(3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – other millennia) 2nd millennium BC - Events. To grasp the spirit of the 2nd millennium BC, we must divide it in two parts, for there is a period of change around its middle so important that it creates two separate "sub-millennia". 2nd millennium BC - First half 2000-1500 BC. The first part of the millennium is a time a bit less colorful than others, a lull in the history of Ancient Near East, still living ...

Including:

• 2nd millennium BC - Events
• 2nd millennium BC - First half 2000-1500 BC
• 2nd millennium BC - The break in the middle c. 1600-1500 BC
• 2nd millennium BC - Second half 1500-1000 BC
• 2nd millennium BC - Specific events
• 2nd millennium BC - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 2nd millennium BC - Cultures
• 2nd millennium BC - Significant people
• 2nd millennium BC - Cultural landmarks
• 2nd millennium BC - Centuries and Decades

Read more here: » 2nd millennium BC: Encyclopedia - 2nd millennium BC

Ugarit (modern site Ras Shamra رأس شمرة; in Arabic) 35°35´ N; 35°45´E) was an ancient cosmopolitan port city, sited on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria a few kilometers north of the modern city of Latakia. Ugarit sent tribute to Egypt and maintained trade and diplomatic connections with Cyprus (called Alashiya), documented in the archives recovered from the site and corroborated by Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery found there. The polity was at its height from ca. 1450 BC until 1200 BC. Ugarit - T ...

Including:

• Ugarit - The site
• Ugarit - History
• Ugarit - Alphabet
• Ugarit - Ugaritic literature
• Ugarit - Ugarit religion
• Ugarit - Kings of Ugarit

Read more here: » Ugarit: Encyclopedia - Ugarit

 - Total (2003)  - Density 44,531,434 36/km²  - Declared  - Recognised July 20, 1810 August 7, 1819 The Republic of Colombia is a country in northwestern South America. It is bordered to the north and north-west by the Caribbean Sea, to the east by Venezuela and Brazil, to the south by Ecuador and Peru, and to the west by Panama and the Pacific Ocean. Colombia - History. Main article: History of ...

Including:

• Colombia - History
• Colombia - Politics
• Colombia - Geography
• Colombia - Departments
• Colombia - Economy
• Colombia - Demographics
• Colombia - Religion
• Colombia - Culture
• Colombia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Colombia: Encyclopedia - Colombia

Cleopatra's Needles are a trio of obelisks in London, Paris (Place de la Concorde) and New York City. Each is made of red granite, stands about 21 metres (68 feet) high, weighs about 180 tons and is inscribed with hieroglyphs. Although the needles are genuine Ancient Egyptian obelisks, they are somewhat misnamed as neither has any connection with queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt. They were originally erected in the Egyptian city of Heliopolis on the orders of Thutmose III, around 1450 BC. The material of which they were cut is granite, br ...

Including:

• Cleopatra's Needle - History of the needles
• Cleopatra's Needle - London
• Cleopatra's Needle - Paris
• Cleopatra's Needle - New York
• Cleopatra's Needle - The inscriptions
• Cleopatra's Needle - New York

Read more here: » Cleopatra's Needle: Encyclopedia - Cleopatra's Needle

Santorini (Greek Σαντορίνη) is a small, circular group of volcanic islands located in the Aegean Sea, about 200 km south-east from the mainland of Greece (latitude: 36.40°N - longitude: 25.40°E). It is also known by the name of the largest island in the archipelago, Thira or Thera (Θήρα; see also List of traditional Greek place names). It is the southernmost member of the Cyclades group of islands, with an area of approximately 73 km² (28 sq mi), and in 2001 had an estimated population of 13,600. The inh ...

Including:

• Santorini - Minoan Akrotiri
• Santorini - Ancient volcanic eruption
• Santorini - Physical effects of the eruption
• Santorini - Dating the volcanic eruption
• Santorini - Size of the eruption
• Santorini - Chinese records
• Santorini - Egyptian records
• Santorini - Association with Atlantis
• Santorini - Greek Byzantine and Ottoman Santorini
• Santorini - Modern Santorini

Read more here: » Santorini: Encyclopedia - Santorini

References to a people whose name is transcribed into English as "Hittites" (or sometimes "Hettites") are found throughout the Hebrew Bible. These Biblical references to the Hittites are summarized below. It should be noted that the corpus of the Hebrew Bible was probably compiled in its near-final form between the 7th and 5th centuries BC, during or after the Babylonian exile, as related in the Book of Ezra, with a further revision in the Masoretic text occurring some time between ca. 200 BC and 100 AD, as inferred from textual analysis of the Septuagint, Dead Sea Scrolls, and other sources. < ...

See also:

Hittites, Hittites - Archaeological discovery, Hittites - History, Hittites - The Biblical Hittites, Hittites - The references, Hittites - The traditional view, Hittites - The mainstream view, Hittites - Other views, Hittites - Literature

Read more here: » Hittites: Encyclopedia II - Hittites - The Biblical Hittites

List of disasters - Air disasters. See also: List of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners grouped by year This is a list of disasters involving objects in flight or near-flight. From 1990 onward, the list is exhaustive, including all air disasters killing 20 or more people. See also: List of space disasters, Accidents and incidents in aviation ...

See also:

List of disasters, List of disasters - Natural disasters, List of disasters - Prehistoric disasters, List of disasters - Classical antiquity disasters, List of disasters - Medieval disasters, List of disasters - Renaissance and Enlightenment disasters, List of disasters - 19th century disasters, List of disasters - 20th century disasters, List of disasters - 21st century disasters, List of disasters - Transportation disasters, List of disasters - Air disasters, List of disasters - Rail disasters, List of disasters - Ship and ferry disasters, List of disasters - Road disasters, List of disasters - Other man-made disasters, List of disasters - Nuclear disasters, List of disasters - War disasters, List of disasters - Dam/dike/levee disasters, List of disasters - Environmental disasters, List of disasters - Mining disasters, List of disasters - Industrial disasters, List of disasters - Explosion disasters, List of disasters - Fire disasters, List of disasters - Miscellaneous, List of disasters - Causes of hypothetical future disasters

Read more here: » List of disasters: Encyclopedia II - List of disasters - Transportation disasters

Around 1450 BC there was cultural activity near Bogotá, in "El Abra". In 1000 BC, groups of Amerindians developed the political system of "cacicazgos" (answering to a figure known as the Cacique) with a pyramidal structure of power, especially in the cases of the Muisca or Chibcha people. They have been considered to have one of the most developed political systems in South America, after the Incas. Spanish explorers made the first exploration of the Caribbean littoral in 1500 led by Rodrigo de Bastidas. Christopher Columbus navigated near ...

See also:

Colombia, Colombia - History, Colombia - Politics, Colombia - Geography, Colombia - Departments, Colombia - Most Important Cities Of Colombia, Colombia - Economy, Colombia - Demographics, Colombia - Religion, Colombia - Culture, Colombia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Colombia: Encyclopedia II - Colombia - History

It is generally assumed there was little internal armed conflict on Minoan Crete. In the past, this condition was known as "Pax Minoica," or "The Minoan Peace." As with much of Minoan Crete, however, it is hard to draw any obvious conclusions from the evidence. One sometimes feels that the civilization is much like a Rorschach inkblot, in that intepretations often reflect more of the intepreter than the civilization itself. Many argue that there is little evidence for ancient Minoan fortifications. But as S. Alexiou has pointed out (i ...

See also:

Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

Read more here: » Minoan civilization: Encyclopedia II - Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace

The devastating volcanic eruption of Thira has become the most famous single event in the Aegean before the fall of Troy. The eruption would have caused a significant climate upset for the eastern Mediterranean region. It was one of the biggest volcanic eruptions on Earth in the last few thousand years. Santorini - Physical effects of the eruption. The violent eruption was centred on a small island just north of the existing island of Nea Kameni in the centre of the caldera. The caldera itself was formed s ...

See also:

Santorini, Santorini - Minoan Akrotiri, Santorini - Ancient volcanic eruption, Santorini - Physical effects of the eruption, Santorini - Dating the volcanic eruption, Santorini - Size of the eruption, Santorini - Chinese records, Santorini - Egyptian records, Santorini - Association with Atlantis, Santorini - Greek Byzantine and Ottoman Santorini, Santorini - Modern Santorini

Read more here: » Santorini: Encyclopedia II - Santorini - Ancient volcanic eruption

As early as Akkadian times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khabur valley. Hurrians are mentioned in the private Nuzi texts, in Ugarit, and the Hittite archives in Hattushsha (Bogazköy). Cuneiform texts from Mari mention rulers of city-states in upper Mesopotamia with both Amurru (Amorite) and Hurrian names. Rulers with Hurrian names are also attested for Urshum and Hashshum, and tablets from Alalakh (layer VII, from the later part of the old-Babylonian period) ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwazza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - History

Ugarit's location was forgotten until 1928 when an Alawite peasant accidentally opened an old tomb while plowing a field. The discovered area was the Necropolis of Ugarit. Excavations have since revealed an important city that takes its place alongside Ur and Eridu as a cradle of urban culture, with a prehistory reaching back to c. 6000 BC, perhaps because it was both a port, and at the entrance of the inland trade route to the Euphrates and Tigris lands. Most excavations of Ugarit were undertaken under extreme political conditions by archaeologist Claude Schaeffer from the Prehistoric an ...

See also:

Ugarit, Ugarit - The site, Ugarit - History, Ugarit - Alphabet, Ugarit - Ugaritic literature, Ugarit - Ugarit religion, Ugarit - Kings of Ugarit

Read more here: » Ugarit: Encyclopedia II - Ugarit - The site

Widely considered a military genius by historians, he was an active expansionist ruler, sometimes referred to as the Napoleon of Egypt, because he was recorded to have captured 350 cities during his rule, conquering much of the Near East, from the Euphrates to Nubia. He was the first Pharaoh to cross the Euphrates, during his campaign against Mitanni. Thutmose III made a total of 17 known military campaigns. His most famous campaign was his first when he decisively defeated a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Kadesh a ...

See also:

Thutmose III, Thutmose III - Thutmose's military campaigns, Thutmose III - Controversy about relationship with Hatshepsut, Thutmose III - Death and burial, Thutmose III - Further readings

Read more here: » Thutmose III: Encyclopedia II - Thutmose III - Thutmose's military campaigns

Like most aspects of Hurrian society, their origins are still a mystery. The Hurrians spoke an agglutinative language, conventionally called Hurrian, unrelated to neighboring Semitic or Indo-European languages, but clearly related to Urartian — a language spoken about a millennium later in northeastern Anatolia — and possibly, very distantly, to the present-day Northeast Caucasian languages. By about 2400 BC, the Hurrians had expanded, perhaps southward from the Zagros Mountains, or from the highlands of Anatolia. In the following ...

See also:

Hurrians, Hurrians - History, Hurrians - Material culture, Hurrians - Impact, Hurrians - Connections and origin theories, Hurrians - Notes, Hurrians - Books

Read more here: » Hurrians: Encyclopedia II - Hurrians - History

To grasp the spirit of the 2nd millennium BC, we must divide it in two parts, for there is a period of change around its middle so important that it creates two separate "sub-millennia". 2nd millennium BC - First half 2000-1500 BC. The first part of the millennium is a time a bit less colorful than others, a lull in the history of Ancient Near East, still living in the shadow of greater past times, and spending all energies in trying to recuperate from the deeply anarchic situation that was at the turn of ...

See also:

2nd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BC - Events, 2nd millennium BC - First half 2000-1500 BC, 2nd millennium BC - The break in the middle c. 1600-1500 BC, 2nd millennium BC - Second half 1500-1000 BC, 2nd millennium BC - Specific events, 2nd millennium BC - Inventions discoveries introductions, 2nd millennium BC - Cultures, 2nd millennium BC - Significant people, 2nd millennium BC - Cultural landmarks, 2nd millennium BC - Centuries and Decades

Read more here: » 2nd millennium BC: Encyclopedia II - 2nd millennium BC - Events

As early as Akkadian times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khabur valley. Hurrians are mentioned in the private Nuzi texts, in Ugarit, and the Hittite archives in Hattushsha (Bogazköy). Cuneiform texts from Mari mention rulers of city-states in upper Mesopotamia with both Amurru (Amorite) and Hurrian names. Rulers with Hurrian names are also attested for Urshum and Hashshum, and tablets from Alalakh (layer VII, from the later part of the old-Babylonian period) ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwaza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - History

Cleopatra's Needle - London. The London needle is in the City of Westminster, on the Victoria Embankment near the Golden Jubilee Bridges. It was presented to the United Kingdom in 1819 by Mehemet Ali, the Albanian-born viceroy of Egypt, in commemoration of the victories of Lord Nelson at the Battle of the Nile and Sir Ralph Abercromby at the Battle of Alexandria in 1801. Although the British government welcomed the gesture, ...

See also:

Cleopatra's Needle, Cleopatra's Needle - History of the needles, Cleopatra's Needle - London, Cleopatra's Needle - Paris, Cleopatra's Needle - New York, Cleopatra's Needle - The inscriptions, Cleopatra's Needle - New York

Read more here: » Cleopatra's Needle: Encyclopedia II - Cleopatra's Needle - History of the needles

Around 1450 BC there was cultural activity near Bogotá, in "El Abra". In 1000 BC, groups of amerindians developed the political system of "cacicazgos" (answering to a figure known as the Cacique) with a pyramidal structure of power, especially in the cases of the Muisca or Chibcha people. They have been considered to have one of the most developed political systems in South America, after the Incas. Spanish explorers made the first exploration of the Caribbean littoral in 1500 led by Rodrigo de Bastidas. Christopher Columbus navigated near ...

See also:

Colombia, Colombia - History, Colombia - Politics, Colombia - Geography, Colombia - Departments, Colombia - Economy, Colombia - Demographics, Colombia - Religion, Colombia - Culture, Colombia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Colombia: Encyclopedia II - Colombia - History

Habiru - Sumerian records. Sumerian documents from the reign of Shulgi of Ur (around 2150 BC) describe a class of "unclothed people, who travel in dead silence, who destroy everything, whose menfolk go where they will — they establish their tents and their camps — they spend their time in the countryside without observing the decrees of my king". Those people are designated by a two-character cuneiform logogram of unknown pronunciation, which is conventionally transcribed as SA.GAZ. Although the ...

See also:

Habiru, Habiru - The sources, Habiru - Sumerian records, Habiru - Early Mesopotamian sources, Habiru - Canaanite sources, Habiru - Egyptian sources, Habiru - Hittite sources, Habiru - Mitanni sources, Habiru - Ugarit, Habiru - Interpretations, Habiru - Habiru as a loose ethnic group, Habiru - Habiru and the Hebrew, Habiru - Habiru as a general term

Read more here: » Habiru: Encyclopedia II - Habiru - The sources

Ugaritic religion centered on the chief god, Ilu or El, the "father of mankind", "the creator of the creation". The Court of El or Ilu was refered to as the 'lhm -- titles that were to have counterparts in the Elohim of Israel. In 1 Kings 22:19-22, we read of Yahweh meeting with his heavenly council -- the very description of heaven that one finds in the Ugaritic texts. The most important of the lesser gods were Baal-Hadad (familiar to all readers of the Bible), Athirat or Asherah (also familiar to readers of the Bible), Yam (t ...

See also:

Ugarit, Ugarit - The site, Ugarit - History, Ugarit - Alphabet, Ugarit - Ugaritic literature, Ugarit - Ugarit religion, Ugarit - Kings of Ugarit

Read more here: » Ugarit: Encyclopedia II - Ugarit - Ugarit religion