürstin Princess
• Austrian nobility - Graf Count Gräfin Countess
• Austrian nobility - Freiherr Baron Freifrau Baroness Freiin Baroness unwed
• Austrian nobility - Ritter Knight or Esquire
• Austrian nobility - Edler Edle
• Austrian nobility - untitled noble families or status unknown

Read more here: » Austrian nobility: Encyclopedia - Austrian nobility

By 1424, the uncles of Henry VI had begun to quarrel over the infant's regency, and one, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, married Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, and invaded Holland to regain her former dominions, bringing him into direct conflict with Philip III, Duke of Burgundy. By 1428, the English were ready to pursue the war again, laying siege to Orléans. Their force was insufficient to fully invest the city, but larger French forces remained passive. In 1429, Joan of Arc convinced the Dauphin to send her to the siege, saying sh ...

See also:

Hundred Years' War, Hundred Years' War - Early origins: 911–1314, Hundred Years' War - Immediate precursors: 1314–1337, Hundred Years' War - Beginning of the war: 1337–1360, Hundred Years' War - French victories under Charles V: 1360–1400, Hundred Years' War - English victories under Henry V: 1400–1422, Hundred Years' War - France united: 1422–1453, Hundred Years' War - Significance, Hundred Years' War - Weapons, Hundred Years' War - War and Society, Hundred Years' War - Sources and further reading

Read more here: » Hundred Years' War: Encyclopedia II - Hundred Years' War - France united: 1422–1453

List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans. In 1453 Mehmed II overthrew the Byzantine Empire and claimed the title of Caesar; his successors continued this claim. See Ottomans for the complete list of Ottoman sultans. ...

See also:

List of Byzantine Emperors, List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty 306-363, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty 364-457, List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty 457-518, List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty 518-602, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty 610-695, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic 695-705, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty 705-711, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic 711-717, List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty 717-802, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty 802-813, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty 820-867, List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty 867-1056, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty 1059-1081, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored 1081-1185, List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty 1185-1204, List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea 1204-1261, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople 1259-1453, List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

Read more here: » List of Byzantine Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople 1259-1453

List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans. In 1453 Mehmed II overthrew the Byzantine Empire and claimed the title of Caesar; his successors continued this claim. See Ottomans for the complete list of Ottoman sultans. ...

See also:

List of Byzantine Emperors, List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty 306-363, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty 364-457, List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty 457-518, List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty 518-602, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty 610-695, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic 695-705, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty 705-711, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic 711-717, List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty 717-802, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty 802-813, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty 820-867, List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty 867-1056, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty 1059-1081, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored, 1081-1185, List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty 1185-1204, List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, 1204-1261, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople, 1259-1453, List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

Read more here: » List of Byzantine Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople, 1259-1453

Greek literature - Classical Greek. Ancient Greek literature refers to literature written in Ancient Greek from the oldest surviving written works in the Greek language until the 4th century and the rise of the Byzantine Empire. At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The other great poet of the preclassical period was Hesiod. His two works were Works and Days and Theogony'.' The two major lyrical poets were Sappho ...

See also:

Greek literature, Greek literature - Ancient Greek literature before AD 300, Greek literature - Classical Greek, Greek literature - Hellenism, Greek literature - Roman Age, Greek literature - Byzantine literature AD 300-1453, Greek literature - Modern Greek literature post 1453

Read more here: » Greek literature: Encyclopedia II - Greek literature - Ancient Greek literature before AD 300

The flag of the Ottoman navy was made red as red was to be the flag of secular institutions and green of religious ones, following the New Order reforms. All religious institutions were "spun-off" and while the Emperor remained Caliph and retained religious roles, the Sultanate secularized itself. The Navy went through radical modernization reforms, but nothing compared to the army. The Army was completely restructured. The Jannissaries were disbanded and many of them were killed as they resisted modernization. This came of course with a new flag design, without th ...

See also:

Ottoman Flag, Ottoman Flag - Flags From Ghazi to Emperor 1299-1453, Ottoman Flag - Flags of the Sublime Porte 1453-1789, Ottoman Flag - Reform and Decline 1789-1923, Ottoman Flag - Myths, Ottoman Flag - Personal Standard of the Sultan, Ottoman Flag - Flag Poles, Ottoman Flag - External link

Read more here: » Ottoman Flag: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman Flag - Reform and Decline 1789-1923