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Jew - Jews and migrations. Throughout Jewish history, Jews have repeatedly been directly or indirectly expelled from both their original homeland, and the areas in which they have resided. This experience as both immigrants and emigrants (see: Jewish refugees) have shaped Jewish identity and religious practice in many ways. An incomplete list of such migrations includes: The patriarch Abraham was a migrant to the land of Canaan from Ur of the Chaldees. The Children of Israel experienced the ...

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Jew, Jew - Usage note, Jew - Etymology, Jew - Who is a Jew?, Jew - Jewish culture, Jew - Ethnic divisions, Jew - Population, Jew - Significant geographic populations, Jew - State of Israel, Jew - Diaspora outside Israel, Jew - Population changes: Assimilation, Jew - Population changes: Wars against the Jews, Jew - Population changes: Growth, Jew - Jewish languages, Jew - History of the Jews, Jew - Jews and migrations, Jew - Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, Jew - Persian Greek and Roman rule, Jew - Beginning of the Diaspora, Jew - Middle Ages: Europe, Jew - Middle Ages: Islamic Europe and North Africa, Jew - Enlightenment and emancipation, Jew - Zionism and immigration, Jew - The Holocaust, Jew - Israel, Jew - Persecution, Jew - Jewish leadership, Jew - Famous Jews, Jew - Notes

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Vidin emerged at the place of an old Celtic settlement known as Dunonia, where a Roman fortified town called Bononia was later constructed. The town grew into one of the important centres of the province of Upper Moesia, encompassing the territory of modern northwestern Bulgaria and eastern Serbia. Roman rule lasted until 46 AD. When Slavs settled in the area, they called the town Badin or Bdin, where the modern name comes from. Vidin's main landmark, the Baba Vida fortress, was built in the period f ...

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Vidin, Vidin - Geography and population, Vidin - History, Vidin - Landmarks

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Emperor - Europe. In the Roman tradition a large variety in the meaning and importance of the Imperial form of monarchy developed: in intention it was always the highest office, but it could as well fall down to a redundant title for nobility that had never been near to the "Empire" they were supposed to be reigning. Also the name of the office split in several branches of Western tradition, see secti ...

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Emperor, Emperor - Distinction between Emperor and other types of monarch, Emperor - Imperium maius, Emperor - Historical development, Emperor - Europe, Emperor - The Americas, Emperor - Africa, Emperor - Asia, Emperor - Persian tradition, Emperor - Pre-Columbian American traditions, Emperor - Other traditions, Emperor - Lists of emperors, Emperor - Emperors of traditional empires, Emperor - Emperors of short-lived 'empires', Emperor - Self-proclaimed emperors, Emperor - Fictional emperors, Emperor - Notes, Emperor - Trivia

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Geoffrey Chaucer - Manuscripts. As early as 1400, Chaucer's courtly audience grew to include members of the rising literate, middle and merchant classes, which included many Lollard sympathizers who would have been inclined to read Chaucer as one of his own, particularly in his satirical writings about priests and various religious. We would not have so many manuscripts of Chaucer's works today if this group of readers had not created a great dem ...

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Geoffrey Chaucer, Geoffrey Chaucer - Life, Geoffrey Chaucer - Works, Geoffrey Chaucer - Influence, Geoffrey Chaucer - Linguistic, Geoffrey Chaucer - Historical Reception and Representation, Geoffrey Chaucer - Manuscripts, Geoffrey Chaucer - Printed Books, Geoffrey Chaucer - List of Works

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Irish battles - Bruce Wars in Ireland. 1316 - Second Battle of Athenry 1318 - Battle of Dysert O'Dea 1318 - Battle of Faughart 1328 - battle of Thomond. Battle of Devlin (Delbhna Bethra); the MacGeoghegan kills three thousand English. 1330 - battle of Fiodh-an-atha; Ualgarg O'Rourke defeated by the English. Ath-Disirt-Nuadan. Berna-an-Mhil; Tomaltagh Mac Dermot and Mac William were defeated by the Brown Earl and Tomalta ...

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Irish battles, Irish battles - Pre-Historic Era, Irish battles - Early Medieval Battles, Irish battles - Late Medieval Battles, Irish battles - Bruce Wars in Ireland, Irish battles - Early Modern Era, Irish battles - Desmond Rebellions, Irish battles - Nine Years War Ireland, Irish battles - Irish Confederate Wars/Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Irish battles - Williamite war in Ireland/War of the Two Kings, Irish battles - Modern Times, Irish battles - 1798 Rebellion, Irish battles - Tithe War 1831-36, Irish battles - 20th Century

Read more here: » Irish battles: Encyclopedia II - Irish battles - Late Medieval Battles

History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples. Western Huns empire stretched in 434 AD from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Danube river to the Baltic. The Hunnish-Bulgar association existed throughout the period between 377-453 AD - the time of the Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Other transient incursions were made by Goths, Gepids, Onogur, Avars. At one point the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths were Christians, but Arians. Ulfilas was the apostle to the Goths and he translated the Bible from Gr ...

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History of the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Early history, History of the Balkans - Chalcolithic civilization, History of the Balkans - Hallstatt, History of the Balkans - Indo-Europeanization, History of the Balkans - Classical antiquity, History of the Balkans - Odrysian empire, History of the Balkans - Dacian kingdom, History of the Balkans - Greek city-states and their colonies, History of the Balkans - Empire of Macedon, History of the Balkans - Illyrian kingdoms, History of the Balkans - The Roman conquests, History of the Balkans - Christianity during the Daco-Roman era, History of the Balkans - The Dark Ages and the Great Migrations, History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples, History of the Balkans - Slavs, History of the Balkans - Magyars, History of the Balkans - Bulgars and Bulgarians, History of the Balkans - Vlachs Romanians Aromanians Morlachs Istro-Romanians, History of the Balkans - Balkan linguistic union, History of the Balkans - Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, History of the Balkans - Genoa colonies in lower Danube, History of the Balkans - Fourth Crusade in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Battle of Nicopolis, History of the Balkans - Eastern Roman Empire, History of the Balkans - Ottoman Empire, History of the Balkans - East-West Schism, History of the Balkans - Habsburg Empire, History of the Balkans - Rise of Independence, History of the Balkans - 1804 First Serbian Uprising and 1815 Second Serbian Uprising, History of the Balkans - 1821 revolt in Greece and Romania, History of the Balkans - 1829 Adrianople peace, History of the Balkans - 1831 Bosnian Rebellion, History of the Balkans - 1848 Revolution, History of the Balkans - Russian defeat in Crimea: the Balkan implications, History of the Balkans - Desire of Independence, History of the Balkans - April uprising, History of the Balkans - 1877 War, History of the Balkans - Secularisation in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Orthodoxy, History of the Balkans - The Pig War, History of the Balkans - Balkan Wars, History of the Balkans - First Balkan War, History of the Balkans - Second Balkan War, History of the Balkans - The Balkans in modern times, History of the Balkans - World War I in the Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War I, History of the Balkans - World War II in Balkans, History of the Balkans - Consequences of World War II, History of the Balkans - Balkans during the Cold War, History of the Balkans - Post-Communism, History of the Balkans - Current state and perspectives, History of the Balkans - Reference

Read more here: » History of the Balkans: Encyclopedia II - History of the Balkans - The Dark Ages and the Great Migrations

For more detail on this period see Prehistoric Scotland. People lived in Scotland for at least 8500 years before recorded history dealt with Britain. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000 – 70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, though archaeologists have found no traces of this. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice ...

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History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland

Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement

From 1333 Charles started to administer his father's Crown lands due to the King's often absence and in 1334 he became Margrave of Moravia. He was elected as a rival King of the Romans to Emperor Louis IV, succeeded his father John of Luxemburg as King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg in 1346 as his mother was Elizabeth (Eliška), heiress of Bohemia, daughter of King Wenceslaus II and sister of King Wenceslaus III of the Přemyslid dynasty. Charles was crowned as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1355. After 1349, Charles IV was uncontested ...

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Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor - Life, Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor - Family and children, Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor - In memoriam

Read more here: » Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor - Life

The city takes its name from that of the river1, the Gaillimh. The word Gaillimh means "stony" as in "stony river". Today, the river is commonly called the River Corrib, after Lough Corrib, just to the north. In Irish, Galway is also called Cathair na Gaillimhe ("city of Galway") which is a modern creation to prevent confusion with Contae na Gaillimhe / ...

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History of Galway, History of Galway - Alternative derivations of the name, History of Galway - Early Galway, History of Galway - Medieval City, History of Galway - Decline, History of Galway - 18th century, History of Galway - 19th century, History of Galway - 20th Century, History of Galway - Notes

Read more here: » History of Galway: Encyclopedia II - History of Galway - Alternative derivations of the name

France in the Middle Ages - Geography. Discussion of the size of France in the Middle Ages is complicated by distinctions between lands personally held by the king (the "domaine royal") and lands held in homage by another lord. The notion of res publica inherited from the Roman province of Gaul was not fully maintained by the Frankish kingdom and the Carolingian Empire, and by the early years of the Capetians, the French kingdom was more or less a fiction. The "domaine royal" of the Capetians was limited to the r ...

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France in the Middle Ages, France in the Middle Ages - Medieval France and the French, France in the Middle Ages - Geography, France in the Middle Ages - Demographics, France in the Middle Ages - Language, France in the Middle Ages - Historical Overview, France in the Middle Ages - The Carolingian Legacy, France in the Middle Ages - The Capetians, France in the Middle Ages - The Hundred Years War, France in the Middle Ages - Literature, France in the Middle Ages - Art

Read more here: » France in the Middle Ages: Encyclopedia II - France in the Middle Ages - Medieval France and the French

From 1333 Charles started to administer his father's Crown lands due to the King's often absence and in 1334 he became Margrave of Moravia. He was elected as a rival King of the Romans to Emperor Louis IV, succeeded his father John of Luxemburg as King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg in 1346 as his mother was Elizabeth (Eliška), heiress of Bohemia, daughter of King Wenceslaus II and sister of King Wenceslaus III of the Přemyslid dynasty. Charles was crowned as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1355. After 1349, Charles IV was uncontested ...

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Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Life, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Family and children, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor - In memoriam

Read more here: » Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Life

Charles married four times. His first wife was Blanche, 1316–1348), daughter of Charles, Count of Valois, a half-sister of Philip VI of France. They had two daughters, Margaret (1335 - 1349), who married Louis I of Hungary; and Katharina (1342 - 1395), who married Rudolf IV of Austria and Otto V, Duke of Bavaria, Elector of Brandenburg. He secondly married Anne (Anna), (1329–1353), daughter of the Count Palatine Rudolph I ...

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Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Life, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Family and children, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor - In memoriam

Read more here: » Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Family and children

Main article: Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway In 1814 Denmark-Norway was defeated in the Napoleonic wars and the king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden in the Treaty of Kiel (January 14). Owing to an omission in the treaty, the Norwegian dependencies Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands were kept by Denmark. In an attempt to retain control over Norway despite the treaty, the Viceroy and hereditary prince of Denmark-Norway encouraged representatives of various social and political factions to gather at Eidsvoll t ...

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History of Norway, History of Norway - Etymology, History of Norway - Earliest times 10 000 BC -, History of Norway - The Viking kings, History of Norway - The Kalmar Union and the union with Denmark, History of Norway - The Kalmar Union 1396–1536, History of Norway - The Union with Denmark 1536–1814, History of Norway - Union with Sweden, History of Norway - Independent Monarchy, History of Norway - Norway in World War I, History of Norway - Norway in World War II, History of Norway - Post-war Foreign and military policy, History of Norway - Post-war Economic development, History of Norway - Post-war Social policy

Read more here: » History of Norway: Encyclopedia II - History of Norway - Union with Sweden

France in the Middle Ages - The Carolingian Legacy. During the latter years of the elderly Charlemagne's rule, the Vikings made advances along the northern and western perimeters of his kingdom. After Charlemagne's death in 814 his heirs were incapable of maintaining any kind of political unity and the once great Empire began to crumble. Viking advances were allowed to escalate, their dreaded longboats were sailing up the Loire and Seine Rivers and other inland waterways, wreaking havoc and spreading terror. In 8 ...

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France in the Middle Ages, France in the Middle Ages - Medieval France and the French, France in the Middle Ages - Geography, France in the Middle Ages - Demographics, France in the Middle Ages - Language, France in the Middle Ages - Historical Overview, France in the Middle Ages - The Carolingian Legacy, France in the Middle Ages - The Capetians, France in the Middle Ages - The Hundred Years War, France in the Middle Ages - Literature, France in the Middle Ages - Art

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Norway was relegated to a virtual provincial status from 1396 until 1814; this period was called "the 400-year-night" by Henrik Ibsen during the national romantic period as Norwegian national awareness was rediscovered in the 19th century. It can be broken into two main periods: The union of all Scandinavia referred to as the Kalmar Union, and The Danish Period or Union with Denmark. History of Norwa ...

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History of Norway, History of Norway - Etymology, History of Norway - Earliest times 10 000 BC -, History of Norway - The Viking kings, History of Norway - The Kalmar Union and the union with Denmark, History of Norway - The Kalmar Union 1396–1536, History of Norway - The Union with Denmark 1536–1814, History of Norway - Union with Sweden, History of Norway - Independent Monarchy, History of Norway - Norway in World War I, History of Norway - Norway in World War II, History of Norway - Post-war Foreign and military policy, History of Norway - Post-war Economic development, History of Norway - Post-war Social policy

Read more here: » History of Norway: Encyclopedia II - History of Norway - The Kalmar Union and the union with Denmark

Zadar - Architecture. Zadar gained its urban structure in Roman times; during the time of Emperors Julius Caesar and Augustus, the town was fortified and the city walls with towers and gates were built. On the western side of the town were the forum, the basilica and the temple, while outside the town were the amphitheatre and cemeteries. The aqueduct which was supplying the town with water has been partly preserved. Inside the ancient town, a mediaeval town had developed, when a series ...

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Zadar, Zadar - History, Zadar - Cultural Heritage, Zadar - Architecture, Zadar - Literature, Zadar - Economy, Zadar - Science, Zadar - Twinning, Zadar - Famous people from Zadar, Zadar - Sources

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Recent archeological finds (2005) have it that hunters from the south - most likely the Hamburg culture - in summer time could travel far north along the Norwegian coast line as early as the start of Holocene, 12 000 years ago, when the icecap was still on the highland. Temporary settlements and traces of tipis have been found as far north as the Alta region. Bremsnes-hulen, a cave near Kristiansund and Fosna north of Trondheim are the earliest sites. The clue to travel the coast ...

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History of Norway, History of Norway - Etymology, History of Norway - Earliest times 10 000 BC -, History of Norway - The Viking kings, History of Norway - The Kalmar Union and the union with Denmark, History of Norway - The Kalmar Union 1396–1536, History of Norway - The Union with Denmark 1536–1814, History of Norway - Union with Sweden, History of Norway - Independent Monarchy, History of Norway - Norway in World War I, History of Norway - Norway in World War II, History of Norway - Post-war Foreign and military policy, History of Norway - Post-war Economic development, History of Norway - Post-war Social policy

Read more here: » History of Norway: Encyclopedia II - History of Norway - Earliest times 10 000 BC -

Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe ("Fort at the Mouth of the Gaillimh") was constructed in 1124, by the King of Connacht Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (Turlough O Connor); the Annals of the Four Masters note that in that year "Three castles were erected by the Connaughtmen, the castle of Dun-Leodhar, the castle of the Gaillimh, and the castle of Cuil-maeile." This fort is also called a castle in the annals. Its significance may date back even further, as the Danes of Limerick successivly attacked the area in the 9th and 10th cent ...

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History of Galway, History of Galway - Alternative derivations of the name, History of Galway - Early Galway, History of Galway - Medieval City, History of Galway - Decline, History of Galway - 18th century, History of Galway - 19th century, History of Galway - 20th Century, History of Galway - Notes

Read more here: » History of Galway: Encyclopedia II - History of Galway - Early Galway

The experience of the Jews varied from country to country and from time to time. Extensive main articles exist about many areas of Jewish history: Jewish history - Africa. Main article: African Jew See also: Maghrebim Jewish history - Algeria. Main article: History of the Jews in Algeria Jewish history - Australia. Main article: History of the Jews in AustraliaSee also:

Jewish history, Jewish history - Ancient Jewish History through 50 CE, Jewish history - Ancient Israelites, Jewish history - Exilic and Post-Exilic Periods, Jewish history - The Hasmonean Kingdom, Jewish history - The diaspora, Jewish history - Jews in the Middle Ages 50 CE through 1700 CE, Jewish history - Europe, Jewish history - Spain North Africa and the Middle East, Jewish history - The European Enlightenment and Haskalah 1700-1800s, Jewish history - 1800s, Jewish history - 1900s, Jewish history - Jewish history by country or region, Jewish history - Africa, Jewish history - Algeria, Jewish history - Australia, Jewish history - Austria, Jewish history - Canada, Jewish history - Carpathia and Ruthenia, Jewish history - China, Jewish history - England, Jewish history - Egypt, Jewish history - Ethiopia, Jewish history - France, Jewish history - Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Jewish history - Greece, Jewish history - Holland Dutch Provinces, Jewish history - Hungary, Jewish history - India, Jewish history - Iraq and Babylonia, Jewish history - Ireland, Jewish history - Israel, Jewish history - Italy the Papal States and the Italian Duchies, Jewish history - Latin America, Jewish history - Lithuania, Jewish history - Morocco, Jewish history - The Netherlands, Jewish history - Ottoman Empire, Jewish history - Persia and Iran, Jewish history - Poland, Jewish history - Portugal, Jewish history - Russia and the former Soviet Union, Jewish history - Spain, Jewish history - South Africa, Jewish history - Tunisia, Jewish history - Turkey, Jewish history - United States, Jewish history - Yemen, Jewish history - References and further reading

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See also: Viking Age By the time of the first historical records of Scandinavia, about the 700s AD, some 29 petty kingdoms existed in Norway; in most the ruler's title was Konge (still the Norwegian for King), as in Adger, Alveim, Hedemarken, Hordaland, Nordmør og Romsdal, Rogaland, Romerike, Sogn, Solør, Søndmør, Trøndelagen, Vestfold (which at various times included several of the aforementioned) and Viken; however in Haalogaland the title was jarl (compare earl), till it was changed to Ladejarl (apparently ...

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History of Norway, History of Norway - Etymology, History of Norway - Earliest times 10 000 BC -, History of Norway - The Viking kings, History of Norway - The Kalmar Union and the union with Denmark, History of Norway - The Kalmar Union 1396–1536, History of Norway - The Union with Denmark 1536–1814, History of Norway - Union with Sweden, History of Norway - Independent Monarchy, History of Norway - Norway in World War I, History of Norway - Norway in World War II, History of Norway - Post-war Foreign and military policy, History of Norway - Post-war Economic development, History of Norway - Post-war Social policy

Read more here: » History of Norway: Encyclopedia II - History of Norway - The Viking kings

Johann joined the suite of Lienhart Richartinger in 1394, and he then went off to fight under Sigismund, king of Hungary (afterwards emperor), against the Turks on the Hungarian frontier. At the battle of Nicopolis--(September 28, 1396) he was wounded and taken prisoner; when he had recovered the use of his feet, Sultan Bayezid I (Ilderim) took him into his service as a runner (1396-1402). During this time he seems to have accompanied Ottoman troo ...

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Johann Schiltberger, Johann Schiltberger - Travels, Johann Schiltberger - Writings, Johann Schiltberger - Links

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Charles married four times. His first wife was Blanche, 1316–1348), daughter of Charles, Count of Valois, a half-sister of Philip VI of France. They had two daughters, Margaret (1335 - 1349), who married Louis I of Hungary; and Katharina (1342 - 1395), who married Rudolf IV of Austria and Otto V, Duke of Bavaria, Elector of Brandenburg. He secondly married Anne (Anna), (1329–1353), daughter of the Count Palatine Rudolph II ...

See also:

Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor - Life, Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor - Family and children, Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor - In memoriam

Read more here: » Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor - Family and children