1450 - Events. March - French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, in Caen April 15 - Battle of Formigny. French troops under the Comte de Clermont defeat an English army under Sir Thomas Kyriel and Sir Matthew Gough which was attempting to relieve Caen May 8 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI. June 18 - Battle of Seven Oaks. Jack Cade's rebels are driven from London by loyal troops, ...

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• 1450 - Events
• 1450 - Births
• 1450 - Deaths

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1446 - Events. Mehmed II Sultan of the Ottoman Empire is forced to abdicate in favor of his father Murad II by the Janissaries. The Portuguese reach Guinea-Bissau. October 9 - The Hangul alphabet is created in Korea. The Hunmin Jeongeum published during the year is consided the start of this brand new scientific writing system. December 10 - Murad II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, destroys the Hexamillion wall in an assault that includes cannons. This renders the Morea open ...

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• 1446 - Events
• 1446 - Births
• 1446 - Deaths

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1421 - Events. March 21 - Battle of Beaugé. A small French force surprises and defeats an English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Henry V of England, in Normandy. May 26 - Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Murad II. November 17-19 - St. Elizabeth flood. The coastal area near Dordrecht in the Netherlands was flooded due to extremely high tide of the North Sea. 72 villages were drowned, killing about 10,000 people. John III o ...

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• 1421 - Events
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1467 - Events. October 29 - Battle of Brusthem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege Beginning of the Sengoku Period in Japan. Circa this year, polyalphabetic cipher invented by Leone Battista Alberti. Regent of Sweden Erik Axelsson Tott supports the re-election of deposed Charles VIII of Sweden to the throne. Pope Paul II arrested and tortured some of the abbreviators, among them was Filip Callimachus. 1467 - Births. John Bourch ...

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• 1467 - Events
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1491 - Births. June 28 - King Henry VIII of England (died 1547) October 26 - Zhengde Emperor of China (died 1521) November 8 - Teofilo Folengo, Italian poet (d. 1544) December 24 - Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish founder of the Society of Jesus (died 1556) December 31 - Jacques Cartier, French explorer (died 1557) George Blaurock, Swiss founder of Anabaptism (died 1529) Martin Bucer, German protestant reformer (died 1551) Friedrich Myconius, German ...

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• 1491 - Events
• 1491 - Births
• 1491 - Deaths
• 1491 - Sciences

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In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia, of the Moscovian dynasty, changed his title from "Veliki Kniaz (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the whole Rus" as a symbol of change in the nature of the Russian state. In 1721 Peter I adopted the title Emperor (Император [Imperator]), by which he and his heirs were recognised, and which continued to be used informally as synonym of Tsar. Actually the new style was adopted precisely to underline a claim that Russia, by now a rising major power in Europe, invoking a marriage ...

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Tsar, Tsar - Etymology and spelling, Tsar - Imperium maius, Tsar - History of usage, Tsar - Bulgaria, Tsar - Russia, Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars, Tsar - Titles for Russian Tsar's family, Tsar - Notes, Tsar - Serbia, Tsar - Sources an References

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Bulgarians - Contribution to humanity. Medieval Bulgaria was the most important cultural centre of the Slavs at the end of the 9th and throughout the 10th century. The two literary schools at Preslav and Ohrid developed a rich literary and cultural activity with writers of the rank of Constantine of Preslav, John Exarch, Chernorizets Hrabar, Clement and Naum of Ohrid. In the first half of the 10th century, the Cyrillic alphabet developed in northeastern Bulgaria on the basis of the Glagolitic and the Greek alphab ...

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Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population, Bulgarians - Culture, Bulgarians - Contribution to humanity, Bulgarians - Language, Bulgarians - Name System, Bulgarians - Religion, Bulgarians - Symbols, Bulgarians - Customs, Bulgarians - Name, Bulgarians - Relation with other peoples, Bulgarians - Toponyms, Bulgarians - Antroponyms, Bulgarians - History, Bulgarians - Bulgars and Slavs, Bulgarians - Medieval history, Bulgarians - Ottoman domination, Bulgarians - Bulgarian revival period, Bulgarians - 20th century Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population data

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Although Viterbo is very ancient, its precise origins are unknown. According to the notorious forger, Annio of Viterbo, it originated as an Etruscan town called Surrena. Under the baneful effects of local boosterism, this fabrication continues to be credited in certain quarters; but it has been demonstrated to be sheer invention, designed to endow his native town with an antiquity it did not possess. At any rate, on the present site of Viterbo, or nearby, there was a little Roman colony (Vicus Elbii); whether this is the same centre referred to as Vetus Urbs ("Old City ...

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Viterbo, Viterbo - History, Viterbo - Landmarks, Viterbo - Patron Saints, Viterbo - La Macchina di Santa Rosa, Viterbo - Stampate

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Melaka - Sultanate of Malacca. Malacca was founded by Parameswara, a Srivijayan prince who left Sumatra in 1396 in order to further his enmity with the Majapahit Empire. According to a popular legend, Parameswara was resting under a tree near a river while hunting, when one of his dogs cornered a mouse deer. In self-defence, the mouse deer pushed the dog into the river. Impressed by the courage of the deer, and taking it as a propitious omen of the weak overcoming the powerful, Parameswara decided on the spot to found an empire on the very place that he was sitting. He named it "Melaka" after the tree ...

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Melaka, Melaka - Geography, Melaka - Demographics, Melaka - History, Melaka - Sultanate of Malacca, Melaka - Colonization, Melaka - State government, Melaka - Culture and economy, Melaka - Popular historical attractions, Melaka - Transport

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The 1550s and 1660s saw a resurgence of the Wokou tide. The period of greatest Wokou activity was during the Jiajing and Wanli eras, also some of the weakest in Ming history. To illustrate, in the period 1369 to 1466, the wokou raided Zhejiang 34 times, on average once every three years. By comparison, in the period 1523 to 1588, they made 66 raids, on average once a year. In contrast with previous Wokou, however, the pirate bands of the middle 16th century no longer consisted preponderantly of Japanese. Although Wokou remained the common label by which they were identified, most of these ban ...

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Wokou, Wokou - Kamakura period, Wokou - Nanboku-cho period, Wokou - Ming Dynasty tribute system, Wokou - Later Wokou raids, Wokou - Zhu Wan, Wokou - Wang Zhi, Wokou - Decline of the Wokou

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From the imperfect and conflicting data which are available one positive result can be gathered: that the Bogomils were both Adoptionists and Manichaeans. They had accepted the teaching of Paul of Samosata, though at a later period the name of Paul was believed to be that of the Apostle; and they were not quite free from the Dualistic principle of the Gnostics, at a later period too much identified with the teaching of Mani, by Photius, Petrus Siculus, and other authors. Both Paulicians and Manichaeans were dualists, but the former ascribed ...

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Bogomilism, Bogomilism - The Origin, Bogomilism - Doctrine, Bogomilism - History, Bogomilism - Name

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A memoria over the execution point and holding the remains of Alban existed at the site from the mid-300s (possibly earlier), Bede mentions a church and Gildas a shrine. Bishop Germanus of Auxerre visited in 429 and took a portion of the, apparently still bloody, earth away. The style of this structure is unknown, Paris (see below) claimed that the Saxons destroyed the building in 586. St Albans Cathedral - The Saxon buildings. Offa II of Mercia, who ruled in the 8th century, is said to have founded ...

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St Albans Cathedral, St Albans Cathedral - England's first Christian martyr, St Albans Cathedral - History of the Abbey and Cathedral, St Albans Cathedral - The Saxon buildings, St Albans Cathedral - The Norman abbey, St Albans Cathedral - 13th to 15th century, St Albans Cathedral - The Dissolution and after, St Albans Cathedral - The 19th century, St Albans Cathedral - The 20th century, St Albans Cathedral - Modern times, St Albans Cathedral - Reference

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Algirdas was one of the seven sons of the famous grand duke Gediminas among whom on his death in 1341 he divided his domains, leaving the youngest, Jaunutis, in possession of the capital, Vilnius, with a nominal priority. With the aid of his brother Kęstutis, Algirdas in 1345 drove out the incapable Jaunutis and declared himself grand duke. The two and thirty years of his reign (1345-1377) were devoted to the development and extension of Lithuania, and he lived to make i ...

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Algirdas, Algirdas - Background, Algirdas - Expansion of Lithuania, Algirdas - Assessment, Algirdas - Mother, Algirdas - Father, Algirdas - Wives, Algirdas - Brothers, Algirdas - Sisters, Algirdas - Sons, Algirdas - Daughters

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Anglo-Norman literature - Epic and romance. The French epic came over to England at an early date. It is believed that the Chanson de Roland was sung at the battle of Hastings, and we possess Anglo-Norman MSS. of a few chansons de geste. The Pélerinage de Charlemagne (Eduard Koschwitz, Altfranzösische Bibliothek, 1883) was, for instance, only preserved in an Anglo-Norman manuscript of the British Museum (now lost), although the author was certainly a Parisian. The oldest manuscript o ...

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Anglo-Norman literature, Anglo-Norman literature - Introduction, Anglo-Norman literature - Narrative literature, Anglo-Norman literature - Epic and romance, Anglo-Norman literature - Fableaux fables and religious tales, Anglo-Norman literature - History, Anglo-Norman literature - Didactic literature, Anglo-Norman literature - Hagiography, Anglo-Norman literature - Lyric poetry, Anglo-Norman literature - Satire, Anglo-Norman literature - Drama

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Švitrigaila - Mother. Ulyana of Tver 1350 (ca 1325 – 1392) Švitrigaila - Father. Olgierd (ca 1296 – end of May 1377), Grand Prince of Lithuania 1345 – 1377 Švitrigaila - Brothers. Demetrius I Starszy (1327 – 12 May 1399 Battle of the Worskla River), Prince of Trubczewsk 1357 – 1399, Briansk 1357 – 1379, Starodub 1370 – 1399, Druck 13?? – 13?? Andrzej (14th century – 12 August 1399) ...

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Švitrigaila, Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas, Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath, Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania, Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years, Švitrigaila - Titles, Švitrigaila - Relatives, Švitrigaila - Mother, Švitrigaila - Father, Švitrigaila - Brothers, Švitrigaila - Sisters

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Murad spent his early years on the throne disposing off rivals and rebellions, most notably the revolts of the Serbs. In 1423 he paid a short visit to Constantinople, laid siege on it for a couple of months and forced the Byzantines to pay additional tribute. In 1423 the first regular war against Venice began. During Murad's siege of Constantinople, the Byzantine Emperor's control over the Greek city-states weakened. On the request of its inhabitants, Venetian troops took control of the city of Salonika (Thessaloniki). The Ottoman arm ...

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

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Founded as a Roman fortress named Durostorum in 29 AD, the settlement became an important military centre of Moesia and grew into a city at the time of Marcus Aurelius. In 388, Durostorum became the seat of a Christian bishopric and a centre of Christianity in the region, and Roman general Flavius Aëtius was born in the town in 396. Around the end of the 7th century, the town was incporated in the First Bulgarian Empire and the bishop of Drastar was proclaimed the first patriarch of Bulgaria. The town was captured by the force ...

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Silistra, Silistra - History, Silistra - Historical population

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In 1397 Richard decided to rid himself of the Lords Appellant who were confining his power, on the pretext of an aristocratic plot. Richard had the Earl of Arundel executed and Warwick exiled, while Gloucester died in captivity. Finally able to exert his autocratic authority over the kingdom, he purged all those he saw as not totally committed to him, fulfilling his own idea of becoming God’s chosen prince. Richard, however, was still childless. The heir to the throne was Roger Mortimer the Earl of March, grandson of Lionel of Antwe ...

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Richard II of England, Richard II of England - Richard's minority, Richard II of England - First crisis of 1387-88, Richard II of England - A fragile peace, Richard II of England - Second crisis of 1397-99 and Richard's deposition, Richard II of England - Association with Geoffrey Chaucer

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There has been a settlement at Perth since prehistoric times, with evidence of a hut, a midden and a basic canoe dated to around 7000 BC. The Roman name for a nearby fortification was Bertha; the name derives from a Pictish word for wood or copse. Perth Scotland - Seat of Power. Perth came to prominence in the history of Scotland when, in 846 when Kenneth mac Alpin, the first king of Alba established his seat of power at Scone two miles northeast, calling the Government and Court of Sc ...

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Perth Scotland, Perth Scotland - History, Perth Scotland - Seat of Power, Perth Scotland - Internal and external strife, Perth Scotland - Murder of King James, Perth Scotland - The Reformation, Perth Scotland - Cromwell and the Jacobites, Perth Scotland - Growth and modernisation, Perth Scotland - Transport, Perth Scotland - Car, Perth Scotland - Rail, Perth Scotland - Bus, Perth Scotland - Air, Perth Scotland - Politics, Perth Scotland - Economy, Perth Scotland - Sport, Perth Scotland - Art and music, Perth Scotland - Tourism, Perth Scotland - City status

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Dating back to pre-Roman times, the town of Pavia (then known as Ticinum Papiæ) was a municipality and an important military site under the Roman Empire. Here, in 476, Odoacer defeated Flavius Orestes after a long siege. To punish the city for helping the rival, Odoacer destroyed it completely. However, Orestes was able to escape to Piacenza, where Odoacer followed and killed him, deposing his son Romulus Augustus. This was commonly considered the end of the Western Roman Empire. Under the Goths, Pavia became a fortifie ...

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Pavia, Pavia - History, Pavia - Monuments, Pavia - Natives of Pavia

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Knights Hospitaller - Foundation and early history. In 600, Abbot Probus was commissioned by Pope Gregory the Great to build a hospital in Jerusalem to treat and care for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. In 800, Charlemagne, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, enlarged Probus' hostel and added a library to it. About 200 years later, in 1005, Caliph El Hakim destroyed the hostel and three thousand other buildings. He made the Christians wear wooden crosses, half a meter long by half a meter wide, around their ne ...

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Knights Hospitaller, Knights Hospitaller - History, Knights Hospitaller - Foundation and early history, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Turmoil in Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The loss of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Revival in England as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller - Protestant Continuation in Continental Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The modern Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Name and motto, Knights Hospitaller - International status of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Government of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Mimic Orders, Knights Hospitaller - List of Grand Masters

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