List of Bulgarian monarchs - Legendary rulers. Avitokhol (Attila) (153–453) (according to history, (445–453) Ernakh (453–603) (according to history, (453–503) over Utiguri List of Bulgarian monarchs - Historical persons. Gostun (603–605) over Kutriguri (?–740, 803–997) At times, the reign in the Bulgar lands was split. Kubrat (605–665) over Onogunduri Batbayan (665–668) over Onogunduri Asparukh (668–701) over Utiguri Tervel (701 ...

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List of Bulgarian monarchs, List of Bulgarian monarchs - List of Bulgarian rulers, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Legendary rulers, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Historical persons, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Byzantine rule, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Ottoman rule

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Note that the early dates are traditional and of uncertain accuracy Kings of the Fairhair dynasty: Harald Fairhair Harald Hårfagre : c. 890-c. 930 Eirik Bloodaxe Eirik Blodøks : c. 930-934 Håkon the Good Håkon den Gode : 934-961 Harald Gråfell : 961-976 Haakon Jarl² Håkon Jarl : 976-995 Olaf Tryggvason¹ : 995-1000 Svein Forkbeard Svein Tjugeskjegg : 999-1015 Olaf Haraldsson, S ...

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List of Norwegian monarchs, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Norwegian Kingdom ca 890-1319, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Union of Sweden and Norway 1319-1343, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Union of Denmark and Norway 1380-1396, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Kalmar Union 1397-1536, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Constitutional Assembly at Eidsvoll 1814, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Union of Sweden and Norway 1814-1905, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Kingdom of Norway 1905 to present, List of Norwegian monarchs - Notes, List of Norwegian monarchs - Succession to the Norwegian Throne

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July 31 - 1900 to Present. 1914 - Jean Jaurès, French politician (d. 1859) 1917 - Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (b. 1881) 1944 - Antoine de Saint-Exupery, French pilot and writer (b. 1900) 1953 - Robert Taft, U.S. Senator from Ohio and Presidential candidate (b. 1889) 1972 - Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1899) 1980 - Mohd. Rafi, Indian playback singer (b. 1924) 1993 - King Baudouin I of Belgium (b. 1930) 2001 - Poul Anderson, A ...

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July 31, July 31 - Events, July 31 - Births, July 31 - Deaths, July 31 - 1900 to Present, July 31 - Holidays and observances, July 31 - Fiction

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Upon the death of his father-in-law Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, he received half of Henry's lands, the title Earl of Lancaster, and the distinction as the greatest landowner in the north of England, because of his first marriage to his cousin, Blanche of Lancaster (1359), heiress to the Palatinate of Lancaster. John received the rest of the inheritance only when Blanche's sister, Maud (married to William V, Count of Hainaut), died on April 10, 1362. Gaunt received the title "Duke of Lancaster" from Edward III on 13 Novem ...

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John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Duke of Lancaster, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Marriages and descendants, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Popular culture, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Links

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In Europe, at least, it would appear to be a Germanic custom. It was in use among the ancient Geats, Goths, Swedes, and Franks, but it was generally unknown in Roman law and does not figure in the Torah or the laws of Hammurabi. Extensive statutes governing its use appear in the capitularies of Louis the Pious, king of the Franks, in 819. As it existed in the mediæval laws of western Europe, it was typically explained as a judicium Dei, the judgment of God. In theory, the trial so conducted would yield a just result because Go ...

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Trial by combat, Trial by combat - European Origins, Trial by combat - English common law, Trial by combat - In the United States, Trial by combat - A trial from 1583

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Swedish influence in Finland was considerable in pre-Christian times. The Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in commerce and plundering. Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden did or did not began in approximately 1154 with the introduction of Christianity by a Crusade and an expedition by a svea (Uplandic) nobleman Eric Jedvardson, later known as Saint Eric who became King Eric IX of Sweden. In 1362 Finnish representatives received for the first time entitlement to participate in the election of the Swedish king, whereby ...

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List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers in Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of the Palatinate, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland

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For lists of the prehistoric kings of Sweden see Mythological kings of Sweden Semi-legendary kings of Sweden List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Munsö or Uppsala. c. 970- c. 995 : Eric the Victorius (Erik Segersäll) c. 995- c. 1022 : Olof the Treasurer (Olof Skötkonung) c. 1022-1050 : Anund Jacob (Anund Jakob) - and in South Canut ...

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List of Swedish monarchs, List of Swedish monarchs - Monarchs Regents and Viceroys of Sweden, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Munsö or Uppsala, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Stenkil, List of Swedish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Erik, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Bjällbo, List of Swedish monarchs - Regents of the Kalmar Union and Viceroys Riksföreståndare, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Wittelsbach Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Bernadotte

Read more here: » List of Swedish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Swedish monarchs - Monarchs Regents and Viceroys of Sweden

Nicolas Eymeric - Education and early tenure as Inquisitor General. Nicolas Eymeric was born in Gerona c. 1320. He entered the local monastery of the Dominican Order on 4 August, 1334. Here, during his novitiate he was instructed in theology by the friar Dalamau Moner. In order to complete his studies, he went to Toulouse, and then to Paris, where he obtained his doctorate in 1352. He then returned to the monastery in Gerona where he re ...

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Nicolas Eymeric, Nicolas Eymeric - Life, Nicolas Eymeric - Education and early tenure as Inquisitor General, Nicolas Eymeric - First exile and return, Nicolas Eymeric - Second exile and return, Nicolas Eymeric - Writings, Nicolas Eymeric - The Directorium Inquisitorum, Nicolas Eymeric - Other works, Nicolas Eymeric - Literary character

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Ottoman wars in Europe - 1300s-1456: Ottoman Expansion into Europe. After striking a blow to the weakened Byzantine Empire in 1356 (see Suleyman Pasha) which provided it a basis for operations in Europe, The Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century. Its first significant opponent was the young Serbian Empire, which was worn down by a series of campaigns, notably in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, in which the leaders of both armies were killed, and ...

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Ottoman wars in Europe, Ottoman wars in Europe - History, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1300s-1456: Ottoman Expansion into Europe, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1423-1503: Wars with Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1462-1476: European Successes, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1526-1566: Attack on Hapsburg Empire, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1522-1573: Rhodes and Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1593-1669: Austria and Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1657-1683 Conclusion of Wars with Hapsburgs, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1672-1676: Poland, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1683-1699: Great Turkish war -- Reconquest of Hungary, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1700s, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1800s, Ottoman wars in Europe - 20th Century

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New Rome - Byzantium. As Nova Roma, Byzantine writers contrasted their city from the "old" Rome by pointing out how Byzantium (Constantinople) had always been a Christian city, while Old Rome had pagan roots. Polemical writings after the Great Schism even claimed that Old Rome was too stained by the blood of martyrs to lead Christianity. To the present day, the Patriarch of Constantinople includes "of Constantinople, New Rome" in his full title. See also:

New Rome, New Rome - New Rome in the East, New Rome - Byzantium, New Rome - Moscow as the Third Rome, New Rome - New Rome in the West, New Rome - The Third Rome in Rome, New Rome - In Fiction, New Rome - Reference

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With the increasing professionalization of society during the 12th and 13th centuries, a similar demand grew for professional clergy. Prior to the 12th century, the intellectual life of Europe had been relegated to monasteries, which were mostly concerned with the study of the liturgy and prayer; very few monasteries could boast true intellectuals. Following the Gregorian Reform's emphasis on canon law and the study of the sacraments, bishops formed cathedral schools to train the clergy in canon law, but also in the more secular aspects of c ...

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Medieval university, Medieval university - Origins, Medieval university - Characteristics, Medieval university - List of medieval universities

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List of historians - A. Irving Abella, Canadian historian & author Robert G. Albion, maritime history Gar Alperovitz, American historian, wrote Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima & Potsdam Ida Altman, American historian, colonial Spain & Latin America Stephen Ambrose, (1936–2002), American historian, U.S. history Charles McLean Andrews, (1863–1943), American historian, U.S. colonial history Joyce Appleby, seventeenth- and eighteenth-centu ...

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List of historians, List of historians - Ancient historians, List of historians - Medieval historians/chroniclers, List of historians - Early modern historians 1600–1900, List of historians - Modern historians after 1900, List of historians - A, List of historians - B, List of historians - C, List of historians - D-E, List of historians - F, List of historians - G, List of historians - H-I, List of historians - J-K, List of historians - L, List of historians - M, List of historians - N-Q, List of historians - R, List of historians - S, List of historians - T, List of historians - W, List of historians - X-Y-Z, List of historians - Unsorted

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Marshal of France - Eleven Marshals created by Henry IV between 1592 and 1602. 1592 Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, Duc de Bouillon, (1555 - 1523) 1594 Charles de Gontaut, Duke of Biron (1562 - 1602) Claude de La Chatre, Baron de la Maisonfort (1536 - 1614) Jean de Montluc de Balagny, (1560 - 1603) 1595 Jean III de Baumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin and Count of Nègrepelisse (1551 - 1614) Henri, Duk ...

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Marshal of France, Marshal of France - Marshals of France, Marshal of France - Capetiens, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip Augustus 1180 - 1223, Marshal of France - Eight Marshals under Saint Louis 1226-1270, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Philip the Bold 1270-1285, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip the Fair 1285-1314, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Louis X 1314-1316, Marshal of France - Three Marshals under Philip V 1316-1322, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Charles IV 1322-1328, Marshal of France - Valois, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Philip VI of Valois 1328 - 1350, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under John the Good 1350-1364, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles the Wise 1364-1380, Marshal of France - Nine Marshals under Charles the Beloved 1380-1422, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Charles VII 1422-1461, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XI 1461-1483, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles VIII 1483-1498, Marshal of France - Valois-Orléans, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XII 1498-1515, Marshal of France - Valois-Angoulême, Marshal of France - Twelve Marshals under François I 1515-1547, Marshal of France - Five Marshals created by Henry II 1547 - 1559, Marshal of France - One Marshal created by François II in 1559, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Charles IX de 1560 à 1574, Marshal of France - Seven Marshals under Henry III 1574-1589, Marshal of France - Bourbons, Marshal of France - Eleven Marshals created by Henry IV between 1592 and 1602, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals created by Louis XIII between 1613 and 1643, Marshal of France - Fifty-one Marshals created by Louis XIV between 1643 and 1715, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals under Louis XV from 1715 - 1774, Marshal of France - Twenty Marshals named by Louis XVI 1774 - 1792, Marshal of France - French Empire, Marshal of France - The Second Restoration 1815 - 1830, Marshal of France - Constitutional monarchy, Marshal of France - The Second Republic, Marshal of France - The Second Empire, Marshal of France - The Third Republic, Marshal of France - The Fourth Republic, Marshal of France - The Fifth Republic

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There were many minor crusades in the 14th century, undertaken by individual kings or knights. Most recently there had been a failed crusade against Tunisia in 1390, and there was ongoing warfare in northern Europe along the Baltic coast (see Northern Crusades). After the Ottoman victory at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, they had conquered most of the Balkans, and had reduced the Byzantine Empire to the area immediately aro ...

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Battle of Nicopolis, Battle of Nicopolis - Background, Battle of Nicopolis - Preparations, Battle of Nicopolis - Siege of Nicopolis, Battle of Nicopolis - The battle, Battle of Nicopolis - Aftermath

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Breckerfeld is a rural communinity in a hilly area. The weather around the city is generally cool with a substantial amount of rain. The Breckerfeld station is the last stop on the Kleinbahn Haspe-Voerde-Breckerfeld. ...

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Breckerfeld, Breckerfeld - Geography, Breckerfeld - History, Breckerfeld - Localities, Breckerfeld - Twinned cities

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In the 14th century, the Ottoman Turks expanded their empire from Anatolia to the Balkans. They crossed the Bosporus in 1352 and defeated the Serbs at Kosovo Polje, in the modern-day Kosovo, in 1389. Tradition holds that Wallachia's Prince Mircea cel Batran (1386-1418) sent his forces to Kosovo to fight beside the Serbs; soon after the battle Sultan Bayezid I marched on Wallachia and imprisoned Mircea until he pledged to pay tribute. After a failed attempt to break the sultan's grip, Mircea fled to Transylvania and enlisted his forces ...

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Romania in the Middle Ages, Romania in the Middle Ages - Arrival of the Magyars, Romania in the Middle Ages - Medieval states, Romania in the Middle Ages - Wallachia and Moldavia, Romania in the Middle Ages - Transylvania, Romania in the Middle Ages - Ottoman Age, Romania in the Middle Ages - Transylvania under the Habsburgs

Read more here: » Romania in the Middle Ages: Encyclopedia II - Romania in the Middle Ages - Ottoman Age

Shkodër - Archaic. Shkodër was founded around the 4th century BC. This was the site of the Illyrian tribe Labeates as well as the capital of the kingdom of King Gentius and that of Queen Teuta. In the year 168 BC, the city was taken by the Romans and it became an important trade and military route. Shkodër - Medieval. The dawn of the Middle ages saw waves of Slavs arriving. Byzantine Emperor Heraclius described in his De Administrando Imperio how he gave the Se ...

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Shkodër, Shkodër - Etymology, Shkodër - History, Shkodër - Archaic, Shkodër - Medieval, Shkodër - 15th to 19th centuries, Shkodër - Modern, Shkodër - Culture, Shkodër - Music, Shkodër - Sights, Shkodër - Photos

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The main picture of this century-long situation: The Principality was under violent succession dispute. That originated from dispossessed Latin Emperor Baldwin II giving overlordship of Achaia to Charles I of Sicily, in order to gain his support for reconquering the throne in Constantinople - Baldwin did not secure the rights of Villehardouin Princes of Achaia when doing that. As a result, Angevin kings of Naples gave Achaia as their fief to a series of their own relatives and creatures, who fought against Princess Margaret Ville ...

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Principality of Achaea, Principality of Achaea - The feudal conflict of Morea 1307-1383, Principality of Achaea - Incomplete List of the Princes of Achaea

Read more here: » Principality of Achaea: Encyclopedia II - Principality of Achaea - The feudal conflict of Morea 1307-1383

Ottoman wars in Europe - 1300s-1456: Ottoman Expansion into Europe. After striking a blow to the weakened Byzantine Empire in 1356 (see Suleyman Pasha) which provided it a basis for operations in Europe, The Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century. Its first significant opponent was the young Serbian Empire, which was worn down by a series of campaigns, notably in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, in which the leaders of both armies were killed, and ...

See also:

Ottoman wars in Europe, Ottoman wars in Europe - History, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1300s-1456: Ottoman Expansion into Europe, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1423-1503: Wars with Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1462-1476: European Successes, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1526-1566: Attack on Habsburg Empire, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1522-1573: Rhodes and Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1593-1669: Austria and Venice, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1657-1683 Conclusion of Wars with Hapsburgs, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1672-1676: Poland, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1683-1699: Great Turkish war -- Reconquest of Hungary, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1700s, Ottoman wars in Europe - 1800s, Ottoman wars in Europe - 20th Century

Read more here: » Ottoman wars in Europe: Encyclopedia II - Ottoman wars in Europe - History

Swedish influence in Finland was considerable in pre-Christian times. The Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in commerce and plundering. Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden did or did not began in approximately 1154 with the introduction of Christianity by a Crusade and an expedition by a svea (Uplandic) nobleman Eric Jedvardson, later known as Saint Eric who became King Eric IX of Sweden. In 1362 Finnish representatives received for the first time entitlement to participate in the election of the Swedish king, whereby ...

See also:

List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Romanov, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - Acting as Heads of State, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse

Read more here: » List of Finnish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers of Finland

Melaka - Sultanate of Malacca. Malacca was founded by Parameswara, a Srivijayan prince who left Sumatra in 1396 in order to further his enmity with the Majapahit Empire. According to a popular legend, Parameswara was resting under a tree near a river while hunting, when one of his dogs cornered a mouse deer. In self-defence, the mouse deer pushed the dog into the river. Impressed by the courage of the deer, and taking it as a propitious omen of the weak overcoming the powerful, Parameswara decided on the spot to found an empire on the very ...

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Melaka, Melaka - Geography, Melaka - Demographics, Melaka - History, Melaka - Sultanate of Malacca, Melaka - Colonization, Melaka - State government, Melaka - Culture and economy, Melaka - Popular historical attractions, Melaka - Transport

Read more here: » Melaka: Encyclopedia II - Melaka - History

Shkodër - Archaic. Shkodër was founded around the 4th century BC. This was the site of the Illyrian tribe Labeates as well as the capital of the kingdom of King Gentius and that of Queen Teuta. In the year 168 BC, the city was taken by the Romans and it became an important trade and military route. Shkodër - Medieval. The dawn of the Middle ages saw waves of Slavs arriving. Byzantine Emperor Heraclius described in his De Administrando Imperio how he gave the Se ...

See also:

Shkodër, Shkodër - History, Shkodër - Archaic, Shkodër - Medieval, Shkodër - 15th to 19th centuries, Shkodër - Modern, Shkodër - Culture, Shkodër - Music, Shkodër - Sights, Shkodër - Photos

Read more here: » Shkodër: Encyclopedia II - Shkodër - History