15th century BC - Events. 1504 BC – 1492 BC -- Egypt conquers Nubia and the Levant. 1490s BC - Cranaus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed after a reign of 10 years by his son-in-law Amphictyon of Thessaly, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha. 1487 BC - Amphictyon, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha and legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 10 years and is succeeded by Erichthonius I of Athens, a grandson of Cranaus. c. 1469 BC - In the Battle of Megiddo, Egypt defeats Canaan. ...

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• 15th century BC - Overview
• 15th century BC - Events
• 15th century BC - Significant persons
• 15th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions

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Moses or Moshe (מֹשֶׁה, Standard Hebrew Moše, Tiberian Hebrew Mōšẹh, Syriac ܡܘܫܐ Muše, Arabic موسى Mūsa, Ethiopic ሙሴ Musse, Latin Moyses), son of Amram (Imran in Arabic) and his wife, Jochebed, a Levite, was a Legendary Hebrew liberato ...

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• Moses - Moses in Judaism
• Moses - Moses in Christianity
• Moses - Moses in Islam
• Moses - Textual origin of the Torah
• Moses - Moses in history
• Moses - Ethical dilemmas
• Moses - The horned Moses
• Moses - Moses in media

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Centuries: 16th century BC - 15th century BC - 14th century BC Decades: 1470s BC 1460s BC 1450s BC 1440s BC 1430s BC - 1420s BC - 1410s BC 1400s BC 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC 1420s BC - Events and trends. Crete conquered by Mycenae (approximately 1420 BC) - start of the Mycenaean period. 1420 BC -- Hebrew Exodus from Egypt (one proposed date). 1420s BC - Significant people. Thutmose III of Egypt, Pharaoh of the eighteenth ...

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• 1420s BC - Events and trends
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It is generally assumed there was little internal armed conflict on Minoan Crete. In the past, this condition was known as "Pax Minoica," or "The Minoan Peace." As with much of Minoan Crete, however, it is hard to draw any obvious conclusions from the evidence. One sometimes feels that the civilization is much like a Rorschach inkblot, in that intepretations often reflect more of the intepreter than the civilization itself. Many argue that there is little evidence for ancient Minoan fortifications. But as S. Alexiou has pointed out (i ...

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Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

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Habiru - Sumerian records. Sumerian documents from the reign of Shulgi of Ur (around 2150 BC) describe a class of "unclothed people, who travel in dead silence, who destroy everything, whose menfolk go where they will — they establish their tents and their camps — they spend their time in the countryside without observing the decrees of my king". Those people are designated by a two-character cuneiform logogram of unknown pronunciation, which is conventionally transcribed as SA.GAZ. Although the ...

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Habiru, Habiru - The sources, Habiru - Sumerian records, Habiru - Early Mesopotamian sources, Habiru - Canaanite sources, Habiru - Egyptian sources, Habiru - Hittite sources, Habiru - Mitanni sources, Habiru - Ugarit, Habiru - Interpretations, Habiru - Habiru as a loose ethnic group, Habiru - Habiru and the Hebrew, Habiru - Habiru as a general term

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Also see the article on the Bible and history Most mainstream historians find links between the biblical Moses and the Exodus and historical Ancient Egypt as problematic and highly controversial. Due to the fact that the events that transpired in Egypt may have been written down centuries later, it is difficult to separate eyewitness testimonies from allegories and inaccuracies brought on by oral traditions. Descriptions of the Ancient Egypt in the Bible often contain accurate historical details, such as the description of the ...

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Moses, Moses - Moses in Judaism, Moses - Moses in Christianity, Moses - Moses in Islam, Moses - Textual origin of the Torah, Moses - Moses in history, Moses - Ethical dilemmas, Moses - The horned Moses, Moses - Moses in media

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For Christians, Moses – mentioned more often in the New Testament than any other Old Testament figure – is often a symbol of the contrast between traditional Judaism and the teachings of Jesus. New Testament writers often made comparison of Jesus' words and deeds with Moses' in order to explain Jesus' mission. In the book of Acts, for example, the rejection of Moses by the Jews when they worshipped the golden calf is liken ...

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Moses, Moses - Moses in Judaism, Moses - Moses in Christianity, Moses - Moses in Islam, Moses - Textual origin of the Torah, Moses - Moses in history, Moses - Ethical dilemmas, Moses - The horned Moses, Moses - Moses in media

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The Minoans worshipped goddesses, (see Rodney Castleden, Minoans, 1994; Goodison and Morris, Ancient Goddesses, 1998; Nanno Marinatos, Minoan Religion, 1993; etc.). Although there is some indication of male gods, depictions of Minoan goddesses vastly outnumber depictions of anything that could be considered a Minoan god. There seem to be several goddesses including a Mother Goddess of fertility, a Mistress of the Animals, a protectress of cities, the household, the harvest, and the underworld, and more. Some would argue ...

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Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

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In Minoan art, women vastly outnumber men (see archaeologists Goodison and Morris, 1998, p. 115). Women are shown seated on thrones, and in commanding positions. Women are often saluted by people and/or animals. Whereas depictions exist of men showing deference to women, not one shows women deferring to men. Unlike their contemporaries, who possessed obvious “strong-man” male rulers, the Minoans show almost no trace of male rule at all. "In Minoan imagery ... female figures seem preeminent. Males, to be sure, appear on frescoed wa ...

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Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

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The Minoan cities were connected with stone-paved roads, formed from blocks cut with bronze saws. Streets were drained and water and sewage facilities were available to the upper class, through clay pipes. Minoan buildings often had flat tiled roofs; plaster, wood, or flagstone floors, and stood 2-3 stories high. They would construct the lower walls of stone and rubble and use mudbrick for higher el ...

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Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

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A wealth of stories and additional information about Moses can be found in the Jewish genre of rabbinical exegesis known as Midrash, as well as in the primary works of the Jewish oral law, the Mishnah and the Talmud. Little evidence outside of religious sources supports any of these stories, according to its detractors. However, the strong and rigid rules for scribes making copies of the Torah, provide a continuity into the ancient past, and many of the sto ...

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Moses, Moses - Moses in Judaism, Moses - Moses in Christianity, Moses - Moses in Islam, Moses - Textual origin of the Torah, Moses - Moses in history, Moses - Ethical dilemmas, Moses - The horned Moses, Moses - Moses in media

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The great collection of Minoan art is in the museum at Heraklion, near Knossos on the north shore of Crete. Minoan art, with other remains of material culture, especially the sequence of ceramic styles, has allowed archaeologists to define three phases of Minoan culture. The first, Early Minoan phase (EMI, EMII and EMIII) rose out of local Neolithic culture about 2500 BC and lasted until about 2300 BC. The Middle Minoan culture (MMI, MMII and MMIII) lasted from about 2150 BC to 1700 BC. The Late Minoan phase is also subdivided in thre ...

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Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

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The Minoans raised cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and grew wheat, barley, vetch, chickpeas, cultivated grapes, figs, olives, and grew poppies, for poppyseed and perhaps opium. The Minoans domesticated bees, and adopted pomegranates and quinces from the Near East, though not lemons and oranges as is often imagined. They developed Mediterranean polyculture, the practice of growing more than one crop at a time, and as a result of their more varied and healthier diet, the population increased. Farmers used wooden plows, bound by leather to wood ...

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Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

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Minoan men wore loincloths and kilts. Women wore robes that were open to the navel and had short sleeves and flounced skirts. The patterns on clothes emphasized symmetrical geometric designs. The statues of priestesses in Minoan culture and frescoes showing men and women participating in the same sports (usually bull-leaping) lead some archaeologists to believe that men and women held equal social status, and that inheritance might even have been matrilineal. The frescos include many depictions of people, with the sexes distinguished by colour: the men's skin is reddish-brown, the women's white. The colour ...

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Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

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The first palaces were constructed at the end of the Early Minoan period in the third millenum BC (Malia). While it was formerly believed that the foundation of the first palaces was synchronous and dated to the Middle Minoan at around 2000 BC (the date of the first palace at Knossos), scholars now think that palaces were built over a longer period of time in different locations, in response to local developments. The main ...

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Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

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Crete is a mountainous island with natural harbors. There are signs of earthquake damage at Minoan sites. Homer recorded a tradition that Crete had 90 cities. The site at Knossos was the most important one. Archeologists have found palaces in Phaistos and Malia as well. The island was probably divided into four political units, the north being governed from Knossos, the south from Phaistos, the central eastern part from Malia and the eastern tip from Kato Zakros. Smaller palaces have been found in other places. It is remarkable that none of ...

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Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

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Moses appears as the central character in the 1956 Cecil B. DeMille movie, The Ten Commandments. He is played by Charlton Heston. DeMille's introduction to the movie is timeless in its own right, and well illustrates the primary ethical dilemma confronting men in Moses' lifetime: "...The theme of this picture is whether man ought to be ruled by God’s law or whether they are to be ruled by the whims of a dictator like Ramesses. Are men the property of the state or are they free souls under God? This same battle cont ...

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Moses, Moses - Moses in Judaism, Moses - Moses in Christianity, Moses - Moses in Islam, Moses - Textual origin of the Torah, Moses - Moses in history, Moses - Ethical dilemmas, Moses - The horned Moses, Moses - Moses in media

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Due to a statement towards the end of the book of Exodus (at 34:29-35), in which Moses is depicted as having been disfigured due to his direct encounter with God, various traditions grew up as to what the disfigurement was. Jonathan Kirsch, in his book Moses: A Life, thought that, since Moses subsequently had to wear a veil to hide it, the disfigurement was a sort of "divine radiation burn". There is one longstanding and possibly pagan tradition that Moses grew horns. This is derived from a mistranslation of the Hebrew p ...

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Moses, Moses - Moses in Judaism, Moses - Moses in Christianity, Moses - Moses in Islam, Moses - Textual origin of the Torah, Moses - Moses in history, Moses - Ethical dilemmas, Moses - The horned Moses, Moses - Moses in media

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The oldest signs of inhabitants on Crete are ceramic Neolithic remains that date to approximately 7000 BC. See History of Crete for details. The beginning of its Bronze Age, around 2600 BC, was a period of great unrest in Crete, but it also marks the beginning of Crete as an important center of civilization. Around 1700 BC there was a large disturbance in Crete, probably an earthquake, although an invasion from Anatolia has also been suggested. After that, population increased again, and the palaces ...

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Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

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There is evidence that the trade networks collapsed, and that Minoan cities perished by famine. The Minoans' grain supply is believed to have come from farms on the shore of the Black Sea. Many scholars believe that ancient trading empires were in constant danger from uneconomic trade, that is, food and staple goods were improperly valued relative to luxury goods, because accounting was undeveloped. The result could be famine and decline in population. One theory of Minoan collapse is that increasing use of iron tools impoverished the Minoan traders. When the trade networks ceas ...

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Minoan civilization, Minoan civilization - Geography and climate, Minoan civilization - Chronological history, Minoan civilization - Theories of failure, Minoan civilization - Agriculture, Minoan civilization - Palaces, Minoan civilization - Art, Minoan civilization - Culture, Minoan civilization - Language and writing, Minoan civilization - Politics, Minoan civilization - Religion, Minoan civilization - Warfare and The Minoan Peace, Minoan civilization - Technology, Minoan civilization - Archeological Sites, Minoan civilization - Note

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