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1396 | A Wisdom Archive on 1396 | | 1396 A selection of articles related to 1396 | |
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1396, 1396, 1396 - Births, 1396 - Deaths, 1396 - Events
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 1396 | | | |  1396: Encyclopedia II - Marshal of France - French EmpireTwenty-six Marshals under Napoleon I, 1804 - 1814
Louis Alexandre Berthier, Prince of Neufchatel and of Wagram, Duke of Valengin. (1753 - 1815), Marshal of France in 1804
Joachim Murat, Prince d’Empire, Grand Duke of Clèves and of Berg, King of Naples under the name of Napoleon in 1808 (1767 - 1815), Marshal of France in 1804
Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey, Duke of Conégliano (1754 - 1842), Marshal of France in 1804
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, Count Jourdan (1762 - 1833), Marshal of France in 1804< ...
See also:Marshal of France, Marshal of France - Marshals of France, Marshal of France - Capetiens, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip Augustus 1180 - 1223, Marshal of France - Eight Marshals under Saint Louis 1226-1270, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Philip the Bold 1270-1285, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip the Fair 1285-1314, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Louis X 1314-1316, Marshal of France - Three Marshals under Philip V 1316-1322, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Charles IV 1322-1328, Marshal of France - Valois, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Philip VI of Valois 1328 - 1350, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under John the Good 1350-1364, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles the Wise 1364-1380, Marshal of France - Nine Marshals under Charles the Beloved 1380-1422, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Charles VII 1422-1461, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XI 1461-1483, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles VIII 1483-1498, Marshal of France - Valois-Orléans, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XII 1498-1515, Marshal of France - Valois-Angoulême, Marshal of France - Twelve Marshals under François I 1515-1547, Marshal of France - Five Marshals created by Henry II 1547 - 1559, Marshal of France - One Marshal created by François II in 1559, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Charles IX de 1560 à 1574, Marshal of France - Seven Marshals under Henry III 1574-1589, Marshal of France - Bourbons, Marshal of France - Eleven Marshals created by Henry IV between 1592 and 1602, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals created by Louis XIII between 1613 and 1643, Marshal of France - Fifty-one Marshals created by Louis XIV between 1643 and 1715, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals under Louis XV from 1715 - 1774, Marshal of France - Twenty Marshals named by Louis XVI 1774 - 1792, Marshal of France - French Empire, Marshal of France - The Second Restoration 1815 - 1830, Marshal of France - Constitutional monarchy, Marshal of France - The Second Republic, Marshal of France - The Second Empire, Marshal of France - The Third Republic, Marshal of France - The Fourth Republic, Marshal of France - The Fifth Republic Read more here: » Marshal of France: Encyclopedia II - Marshal of France - French Empire |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Knights Hospitaller - Protestant Continuation in Continental Europe Following the Protestant Reformation, most German chapters of the order declared their continued adherence to the Order while accepting Protestant theology. As the Balley Brandenburg des Ritterlichen Ordens Sankt Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem, the order continues today, gaining increasing independence from its Catholic mother order. The Protestant branch spread into several other protestant countries (i.e. Hungary, the Netherlands, and Sweden). These sub-branches are now independent too.
All four branches are in loose alli ...
See also:Knights Hospitaller, Knights Hospitaller - History, Knights Hospitaller - Foundation and early history, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Turmoil in Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The loss of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Revival in England as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller - Protestant Continuation in Continental Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The modern Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Name and motto, Knights Hospitaller - International status of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Government of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Mimic Orders, Knights Hospitaller - List of Grand Masters Read more here: » Knights Hospitaller: Encyclopedia II - Knights Hospitaller - Protestant Continuation in Continental Europe |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Knights Hospitaller - The modern Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, better known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta or SMOM, is a Catholic lay order that claims to be a sovereign entity and has permanent observer status at the United Nations. SMOM is considered to be the most direct successor to the medieval Knights Hospitaller, also known as the Knights of Malta, and today operates as a largely charitable and ceremon ...
See also:Knights Hospitaller, Knights Hospitaller - History, Knights Hospitaller - Foundation and early history, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Turmoil in Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The loss of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Revival in England as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller - Protestant Continuation in Continental Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The modern Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Name and motto, Knights Hospitaller - International status of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Government of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Mimic Orders, Knights Hospitaller - List of Grand Masters Read more here: » Knights Hospitaller: Encyclopedia II - Knights Hospitaller - The modern Sovereign Military Order of Malta |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Knights Hospitaller - Mimic Orders Following the end of World War II, and taking advantage of the lack of State Orders in the Italian Republic, an Italian had given himself an identity of a Polish Prince, and did a brisk trade in Maltese Crosses as the Grand Prior of the fictitious "Grand Priory of Podolia". Others followed suit such as the Grand Prior of the Holy Trinity of Villeneuve. The former was successfully prosecuted for fraud, and the latter gave up after a police visit. However, the latter organisation resurfaced in Malta in 1975, an ...
See also:Knights Hospitaller, Knights Hospitaller - History, Knights Hospitaller - Foundation and early history, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes, Knights Hospitaller - Knights of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Turmoil in Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The loss of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Revival in England as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller - Protestant Continuation in Continental Europe, Knights Hospitaller - The modern Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Knights Hospitaller - Name and motto, Knights Hospitaller - International status of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Government of the Order, Knights Hospitaller - Mimic Orders, Knights Hospitaller - List of Grand Masters Read more here: » Knights Hospitaller: Encyclopedia II - Knights Hospitaller - Mimic Orders |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Jew - Etymology There are different views as to the origin of the English language word Jew. The most common view is that the Middle English word Jew is from the Old French giu, earlier juieu, from the Latin iudeus from the Greek Ioudaios (Ιουδαίος). The Latin simply means Judaean, from the land of Judaea. The Hebrew for Jew, יהודי , is pronounced ye-hoo-DEE. The Hebrew letter Yodh (or Yud), י, used as a 'y' in the Hebrew language (as in the word ye-hoo-DEE), becomes a 'j' in languages us ...
See also:Jew, Jew - Usage note, Jew - Etymology, Jew - Who is a Jew?, Jew - Jewish culture, Jew - Ethnic divisions, Jew - Population, Jew - Significant geographic populations, Jew - State of Israel, Jew - Diaspora outside Israel, Jew - Population changes: Assimilation, Jew - Population changes: Wars against the Jews, Jew - Population changes: Growth, Jew - Jewish languages, Jew - History of the Jews, Jew - Jews and migrations, Jew - Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, Jew - Persian Greek and Roman rule, Jew - Beginning of the Diaspora, Jew - Middle Ages: Europe, Jew - Middle Ages: Islamic Europe and North Africa, Jew - Enlightenment and emancipation, Jew - Zionism and immigration, Jew - The Holocaust, Jew - Israel, Jew - Persecution, Jew - Jewish leadership, Jew - Famous Jews, Jew - Notes Read more here: » Jew: Encyclopedia II - Jew - Etymology |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Jew - Who is a Jew? Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. For discussions of the religious views on who is a Jew and how these views differ from each other, please see Who is a Jew?. Generally, in modern secular usage, Jews include three groups: people who practice Judaism and have a Jewish ethnic background (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent ...
See also:Jew, Jew - Usage note, Jew - Etymology, Jew - Who is a Jew?, Jew - Jewish culture, Jew - Ethnic divisions, Jew - Population, Jew - Significant geographic populations, Jew - State of Israel, Jew - Diaspora outside Israel, Jew - Population changes: Assimilation, Jew - Population changes: Wars against the Jews, Jew - Population changes: Growth, Jew - Jewish languages, Jew - History of the Jews, Jew - Jews and migrations, Jew - Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, Jew - Persian Greek and Roman rule, Jew - Beginning of the Diaspora, Jew - Middle Ages: Europe, Jew - Middle Ages: Islamic Europe and North Africa, Jew - Enlightenment and emancipation, Jew - Zionism and immigration, Jew - The Holocaust, Jew - Israel, Jew - Persecution, Jew - Jewish leadership, Jew - Famous Jews, Jew - Notes Read more here: » Jew: Encyclopedia II - Jew - Who is a Jew? |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Marriages and descendants Blanche died in 1369. It is believed the poet Geoffrey Chaucer wrote and dedicated his "Book of the Duchess" to her, as the poem not only mentions the Black Knight, but the "Lady White"; whom we can take to be Blanche, in allegory.
In 1371, John married Constance of Castile, daughter of King Peter I of Castile, thus giving him a claim upon the kingdom of Castile, which he would pursue unsuccessfully.
In the meantime, John of Gaunt had fathered four children by a mistress, Katherine Swynford (whose sister married Geoffrey Chauce ...
See also:John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Duke of Lancaster, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Marriages and descendants, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Popular culture, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Links Read more here: » John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster: Encyclopedia II - John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Marriages and descendants |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Popular culture The Lancaster city centre has a pub called The John O'Gaunt, noted for its live jazz music and its large collection of whiskies. An administrative ward on the city council also bears the name.
In William Shakespeare's play Richard II, the famous England speech is attributed to John of Gaunt as he lay on his deathbed.
This royal throne of kings, this scepter'd isle,
This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,
This other Eden, demi-paradise,
This fortress built by Nature for herself
...
See also:John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Duke of Lancaster, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Marriages and descendants, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Popular culture, John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Links Read more here: » John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster: Encyclopedia II - John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster - Popular culture |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Jew - Ethnic divisions The most commonly used terms to describe ethnic divisions among Jews currently are: Ashkenazi (meaning "German" in Hebrew, denoting the Central European base of Jewry); and Sephardi (meaning "Spanish" or "Iberia" in Hebrew, denoting their Spanish, Portuguese and North African location). They refer to both religious and ethnic divisions.
Other Jewish ethnic groups include Mizrahi Jews (a term overlapping Sephardi, but emphasizing North African and Middle Eastern rather than Spanish history, and including the Maghre ...
See also:Jew, Jew - Usage note, Jew - Etymology, Jew - Who is a Jew?, Jew - Jewish culture, Jew - Ethnic divisions, Jew - Population, Jew - Significant geographic populations, Jew - State of Israel, Jew - Diaspora outside Israel, Jew - Population changes: Assimilation, Jew - Population changes: Wars against the Jews, Jew - Population changes: Growth, Jew - Jewish languages, Jew - History of the Jews, Jew - Jews and migrations, Jew - Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, Jew - Persian Greek and Roman rule, Jew - Beginning of the Diaspora, Jew - Middle Ages: Europe, Jew - Middle Ages: Islamic Europe and North Africa, Jew - Enlightenment and emancipation, Jew - Zionism and immigration, Jew - The Holocaust, Jew - Israel, Jew - Persecution, Jew - Jewish leadership, Jew - Famous Jews, Jew - Notes Read more here: » Jew: Encyclopedia II - Jew - Ethnic divisions |
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| | | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Jewish history - Jewish history by country or region The experience of the Jews varied from country to country and from time to time. Extensive main articles exist about many areas of Jewish history:
Jewish history - Africa.
See also: Maghrebim
Jewish history - Algeria.
Jewish history - Australia.
Jewish history - Austria.
Jewish history - Canada.
Jewish history - Carpath ...
See also:Jewish history, Jewish history - Ancient Jewish History through 50 CE, Jewish history - Ancient Israelites, Jewish history - Exilic and Post-Exilic Periods, Jewish history - The Hasmonean Kingdom, Jewish history - The diaspora, Jewish history - Jews in the Middle Ages 50 CE through 1700 CE, Jewish history - Europe, Jewish history - Spain North Africa and the Middle East, Jewish history - The European Enlightenment and Haskalah 1700-1800s, Jewish history - 1800s, Jewish history - 1900s, Jewish history - Jewish history by country or region, Jewish history - Africa, Jewish history - Algeria, Jewish history - Australia, Jewish history - Austria, Jewish history - Canada, Jewish history - Carpathia and Ruthenia, Jewish history - China, Jewish history - England, Jewish history - Egypt, Jewish history - Ethiopia, Jewish history - France, Jewish history - Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Jewish history - Greece, Jewish history - Holland Dutch Provinces, Jewish history - Hungary, Jewish history - India, Jewish history - Iraq and Babylonia, Jewish history - Ireland, Jewish history - Israel, Jewish history - Italy the Papal States and the Italian Duchies, Jewish history - Latin America, Jewish history - Lithuania, Jewish history - Morocco, Jewish history - The Netherlands, Jewish history - Ottoman Empire, Jewish history - Persia and Iran, Jewish history - Poland, Jewish history - Portugal, Jewish history - Russia and the former Soviet Union, Jewish history - Spain, Jewish history - South Africa, Jewish history - Tunisia, Jewish history - Turkey, Jewish history - United States, Jewish history - Yemen, Jewish history - References and further reading Read more here: » Jewish history: Encyclopedia II - Jewish history - Jewish history by country or region |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Jewish history - 1800s Though persecution still existed, emanicipation spread throughout Europe in the 1800s. Napoleon invited Jews to leave the Jewish ghettos in Europe and seek refuge in the newly created tolerant political regimes that offered equality under Napoleonic Law (see Napoleon and the Jews). By 1871, with Germany’s emancipation of Jews, every European country except Russia had emancipated its Jews.
Despite increasing integration of the Jews with secular society, a new form of anti-Semitism emerged, based on the ideas of race and nationhood ra ...
See also:Jewish history, Jewish history - Ancient Jewish History through 50 CE, Jewish history - Ancient Israelites, Jewish history - Exilic and Post-Exilic Periods, Jewish history - The Hasmonean Kingdom, Jewish history - The diaspora, Jewish history - Jews in the Middle Ages 50 CE through 1700 CE, Jewish history - Europe, Jewish history - Spain North Africa and the Middle East, Jewish history - The European Enlightenment and Haskalah 1700-1800s, Jewish history - 1800s, Jewish history - 1900s, Jewish history - Jewish history by country or region, Jewish history - Africa, Jewish history - Algeria, Jewish history - Australia, Jewish history - Austria, Jewish history - Canada, Jewish history - Carpathia and Ruthenia, Jewish history - China, Jewish history - England, Jewish history - Egypt, Jewish history - Ethiopia, Jewish history - France, Jewish history - Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Jewish history - Greece, Jewish history - Holland Dutch Provinces, Jewish history - Hungary, Jewish history - India, Jewish history - Iraq and Babylonia, Jewish history - Ireland, Jewish history - Israel, Jewish history - Italy the Papal States and the Italian Duchies, Jewish history - Latin America, Jewish history - Lithuania, Jewish history - Morocco, Jewish history - The Netherlands, Jewish history - Ottoman Empire, Jewish history - Persia and Iran, Jewish history - Poland, Jewish history - Portugal, Jewish history - Russia and the former Soviet Union, Jewish history - Spain, Jewish history - South Africa, Jewish history - Tunisia, Jewish history - Turkey, Jewish history - United States, Jewish history - Yemen, Jewish history - References and further reading Read more here: » Jewish history: Encyclopedia II - Jewish history - 1800s |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Marshal of France - Valois
Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Philip VI of Valois 1328 - 1350.
Anseau de Joinville, (1265 - 1343), Marshal of France in 1339
Charles de Montmorency, Lord of Montmorency (1325 - 1381), Marshal of France in 1344
Robert de Waurin, Lord of Saint-Venant (died 1360), Marshal of France in 1344
Guy II de Nesle, Lord of Offémont and of Mello (died 1352), Marshal of France in 1345
Édouard de Beaujeu, (1316 - 1351), Lord of Ch ...
See also:Marshal of France, Marshal of France - Marshals of France, Marshal of France - Capetiens, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip Augustus 1180 - 1223, Marshal of France - Eight Marshals under Saint Louis 1226-1270, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Philip the Bold 1270-1285, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip the Fair 1285-1314, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Louis X 1314-1316, Marshal of France - Three Marshals under Philip V 1316-1322, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Charles IV 1322-1328, Marshal of France - Valois, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Philip VI of Valois 1328 - 1350, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under John the Good 1350-1364, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles the Wise 1364-1380, Marshal of France - Nine Marshals under Charles the Beloved 1380-1422, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Charles VII 1422-1461, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XI 1461-1483, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles VIII 1483-1498, Marshal of France - Valois-Orléans, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XII 1498-1515, Marshal of France - Valois-Angoulême, Marshal of France - Twelve Marshals under François I 1515-1547, Marshal of France - Five Marshals created by Henry II 1547 - 1559, Marshal of France - One Marshal created by François II in 1559, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Charles IX de 1560 à 1574, Marshal of France - Seven Marshals under Henry III 1574-1589, Marshal of France - Bourbons, Marshal of France - Eleven Marshals created by Henry IV between 1592 and 1602, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals created by Louis XIII between 1613 and 1643, Marshal of France - Fifty-one Marshals created by Louis XIV between 1643 and 1715, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals under Louis XV from 1715 - 1774, Marshal of France - Twenty Marshals named by Louis XVI 1774 - 1792, Marshal of France - French Empire, Marshal of France - The Second Restoration 1815 - 1830, Marshal of France - Constitutional monarchy, Marshal of France - The Second Republic, Marshal of France - The Second Empire, Marshal of France - The Third Republic, Marshal of France - The Fourth Republic, Marshal of France - The Fifth Republic Read more here: » Marshal of France: Encyclopedia II - Marshal of France - Valois |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Marshal of France - Valois-Orléans
Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XII 1498-1515.
Jacques de Trivulce, (1448 - 1518), Marquis of Vigevano, Marshal of France in 1499
Charles II d'Amboise de Chaumont, (1473 - 1511), Lord of Chaumont, of Meillan and of Charenton, Marshal of France in 1506
Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, (1485 - 1528), Viscount of Lautrec, Marshal of France in 1511
Robert Stuart d'Aubigny, (1470 - 154 ...
See also:Marshal of France, Marshal of France - Marshals of France, Marshal of France - Capetiens, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip Augustus 1180 - 1223, Marshal of France - Eight Marshals under Saint Louis 1226-1270, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Philip the Bold 1270-1285, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip the Fair 1285-1314, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Louis X 1314-1316, Marshal of France - Three Marshals under Philip V 1316-1322, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Charles IV 1322-1328, Marshal of France - Valois, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Philip VI of Valois 1328 - 1350, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under John the Good 1350-1364, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles the Wise 1364-1380, Marshal of France - Nine Marshals under Charles the Beloved 1380-1422, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Charles VII 1422-1461, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XI 1461-1483, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles VIII 1483-1498, Marshal of France - Valois-Orléans, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XII 1498-1515, Marshal of France - Valois-Angoulême, Marshal of France - Twelve Marshals under François I 1515-1547, Marshal of France - Five Marshals created by Henry II 1547 - 1559, Marshal of France - One Marshal created by François II in 1559, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Charles IX de 1560 à 1574, Marshal of France - Seven Marshals under Henry III 1574-1589, Marshal of France - Bourbons, Marshal of France - Eleven Marshals created by Henry IV between 1592 and 1602, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals created by Louis XIII between 1613 and 1643, Marshal of France - Fifty-one Marshals created by Louis XIV between 1643 and 1715, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals under Louis XV from 1715 - 1774, Marshal of France - Twenty Marshals named by Louis XVI 1774 - 1792, Marshal of France - French Empire, Marshal of France - The Second Restoration 1815 - 1830, Marshal of France - Constitutional monarchy, Marshal of France - The Second Republic, Marshal of France - The Second Empire, Marshal of France - The Third Republic, Marshal of France - The Fourth Republic, Marshal of France - The Fifth Republic Read more here: » Marshal of France: Encyclopedia II - Marshal of France - Valois-Orléans |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Marshal of France - Valois-Angoulême
Marshal of France - Twelve Marshals under François I 1515-1547.
Jacques II de Chabannes, Lord of La Palice (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1515
Gaspard I de Coligny, Lord of Chatillon-sur-Loing (died 1522), Marshal of France in 1516
Thomas de Foix-Lescun, (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1518
Anne I de Montmorency, Duke of Montmorency and of Damville, Count of Beaumont-sur-Oise and of Dammartin, Viscount of Melun, first Baron of France and Grand Master, Constable of France etc ...
See also:Marshal of France, Marshal of France - Marshals of France, Marshal of France - Capetiens, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip Augustus 1180 - 1223, Marshal of France - Eight Marshals under Saint Louis 1226-1270, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Philip the Bold 1270-1285, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip the Fair 1285-1314, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Louis X 1314-1316, Marshal of France - Three Marshals under Philip V 1316-1322, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Charles IV 1322-1328, Marshal of France - Valois, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Philip VI of Valois 1328 - 1350, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under John the Good 1350-1364, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles the Wise 1364-1380, Marshal of France - Nine Marshals under Charles the Beloved 1380-1422, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Charles VII 1422-1461, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XI 1461-1483, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles VIII 1483-1498, Marshal of France - Valois-Orléans, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XII 1498-1515, Marshal of France - Valois-Angoulême, Marshal of France - Twelve Marshals under François I 1515-1547, Marshal of France - Five Marshals created by Henry II 1547 - 1559, Marshal of France - One Marshal created by François II in 1559, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Charles IX de 1560 à 1574, Marshal of France - Seven Marshals under Henry III 1574-1589, Marshal of France - Bourbons, Marshal of France - Eleven Marshals created by Henry IV between 1592 and 1602, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals created by Louis XIII between 1613 and 1643, Marshal of France - Fifty-one Marshals created by Louis XIV between 1643 and 1715, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals under Louis XV from 1715 - 1774, Marshal of France - Twenty Marshals named by Louis XVI 1774 - 1792, Marshal of France - French Empire, Marshal of France - The Second Restoration 1815 - 1830, Marshal of France - Constitutional monarchy, Marshal of France - The Second Republic, Marshal of France - The Second Empire, Marshal of France - The Third Republic, Marshal of France - The Fourth Republic, Marshal of France - The Fifth Republic Read more here: » Marshal of France: Encyclopedia II - Marshal of France - Valois-Angoulême |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Jewish history - Ancient Jewish History through 50 CE
Jewish history - Ancient Israelites.
For the first two periods the history of the Jews is mainly that of Fertile Crescent. It begins among those peoples which occupied the area lying between the Nile river on the one side and the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers on the other. Surrounded by ancient seats of culture in Egypt and Babylonia, by the deserts of Arabia, and by the highlands of Asia Minor, the land of Canaan (later known as Israel, then at various times Judah, Coele-Syria, Judea, Palestine, the Levant, an ...
See also:Jewish history, Jewish history - Ancient Jewish History through 50 CE, Jewish history - Ancient Israelites, Jewish history - Exilic and Post-Exilic Periods, Jewish history - The Hasmonean Kingdom, Jewish history - The diaspora, Jewish history - Jews in the Middle Ages 50 CE through 1700 CE, Jewish history - Europe, Jewish history - Spain North Africa and the Middle East, Jewish history - The European Enlightenment and Haskalah 1700-1800s, Jewish history - 1800s, Jewish history - 1900s, Jewish history - Jewish history by country or region, Jewish history - Africa, Jewish history - Algeria, Jewish history - Australia, Jewish history - Austria, Jewish history - Canada, Jewish history - Carpathia and Ruthenia, Jewish history - China, Jewish history - England, Jewish history - Egypt, Jewish history - Ethiopia, Jewish history - France, Jewish history - Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Jewish history - Greece, Jewish history - Holland Dutch Provinces, Jewish history - Hungary, Jewish history - India, Jewish history - Iraq and Babylonia, Jewish history - Ireland, Jewish history - Israel, Jewish history - Italy the Papal States and the Italian Duchies, Jewish history - Latin America, Jewish history - Lithuania, Jewish history - Morocco, Jewish history - The Netherlands, Jewish history - Ottoman Empire, Jewish history - Persia and Iran, Jewish history - Poland, Jewish history - Portugal, Jewish history - Russia and the former Soviet Union, Jewish history - Spain, Jewish history - South Africa, Jewish history - Tunisia, Jewish history - Turkey, Jewish history - United States, Jewish history - Yemen, Jewish history - References and further reading Read more here: » Jewish history: Encyclopedia II - Jewish history - Ancient Jewish History through 50 CE |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Marshal of France - Capetiens
Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip Augustus 1180 - 1223.
Albéric Clément, (died 1191), first Marshal of France in 1190
Guillaume de Bournel, (died 1195), Marshal of France in 1192
Nivelon d'Arras, (died 1204), Marshal of France in 1202
Henry I Clément, called the "Little Marshal", Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (1170 - 1214), Marshal of France in 1204
Jean III Clément, Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (died 1262), Marshal of France in 1214
Guillaume de la Tou ...
See also:Marshal of France, Marshal of France - Marshals of France, Marshal of France - Capetiens, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip Augustus 1180 - 1223, Marshal of France - Eight Marshals under Saint Louis 1226-1270, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Philip the Bold 1270-1285, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Philip the Fair 1285-1314, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Louis X 1314-1316, Marshal of France - Three Marshals under Philip V 1316-1322, Marshal of France - One Marshal under Charles IV 1322-1328, Marshal of France - Valois, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Philip VI of Valois 1328 - 1350, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under John the Good 1350-1364, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles the Wise 1364-1380, Marshal of France - Nine Marshals under Charles the Beloved 1380-1422, Marshal of France - Six Marshals under Charles VII 1422-1461, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XI 1461-1483, Marshal of France - Two Marshals under Charles VIII 1483-1498, Marshal of France - Valois-Orléans, Marshal of France - Four Marshals under Louis XII 1498-1515, Marshal of France - Valois-Angoulême, Marshal of France - Twelve Marshals under François I 1515-1547, Marshal of France - Five Marshals created by Henry II 1547 - 1559, Marshal of France - One Marshal created by François II in 1559, Marshal of France - Five Marshals under Charles IX de 1560 à 1574, Marshal of France - Seven Marshals under Henry III 1574-1589, Marshal of France - Bourbons, Marshal of France - Eleven Marshals created by Henry IV between 1592 and 1602, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals created by Louis XIII between 1613 and 1643, Marshal of France - Fifty-one Marshals created by Louis XIV between 1643 and 1715, Marshal of France - Thirty-four Marshals under Louis XV from 1715 - 1774, Marshal of France - Twenty Marshals named by Louis XVI 1774 - 1792, Marshal of France - French Empire, Marshal of France - The Second Restoration 1815 - 1830, Marshal of France - Constitutional monarchy, Marshal of France - The Second Republic, Marshal of France - The Second Empire, Marshal of France - The Third Republic, Marshal of France - The Fourth Republic, Marshal of France - The Fifth Republic Read more here: » Marshal of France: Encyclopedia II - Marshal of France - Capetiens |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Jewish history - Jews in the Middle Ages 50 CE through 1700 CE The experience of Jews varied from country to country and region to region. See the main articles Jews in the Middle Ages in Europe and the History of Jews in Arab lands.
Jewish history - Europe.
Jews settled throughout Europe, especially in the area of the former Roman Empire. There are records of Jewish communities in France (see History of the Jews in France) and Germany (see History of the Jews in Germany) from the 4th century, and substantial Jewish communities in Spain even earlier. By and large, Jew ...
See also:Jewish history, Jewish history - Ancient Jewish History through 50 CE, Jewish history - Ancient Israelites, Jewish history - Exilic and Post-Exilic Periods, Jewish history - The Hasmonean Kingdom, Jewish history - The diaspora, Jewish history - Jews in the Middle Ages 50 CE through 1700 CE, Jewish history - Europe, Jewish history - Spain North Africa and the Middle East, Jewish history - The European Enlightenment and Haskalah 1700-1800s, Jewish history - 1800s, Jewish history - 1900s, Jewish history - Jewish history by country or region, Jewish history - Africa, Jewish history - Algeria, Jewish history - Australia, Jewish history - Austria, Jewish history - Canada, Jewish history - Carpathia and Ruthenia, Jewish history - China, Jewish history - England, Jewish history - Egypt, Jewish history - Ethiopia, Jewish history - France, Jewish history - Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Jewish history - Greece, Jewish history - Holland Dutch Provinces, Jewish history - Hungary, Jewish history - India, Jewish history - Iraq and Babylonia, Jewish history - Ireland, Jewish history - Israel, Jewish history - Italy the Papal States and the Italian Duchies, Jewish history - Latin America, Jewish history - Lithuania, Jewish history - Morocco, Jewish history - The Netherlands, Jewish history - Ottoman Empire, Jewish history - Persia and Iran, Jewish history - Poland, Jewish history - Portugal, Jewish history - Russia and the former Soviet Union, Jewish history - Spain, Jewish history - South Africa, Jewish history - Tunisia, Jewish history - Turkey, Jewish history - United States, Jewish history - Yemen, Jewish history - References and further reading Read more here: » Jewish history: Encyclopedia II - Jewish history - Jews in the Middle Ages 50 CE through 1700 CE |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers Grand Dukes of Finland (Suomen suuriruhtinas)
The House of Romanov
1809-1825 : Alexander I of Russia (Aleksanteri I)
1825-1855 : Nicholas I of Russia (Nikolai I)
1855-1881 : Alexander II of Russia (Aleksanteri II)
1881-1894 : Alexander III of Russia (Aleksanteri III)
1894-1917 : Nicholas II of Russia (Nikolai II)
...
See also:List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers in Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of the Palatinate, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland Read more here: » List of Finnish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland Acting Heads of State
November 7, 1917 - November 15, 1917 : Eemil Nestor Setälä
November 15, 1917 - November 28, 1917 : Otto Johannes Lundson
November 28, 1917 - May 18, 1918 : Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
(Regents or Protectors of State (Suomen valtionhoitaja) are listed under Presidents of Finland)
King of Finland (Suomen kuningas)
The House of Hesse
October 9, 1918 - December 14, 1918 : ...
See also:List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers in Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of the Palatinate, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland Read more here: » List of Finnish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Jewish history - The European Enlightenment and Haskalah 1700-1800s During the period of the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, significant changes were happening within the Jewish community. The Haskalah movement paralleled the wider Enlightenment, as Jews began in the 1700s to campaign for emancipation from restrictive laws and integration into the wider European society. Secular and scientific education was added to the traditional religious instruction received by students, and interest in a national Jewish identity, including a revival in the study of Jewish history and Hebrew, started to grow. Has ...
See also:Jewish history, Jewish history - Ancient Jewish History through 50 CE, Jewish history - Ancient Israelites, Jewish history - Exilic and Post-Exilic Periods, Jewish history - The Hasmonean Kingdom, Jewish history - The diaspora, Jewish history - Jews in the Middle Ages 50 CE through 1700 CE, Jewish history - Europe, Jewish history - Spain North Africa and the Middle East, Jewish history - The European Enlightenment and Haskalah 1700-1800s, Jewish history - 1800s, Jewish history - 1900s, Jewish history - Jewish history by country or region, Jewish history - Africa, Jewish history - Algeria, Jewish history - Australia, Jewish history - Austria, Jewish history - Canada, Jewish history - Carpathia and Ruthenia, Jewish history - China, Jewish history - England, Jewish history - Egypt, Jewish history - Ethiopia, Jewish history - France, Jewish history - Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Jewish history - Greece, Jewish history - Holland Dutch Provinces, Jewish history - Hungary, Jewish history - India, Jewish history - Iraq and Babylonia, Jewish history - Ireland, Jewish history - Israel, Jewish history - Italy the Papal States and the Italian Duchies, Jewish history - Latin America, Jewish history - Lithuania, Jewish history - Morocco, Jewish history - The Netherlands, Jewish history - Ottoman Empire, Jewish history - Persia and Iran, Jewish history - Poland, Jewish history - Portugal, Jewish history - Russia and the former Soviet Union, Jewish history - Spain, Jewish history - South Africa, Jewish history - Tunisia, Jewish history - Turkey, Jewish history - United States, Jewish history - Yemen, Jewish history - References and further reading Read more here: » Jewish history: Encyclopedia II - Jewish history - The European Enlightenment and Haskalah 1700-1800s |
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| | | | | 1396: Encyclopedia II - Melaka - Demographics Malacca has a population of 648,000 as of 2001.
The population comprises:
Malays: 50%;
Chinese: 40%;
Indians: Constitutes a sizeable minority, inclusive of a small group, known as "Chitty";
Others: Inclusive of a Eurasian minority of semi-Portuguese descent, also known as "Papia Kristang", who speak an ancient Portuguese creole, called Cristão.
The major towns of Malacca are Malacca Town, Alor Gajah, Masjid Tanah, Jasin, ...
See also:Melaka, Melaka - Geography, Melaka - Demographics, Melaka - History, Melaka - Sultanate of Malacca, Melaka - Colonization, Melaka - State government, Melaka - Culture and economy, Melaka - Popular historical attractions, Melaka - Transport Read more here: » Melaka: Encyclopedia II - Melaka - Demographics |
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