1396

The first raid by Wokou on record occurred in the summer of 1223, on the south coast of Goryeo. The Goryeosa states that "Japanese (pirates) attacked Gumju." Two more minor attacks are recorded for 1226, and continued intermittently for the next four decades. Most of the Wokou originated from Tsushima (called the "island Wae" by the Koreans) and Hizen. Under diplomatic pressure from the Goryeo government, the Kamakura shogunate made an effort to keep seafaring military groups under control. In 1227 Mutō Sukeyori, the shogunate's comm ...

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Wokou, Wokou - Kamakura period, Wokou - Nanboku-cho period, Wokou - Ming Dynasty tribute system, Wokou - Later Wokou raids, Wokou - Zhu Wan, Wokou - Wang Zhi, Wokou - Decline of the Wokou

Read more here: » Wokou: Encyclopedia II - Wokou - Kamakura period

See Also Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Scottish Civil War History of Scotland - Bishops Wars. Shortly after his reign began, an attempt by Charles I to impose English-style prayer books on the Scottish church resulted in anger and widespread rioting. (The story goes that it was initiated by a certain Jenny Geddes who threw a stool in St Giles Cathedral.) Representatives of various sections of Scottish society drew up the National Covenant, asserting Presbyterian practice. Charles gathered a military force, b ...

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History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland

Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth

In 1299 the Byzantine city Bilecik fell to Osman I. It was but the first of many cities and villages to fall into the hands of the Turks during the 1300s and 1310s. Osman also conquered some of the nearby Turkish emirates and tribes. During the late 1310s Osman I laid siege to several important Byzantine forts. Yenişehir was captured and with it as a base the Turks could lay siege to Prousas (Bursa) and Nicaea (Iznik), the largest Byzantine cities in Anatolia. Bursa fell in 1324, just before Osman's death. ...

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

Read more here: » Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I

The son of Osman, Orhan I, conquered Nicaea in 1331 and Nicomedia in 1337 and established the capital in Bursa. During Orhan's reign the empire was organized as a state with new currency, government and a modernized army. He married Theodora, the daughter of Byzantine prince John VI Cantacuzenus. In 1346 Orhan openly supported John VI in the overthrowing of the emperor John V Palaeologus. When John VI became co-emperor (1347-1354) he allowed Orhan to raid the peninsula of Gallipoli which gained the ...

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

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In the early 1360s the Ottoman armies marched into Thrace through Gallipoli and captured Adrianople (Edirne) and Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and forcing the Byzantines to pay tribute. In 1366 the count Amadeus VI of Savoy (cousin to John V Cantacuzenus, the Byzantine emperor) initiated a minor crusade to aid the Byzantines. The count drove away the Turks from all of Europe except Gallipoli. The very next year Murad attacked anew and regained most of Thrace, including Adrianople. During the early 1370s Murad launched his forces deeper into ...

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

Read more here: » Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I

In the years which followed, Richard appeared to have heeded the lessons of 1387 and became more cautious in his dealings with the barons. In 1390, a tournament was held to celebrate Richard’s coming of age and the apparent new-found harmony since Richard's uncle John of Gaunt's return from Spain to lead the Lords Appellant. Richard’s team of knights all wore the identical symbol – a white hart – which Richard had chosen for himself. Richard himself favoured genteel interests like fine food, insisting spoons be used at his court and ...

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Richard II of England, Richard II of England - Richard's minority, Richard II of England - First crisis of 1387-88, Richard II of England - A fragile peace, Richard II of England - Second crisis of 1397-99 and Richard's deposition, Richard II of England - Association with Geoffrey Chaucer

Read more here: » Richard II of England: Encyclopedia II - Richard II of England - A fragile peace

As Richard began to take over the business of government himself, he sidelined many of the established nobles, such as Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick , Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel and Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester. Instead he turned to his inner circle of favourites for his council, men such as his beloved Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford and Michael de la Pole whom Richard created Earl of Suffolk and made chancellor of England. The nobles he had snubbed formed the head of a group of the disaffected who ...

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Richard II of England, Richard II of England - Richard's minority, Richard II of England - First crisis of 1387-88, Richard II of England - A fragile peace, Richard II of England - Second crisis of 1397-99 and Richard's deposition, Richard II of England - Association with Geoffrey Chaucer

Read more here: » Richard II of England: Encyclopedia II - Richard II of England - First crisis of 1387-88

By 1700, the Protestant monarchy seemed in danger of coming to an end with the childless Stuart Queen Anne. Rather than return to her Roman Catholic brother James Francis Edward Stuart, the English Parliament enacted that Sophia of Hanover and her descendants should succeed (Act of Settlement 1701). However, the Scottish counterpart, the Act of Security, merely prohibited a Roman Catholic successor, leaving open the possibility that the crowns would diverge. Rather than risk the possible return of James Francis Edward Stuart, then liv ...

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History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland

Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites

The current Bishop of St Albans is the Right Reverend Christopher Herbert (since 1995), and the current Archdeacon of St Albans is the Venerable Helen Cunliffe. On July 2, 2004, the Reverend Canon Dr Jeffrey John became the ninth Dean of the Cathedral. Robert Runcie, later Archbishop of Canterbury, was bishop of St Albans from 1970 to 1980 and returned to live in the city after his retirement; he is commemorated by a gargoyle on the Cathedral as well as being buried in the graveyard. Colin Slee, now Dean of Southwark Cathedral, was su ...

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St Albans Cathedral, St Albans Cathedral - England's first Christian martyr, St Albans Cathedral - History of the Abbey and Cathedral, St Albans Cathedral - The Saxon buildings, St Albans Cathedral - The Norman abbey, St Albans Cathedral - 13th to 15th century, St Albans Cathedral - The Dissolution and after, St Albans Cathedral - The 19th century, St Albans Cathedral - The 20th century, St Albans Cathedral - Modern times, St Albans Cathedral - Reference

Read more here: » St Albans Cathedral: Encyclopedia II - St Albans Cathedral - Modern times

James's attempt to introduce religious toleration to England's Roman Catholics alienated his Protestant subjects. Neither this, nor his moves towards absolutism, provoked outright rebellion, as it was believed that he would be succeeded by his daughter Mary, a Protestant and future wife of William of Orange. When, in 1688, James produced a male heir, everything changed. At the invitation of seven Englishmen, William landed in England with 40,000 men, and James fled. Whilst this was primarily an English event, the "Glorious Revolution" had a ...

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History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland

Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution

John of Gaunt, his uncle, ruled on Richard's behalf for the first years of his reign and it was the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 that brought Richard into the limelight. It fell to him personally to negotiate with Wat Tyler and the other rebel leaders and their massed armed ranks of several thousand, which must undoubtedly have required some personal courage, aged only fourteen as he was. He offered pardon to the leaders of the rebellion, an offer that was rescinded as the ringleaders were eventually arrested and executed. It remains a matter of ...

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Richard II of England, Richard II of England - Richard's minority, Richard II of England - First crisis of 1387-88, Richard II of England - A fragile peace, Richard II of England - Second crisis of 1397-99 and Richard's deposition, Richard II of England - Association with Geoffrey Chaucer

Read more here: » Richard II of England: Encyclopedia II - Richard II of England - Richard's minority

Beyazid I succeeded to the sultanship upon the assassination of his father Murad. In a rage over the attack, he ordered all Serbian captives killed; Beyazid became known as Yildirim, the lightning bolt, for his temperament. He conquered most of Bulgaria (the capital Tarnovo fell in 1393 after a three-month siege) and northern Greece in 1389-1395 and laid siege on Constantinople in 1391-1398. On September 25, 1396 at the Battle of Nicopolis, his forces met the Venetian-Hungarian army led by king Sigismund of Hungary. The Ottomans won and ...

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

Read more here: » Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I

When Mehmed Çelebi stood as victor in 1413 he crowned himself in Edirne (Adrianople) as Mehmed I. His was the duty to restore the Ottoman Empire to its former glory. The Empire had suffered hard from the Interregnum; the Mongols were still at large in the east, even though Timur Lenk had died in 1405; many of the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans had broken free of Ottoman control; and the land, especially Anatolia, had suffered hard from the war. During his reign, Mehmed moved the capital from Bursa to Adrianople (Edirne), reinforce ...

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Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

Read more here: » Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I

After David's death, Robert II, the first of the Stewart (later Stuart) kings, came to the throne in 1371. There followed in 1390 his ailing son John, who, due to the hatred inspired by the previous King John (Balliol), took the regnal name Robert III. During Robert III's reign (1390 – 1406), actual power rested largely in the hands of his brother, also named Robert, the Duke of Albany. In 1396 during this king's reign, the last trial by combat in Europe, the See also:

History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland

Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events

Nevertheless, Algirdas not only succeeded in holding his own, but acquired influence and territory at the expense of 1:0 to Muscovy and the Tatars, and extended the borders of Lithuania to the shores of the Black Sea. The principal efforts of this eminent empire-maker were directed to securing those of the Slavonic lands which had formed part of the ancient Kievan Rus. He procured the election of his son Andrew as prince of Pskov, and a powerful minority of the citizens of the republic of Novgorod held the balance in his favor against the Muscovite influence, but his ascendancy in both t ...

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Algirdas, Algirdas - Background, Algirdas - Expansion of Lithuania, Algirdas - Assessment, Algirdas - Mother, Algirdas - Father, Algirdas - Wives, Algirdas - Brothers, Algirdas - Sisters, Algirdas - Sons, Algirdas - Daughters

Read more here: » Algirdas: Encyclopedia II - Algirdas - Expansion of Lithuania

Unlike his descendants, Algirdas wisely vacillated between Muscovy and Poland, spoke amongst others the Ruthenian language, and was more inclined to follow the majority of his pagan and Orthodox subjects rather than to alienate them by promoting Roman Catholicism. There are no evidences that he was baptised at all. His son Jagiello, however, ascended the Polish throne, and was the founder of the dynasty which ruled Poland for nearly 200 years. This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, ...

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Algirdas, Algirdas - Background, Algirdas - Expansion of Lithuania, Algirdas - Assessment, Algirdas - Mother, Algirdas - Father, Algirdas - Wives, Algirdas - Brothers, Algirdas - Sisters, Algirdas - Sons, Algirdas - Daughters

Read more here: » Algirdas: Encyclopedia II - Algirdas - Assessment

In 1432, however, Zygimantas of Starodub raised a rebellion and, supported by ethnic Lithuanians and Poles, overran much of the Grand Duchy. Svitrigaila, constrained to leave the Lithuanian capital for Vitebsk, was thoroughly defeated near the Svyataya River in 1435. Despite continued support from Ruthenians in Kiev, Podolia, and Volhynia, he fled to Krakow, sueing for peace. After his proposals were dismissed, Svitrigaila had to leave the country for ignominious exile in Wa ...

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Švitrigaila, Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas, Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath, Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania, Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years, Švitrigaila - Titles, Švitrigaila - Relatives, Švitrigaila - Mother, Švitrigaila - Father, Švitrigaila - Brothers, Švitrigaila - Sisters

Read more here: » Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years

Upon Vytautas's death in 1430, Svitrigaila immediately pressed his claim to the throne. He was supported by the Ruthenian and Orthodox population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, while the Lithuanian and Catholic population advanced Zygimantas Kestutaitis as a rival candidate. At last Svitrigaila prevailed over his rivals, and was crowned the Grand Duke of Lithuania in Vilnius. Svitrigaila started his reign by proclaiming full independence of the Grand Duchy from Poland and granting important privileges to his Orthodox subjects. That ...

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Švitrigaila, Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas, Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath, Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania, Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years, Švitrigaila - Titles, Švitrigaila - Relatives, Švitrigaila - Mother, Švitrigaila - Father, Švitrigaila - Brothers, Švitrigaila - Sisters

Read more here: » Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania

During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation. In the earlier part of the century, the teachings of first Martin Luther and then John Calvin began to influence Scotland. The execution of a number of Protestant preachers, most notably the Lutheran influenced Patrick Hamilton in 1527 and later the Calvinist George Wishart in 1546 who were burnt at the stake in St. Andrews by Cardinal Beaton for heresy, did nothing to stem the growth of these ideas. Beaton w ...

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History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland

Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation

Svitrigaila was baptized by his father Algirdas into Eastern Orthodoxy. At the age of 11, he (together with his brother Jagiello) was converted in Krakow into Roman Catholicism and changed his first name from Lev to Boleslaw. At that time, the town of Polotsk was the capital of his lands. In 1392, however, Svitrigaila made an ill-fated attempt to seize neighbouring Vitebsk, but was ousted by his cousin Vytautas of Lithuania to Prussia. While living abroad, Svitrigaila sided with the Teutonic Knights in their prolonged struggle ...

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Švitrigaila, Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas, Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath, Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania, Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years, Švitrigaila - Titles, Švitrigaila - Relatives, Švitrigaila - Mother, Švitrigaila - Father, Švitrigaila - Brothers, Švitrigaila - Sisters

Read more here: » Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas

It is believed that Svitrigaila sympathized with the Russians, being born of a Russian mother (Ulyana of Tver) and married to a princess of Tver. When the war broke out between Vytautas and his Muscovite son-in-law in 1408, Svitrigaila cast his lot with the latter, surrendering all the Severian towns to the Russian army and defecting to Moscow. During his brief stay in Muscovy, Svitrigaila was rewarded with Volokolamsk and several other towns and put in charge of the Russian army operating against Vytautas. Lacking any military talent, he failed to win a single battle and, on hearing about the ...

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Švitrigaila, Švitrigaila - Rebellion against Vytautas, Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath, Švitrigaila - Grand Duke of Lithuania, Švitrigaila - Downfall and later years, Švitrigaila - Titles, Švitrigaila - Relatives, Švitrigaila - Mother, Švitrigaila - Father, Švitrigaila - Brothers, Švitrigaila - Sisters

Read more here: » Švitrigaila: Encyclopedia II - Švitrigaila - Defection to Moscow and its aftermath

Saint Alban was a pagan living in the Roman city of Verulamium, where St Albans is now, in Hertfordshire, England, about twenty miles from London along Watling Street. Prior to Christianity becoming the official religion of the Roman Empire, local Christians were being persecuted by the Romans. Alban sheltered their priest, Saint Amphibalus, in his home and was converted to the Christian faith by him. When the soldiers came to Alban's house looking for the priest, Alban exchanged cloaks with the priest and let himself be arrested in h ...

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St Albans Cathedral, St Albans Cathedral - England's first Christian martyr, St Albans Cathedral - History of the Abbey and Cathedral, St Albans Cathedral - The Saxon buildings, St Albans Cathedral - The Norman abbey, St Albans Cathedral - 13th to 15th century, St Albans Cathedral - The Dissolution and after, St Albans Cathedral - The 19th century, St Albans Cathedral - The 20th century, St Albans Cathedral - Modern times, St Albans Cathedral - Reference

Read more here: » St Albans Cathedral: Encyclopedia II - St Albans Cathedral - England's first Christian martyr