140

100 Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Gaius Marius VI 99 Aulus Postumius Albinus, Marcus Antonius Orator 98 Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Titus Didius 97 Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus, Publius Licinius Crassus Dives 96 Gaius Cassius Longinus, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 95 Lucius Licinius Crassus, Quintus Mucius Scaevola 94 Gaius Coelius Caldus, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 93 Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Marcus Herennius 92 Gaius Claudius Pulcher, Marcus Perp ...

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List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

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200 Publius Sulpicius Ser.f. Galba Maximus II, Gaius Aurelius C.f. Cotta 199 Lucius Cornelius L.f. Lentulus, Publius Villius Ti.f. Tappulus 198 Titus Quinctius T.f. Flamininus, Sextus Aelius Q.f. Paetus Catus 197 Gaius Cornelius L.f. Cethegus, Quintus Minucius C.f. Rufus 196 Lucius Furius Sp.f. Purpureo, Marcus Claudius M.f. Marcellus 195 Marcus Porcius M.f. Cato, Lucius Valerius P.f. Flaccus 194 Publius Cornelius P.f. Scipio Africanus II, Tiberius Semproni ...

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List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

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300 Marcus Valerius M.f. Corvus V, Quintus Appuleius Pansa 299 Marcus Fulvius Cn.f. Paetinus, Titus Manlius T.f. Torquatus, Suff.: Marcus Valerius M.f. Corvus VI 298 Lucius Cornelius Cn.f. Scipio Barbatus, Gnaeus Fulvius Cn.f. Maximus Centumalus 297 Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus IV, Publius Decius P.f. Mus III 296 Appius Claudius C.f. Caecus II, Lucius Volumnius C.f. Flamma Violens II. 295 Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus V, Publius Decius P.f. Mus IV 294See also:

List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

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Initially, ca. 250 BCE, a king named Arsaces established his dynasty's independence from Seleucid rule in remote areas of northern Iran in what is today known as Turkmenistan, where his descendants of the same name ruled until Antiochus III the Great briefly made them submit to Seleucid authority again in 206 BCE. It was not until the 2nd century BCE that the Parthians were able to profit from the continuing erosion of the Seleucid Empire, gradually capturing all its territories east of Syria. Once the Parthians had gained Herat, the ...

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Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

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After the conquest of Media, Assyria, Babylonia and Elam, the Parthians had to organize their empire. The former elites of these countries were Greek, and the new rulers had to adapt to their customs if they wanted their rule to last. As a result, the cities retained their ancient rights and civil administrations remained more or less undisturbed. An interesting detail is coinage: legends were written in the Greek alphabet, a practice that continued until the 2nd century CE, when local knowledge of the language was in decline and few people knew ho ...

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Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

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A subtropical region, Sindh is hot in the summer and cold in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 C (115 F ) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 C (36 F) occurs during December and January. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August.The southwesterly monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-February and continues until the end of Semptember, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during te winte ...

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Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After creation of Pakistan, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities

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Except fot the irrigated Indus Valley, the province is arid and has scant vegetation. The dwarf Palm, Acacia Rupestris (Kher), and Tecoma Undulata (Lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the central valley, the Acacia Nilotica (Babul) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Zizyphys vulgaris (Bir), Tamarix Orientalis (Jujuba Lai) and Capparis ...

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Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After creation of Pakistan, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities

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Sindh is located at the northeastern corner of South Asia just before the Iranian plateau in the west. It is the third largest province geographically. Its size is about 579 km north-south and 442 km (extreme) or 281 km (average) east-west, with an area of 140,915 km². Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea in the south. In the center is the fertile plain where the Indus river runs through. Largely irrigated, the Indus' devast ...

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Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After creation of Pakistan, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities

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The fact that the Gospel of Thomas does not seem to have been considered for the New Testament is seen by some as an indication of its being of a later date — had it actually been written by the apostle Thomas, they argue, it would have been at least seriously considered by those in the century immediately following Jesus' death. This opinion is more popular among Christians who accept a divinely-inspired New Testament canon as an article of their ...

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Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Thomas - Confusion with other works, Gospel of Thomas - Corresponding Oxyrhyncus papyri, Gospel of Thomas - Date, Gospel of Thomas - The early camp, Gospel of Thomas - The late camp, Gospel of Thomas - Sexism and Saying 114, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas and the canon of the New Testament, Gospel of Thomas - The philosophy of the Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas's importance and author, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas and the historical Jesus, Gospel of Thomas - Differences between translations, Gospel of Thomas - Comparison of The Gospel of Thomas to the New Testament, Gospel of Thomas - Gospel of Thomas scholars, Gospel of Thomas - Jesus Seminar, Gospel of Thomas - Popular culture

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The population is approximately 35 million while official source (1998 census) estimated 30.439 million, with over half being urban dwellers, mainly found in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Larkana. A large section of the population speak Sindhi and Urdu languages. Other languages spoken include Siraiki, Balochi, Brohi, Punjabi, Pakhtu, Rajasthani and Gujarati. Urban areas of Sindh are multi-ethnic c ...

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Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After creation of Pakistan, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities

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To draw funds for his triumphant campaigns against the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu relinquished land control to merchants and the riches, and in effect legalized the privatization of lands. Land taxes were based on the sizes of fields instead of on income. The harvest could not always pay the taxes completely as incomes from selling harvest were often market-driven and a stable amount could not be guaranteed, especially not after harvest-reducing natural disasters. Merchants and prominent families then lured peasants to sell their lands since land a ...

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Han Dynasty, Han Dynasty - Importance, Han Dynasty - The Emergence, Han Dynasty - Taoism and Feudal System, Han Dynasty - Emperor Wu and Confucianism, Han Dynasty - Beginning of the Silk Road, Han Dynasty - Rise of landholding class, Han Dynasty - Interruption of Han rule, Han Dynasty - Rise and Fall of Eastern Han Dynasty, Han Dynasty - Sovereigns of Han Dynasty

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From 138 BC, Emperor Wu also dispatched Zhang Qian twice as his envoy to the Western Regions, and in the process pioneered the route known as the Silk Road from Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and Central Asia, and on to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Following Zhang Qian' embassy and report, commercial relations between China and Central as well as Western Asia flourished, as many Chinese missions were sent throughout the 1st century BC, initiating the development of the Silk Road: ...

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Han Dynasty, Han Dynasty - Importance, Han Dynasty - The Emergence, Han Dynasty - Taoism and Feudal System, Han Dynasty - Emperor Wu and Confucianism, Han Dynasty - Beginning of the Silk Road, Han Dynasty - Rise of landholding class, Han Dynasty - Interruption of Han rule, Han Dynasty - Rise and Fall of Eastern Han Dynasty, Han Dynasty - Sovereigns of Han Dynasty

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Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. ...

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Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After creation of Pakistan, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities

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Sindh is the backbone of Pakistan economy as it generates approximately 70% of the total national revenue whereas in return federal government pays back just 23% from financial divisible pool. Sindh government considers that the formula of financial resource distribution i.e NFC award is solely population denominated. Sindh is in many ways the main province of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy with heavy industry and finance centered in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the In ...

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Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After creation of Pakistan, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities

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The Gospel of Thomas is mystical — it emphasizes a direct and unmediated experience of the Divine. Jesus is presented as a mystagogue, a teacher of divine mysteries, though never the "saviour" as in the Gospel of John. While the emphasis in John is a balance between his miracles and his words, the emphasis here is exclusively the words of Jesus. A discovery of the interpretation of those words is what brings about enlightenment. The Gospel of Thomas records this as one of Jesus' sayings: "He who discovers the interpretations ...

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Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Thomas - Confusion with other works, Gospel of Thomas - Corresponding Oxyrhyncus papyri, Gospel of Thomas - Date, Gospel of Thomas - The early camp, Gospel of Thomas - The late camp, Gospel of Thomas - Sexism and Saying 114, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas and the canon of the New Testament, Gospel of Thomas - The philosophy of the Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas's importance and author, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas and the historical Jesus, Gospel of Thomas - Differences between translations, Gospel of Thomas - Comparison of The Gospel of Thomas to the New Testament, Gospel of Thomas - Gospel of Thomas scholars, Gospel of Thomas - Jesus Seminar, Gospel of Thomas - Popular culture

Read more here: » Gospel of Thomas: Encyclopedia II - Gospel of Thomas - The philosophy of the Gospel of Thomas

The Gospel of Thomas is, in any case, one of the earliest accounts of the teaching of Jesus outside of the canonical gospels and so is considered a valuable text. Some say that this gospel makes no mention of Jesus' resurrection, an important point of faith among Christians. A minority opinion, however, interprets the opening words of the book, "These are the secret sayings which the living Jesus spoke and which Didymos Judas Thomas wrote down" (Nag Hammadi library translation, 2d. edition, ISBN 0-06-066935-7) to mean that the sayings are be ...

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Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Thomas - Confusion with other works, Gospel of Thomas - Corresponding Oxyrhyncus papyri, Gospel of Thomas - Date, Gospel of Thomas - The early camp, Gospel of Thomas - The late camp, Gospel of Thomas - Sexism and Saying 114, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas and the canon of the New Testament, Gospel of Thomas - The philosophy of the Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas's importance and author, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas and the historical Jesus, Gospel of Thomas - Differences between translations, Gospel of Thomas - Comparison of The Gospel of Thomas to the New Testament, Gospel of Thomas - Gospel of Thomas scholars, Gospel of Thomas - Jesus Seminar, Gospel of Thomas - Popular culture

Read more here: » Gospel of Thomas: Encyclopedia II - Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas's importance and author

Main article:Indo-Parthian Kingdom Also during the 1st century BCE, the Parthians started to make inroads into eastern territories that had been occupied by the Indo-Scythians and the Yuezhi. The Parthians gained control of parts of Bactria and extensive territories in northern India, after defeating local rulers such as the Kushan Empire ruler Kujula Kadphises, in the Gandhara region. Around 20 CE, Gondophares, one of the Parthian conquerors, declared his independence from the Parthian empire and established the Indo- ...

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Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

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In 53 BCE, the Roman general Crassus invaded Parthia, but was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae by a Parthian commander called Surena in the Greek and Latin sources, most likely a member of the Sûrên clan. This was the beginning of a series of wars that were to last for almost three centuries. The Parthian armies included two types of cavalry: the heavily-armed and armoured cataphracts and light brigades of mounted archers. For the Romans, who relied on heavy infantry, the Parthians were hard to defeat, as the cavalry was much faste ...

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Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

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The Chinese explorer Zhang Qian, who visited the neighbouring countries of Bactria and Sogdiana in 126 BCE, made the first known Chinese report on Parthia. In his accounts Parthia is named "Ānxī" (Chinese: 安息), a transliteration of "Arsacid", the name of the Parthian dynasty. Zhang Qian clearly identifies Parthia as an advanced urban civilization, which he equates to those of Dayuan (in Ferghana) and Daxia (in Bactria). "Anxi is situated several thousand li west of the region of the Great Yuezhi (in Transoxonia). Th ...

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Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

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The Armenian compromise served its purpose, but nothing in it covered the deposition of an Armenian king. After 110 CE, the Parthian king Vologases III dethroned the Armenian ruler, and the Roman emperor Trajan decided to invade Parthia in retaliation. War broke out in 114 CE and the Parthians were severely beaten. The Romans conquered Armenia, and in the following year, Trajan marched to the south, where the Parthians were forced to evacuate their strongholds. In 116 CE, Trajan captured Ctesiphon, and establi ...

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Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Decline and fall

While the reformers and the body of the protestant creeds (e.g. the Second Helvetic Confession [9]) emphasize the virginity of Mary at Jesus' birth based on the biblical report, the reformation principle of "sola scriptura" kept any reference to the tradition of perpetual virginity of Mary out of the Reformation creeds. While the virgin birth of Jesus was seen as important element of the divinity of Christ, there was a strong reaction on one side against the veneration of Mary and the other saints (seen as sacrilege, Calvin's Institut ...

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Perpetual virginity of Mary, Perpetual virginity of Mary - Scope of belief, Perpetual virginity of Mary - Spiritual significance of the doctrine, Perpetual virginity of Mary - History and details of the doctrine, Perpetual virginity of Mary - Earliest centuries, Perpetual virginity of Mary - Relevant scriptural citations, Perpetual virginity of Mary - Continuity over time, Perpetual virginity of Mary - Expressed in iconography, Perpetual virginity of Mary - Protestant Dissent, Perpetual virginity of Mary - External references, Perpetual virginity of Mary - Footnotes, Perpetual virginity of Mary - Bibliography

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Modern scholars use three criteria to determine what the historical Jesus may have taught: multiple attestations, dissimilarity, and contextual credibility. Many modern scholars believe that the Gospel of Thomas was written independently of the New Testament, and therefore, is a useful guide to historical Jesus research. By finding those sayings in the Gospel of Thomas that overlap with Q, Mark, Matthew, Luke, John, and Paul, scholars feel such sayings represent "multiple attestations" and therefore, are more likely to come from a historical Jesus, than sayings ...

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Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Thomas - Confusion with other works, Gospel of Thomas - Corresponding Oxyrhyncus papyri, Gospel of Thomas - Date, Gospel of Thomas - The early camp, Gospel of Thomas - The late camp, Gospel of Thomas - Sexism and Saying 114, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas and the canon of the New Testament, Gospel of Thomas - The philosophy of the Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas's importance and author, Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas and the historical Jesus, Gospel of Thomas - Differences between translations, Gospel of Thomas - Comparison of The Gospel of Thomas to the New Testament, Gospel of Thomas - Gospel of Thomas scholars, Gospel of Thomas - Jesus Seminar, Gospel of Thomas - Popular culture

Read more here: » Gospel of Thomas: Encyclopedia II - Gospel of Thomas - The Gospel of Thomas and the historical Jesus