1320

The Moorish portion of the Alhambra resembles many medieval Christian strongholds in its threefold arrangement as a castle, a palace and a residential annexe for subordinates. The Alcazaba or citadel, its oldest part, is built on the isolated and precipitous foreland which terminates the plateau on the north-west. Only its massive outer walls, towers and ramparts are left. On its watch-tower, the Torre de la Vela, 25 m (85 ft high), the flag of Ferdinand and Isabella was first raised, in token of the Spanish conquest of Granada, on Ja ...

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Alhambra, Alhambra - Overview, Alhambra - History, Alhambra - Setting, Alhambra - A tour of the Alhambra, Alhambra - Miscellaneous

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Abulfeda was born at Damascus, where his father Malik ul-Afdal, brother of the prince of Hamah, had fled from the Mongols. He was a descendant of Ayyub, the father of Saladin. In his boyhood he devoted himself to the study of the Qur'an and the sciences, but from his twelfth year was almost constantly engaged in military expeditions, chiefly against the crusaders. In 1285 he was present at the assault of a stronghold of the Knights of St. John, and took part in the sieges of Tripoli, Acre and Qal'at ar-Rum. In 1298 he en ...

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Abu al-Fida, Abu al-Fida - Life, Abu al-Fida - Works

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1380 The city of Sofia (Bulgaria) is taken by the Ottoman Empire (Turks). Battle of Kulikovo - Russian forces under Grand Prince Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow defeat a mixed army of Tatars and Mongols (the Golden Horde), stopping their advance at Kulikovo. Charles V of France dies and is succeeded by his son Charles VI who reigned until 1422. Haakon VI of Norway dies and is succeeded by his son Olaf III of Denmark as Olaf IV of Norway. Iceland, as a part of Norway passes under the Danish crown. ...

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1380s, 1380s - Events and Trends, 1380s - Births, 1380s - Deaths

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There are findings that show that people were living in the area of the canton of Schwyz thousands of years ago. Many of these findings are concentrated in the north of the canton, in the area of Hurden and Freienbach on Lake Zürich. Many of the findings date back 5000 years. Stone and bronze tools were recovered from these sites. About 1400 years ago, the Allemanni settled in the area of the canton. This influenced agriculture and the way of living of the locals. Christianity only arrived in the area by the late 7th century. There are churches in Tu ...

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Canton of Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz - Geography, Canton of Schwyz - History, Canton of Schwyz - Economy, Canton of Schwyz - Demographics, Canton of Schwyz - Districts and municipalities

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Recovered Territories - Prehistory. The areas of today's Poland, including the Recovered Territories, were first described by Tacitus in 98 AD in his book Germania. He described the many tribes living in Eastern Europe, including the Baltic, Germanic, Finnic, Venetic and Celtic peoples. With the ongoing tribal migrations of the Migrations period and invasions of tribes from the Asian steppes, many inhabitants of today's Poland, particularly around the Baltic Sea, moved westwards and southwards an ...

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Recovered Territories, Recovered Territories - Brief history of Recovered Territories, Recovered Territories - Prehistory, Recovered Territories - Beginning of Polish state, Recovered Territories - Poland fragmented and re-united, Recovered Territories - Expansion of Prussia-Brandenburg, Recovered Territories - Poland restored and shifted, Recovered Territories - Potsdam conference aftermath, Recovered Territories - Border question during WW2, Recovered Territories - Arguments over rights to Recovered Territories, Recovered Territories - Theory of Polish historical rights

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According to Virgil's Aeneid (vii.1–9), Caieta was Aeneas’ wet-nurse, whom he buried here. According to Strabo the name stemmed from the Greek kaiétas, which means "cave", probably referring to the several harbours. In the classical age Caieta, like the neighbouring Formia and Sperlonga, was a tourist resort and site of the seaside villas of many important and rich characters of Rome. Like the other Roman resorts, Caieta was linked to the capital of the Empire by Via Appia and its end trunk Via Flacca (or Valeria), through an apposite ...

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Gaeta, Gaeta - History, Gaeta - Main sights, Gaeta - Culture

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Edward III of England - The sons and the Wars of the Roses. The Wars of the Roses were a civil war over the throne of England fought among the descendants of King Edward III through his five surviving adult sons. Each branch of the family had competing claims through seniority, legitimacy, and/or the gender of their ancestors. (1) Edward, the Black Prince ...

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Edward III of England, Edward III of England - Early life, Edward III of England - Early reign, Edward III of England - The Hundred Years' War, Edward III of England - Domestic events and personal life, Edward III of England - Issue, Edward III of England - The sons and the Wars of the Roses, Edward III of England - The daughters, Edward III of England - External link

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Background From 1835 until late 19th century, violent disturbances surfaced from time to time in different parts of Malabar, particularly in Eranad and Valluvanad, and the adjoining areas, which included Perinthalmanna. These disturbances and uprisings were basically agrarian unrest. After these disturbances subsided, relative peace returned to large areas currently comprising the state of Kerala. Malabar came under the direct administrative control of the British r ...

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Perinthalmanna, Perinthalmanna - Current statistics, Perinthalmanna - Origin of the name, Perinthalmanna - Historic Perinthalmanna, Perinthalmanna - British period, Perinthalmanna - Tourist spots, Perinthalmanna - Pilgrim centres

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see also: List of Italian painters Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), architect Fra Angelico (1387-1445), (Giovanni da Fiesole) Baccio D'Agnolo (c. 1460-1543), sculptor, wood-carver, and architect Sisto Badalocchio (1581- c. 1647), painter and engraver Alessio Baldovinetti (1427-1499) Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510), painter Donato Bramante (1444-1514), architect Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), painter,sculptor, architect, and poet Leonetto Cappiel ...

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List of Italians, List of Italians - Scientists, List of Italians - Explorers, List of Italians - Politicians, List of Italians - Writers, List of Italians - Cartoonists, List of Italians - Actors and actresses, List of Italians - Film directors, List of Italians - Artists, List of Italians - Sculptors, List of Italians - Architects, List of Italians - Musicians, List of Italians - Composers, List of Italians - Conductors Direttori, List of Italians - Sports personalities, List of Italians - Other

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Four years after Mu'izzu'd-Din's ascension, the Ilkhan Abu Sa'id died, following which the Ilkhanate quickly fragmented. Mu'izzu'd-Din, for his part, allied with Togha Temur, a claimant to the Ilkhanid throne, and paid tribute to him. Up until his death, Mu'izzu'd-Din's main concern were the neighboring Sarbadars, centered in Sabzavar. As the Sarbadars were the enemies of Togha Temur, they considered the Kartids a threat and invaded. When the Kartids and Sarbadars met in battle at Zava on July 18, 1342, the battle was initially in the favor ...

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Kartids, Kartids - Rise to Power, Kartids - 1278-1307, Kartids - 1307-1331, Kartids - 1331-1370, Kartids - Fall 1370-1383

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Galloway comprises that part of Scotland southwards from the Southern Upland watershed and westward from the River Nith. Tradionally it has been described as stretching from "the braes of Glenapp to the Nith". Three main river valleys, the Urr, the Ken/Dee, and the Cree, all running north-south, provide much of the good arable land, although there is also some arable land on the coast. Generally however the landscape is rugged and much of the soil is shallow. The generally south slope and southern coast make for mild and wet ...

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Galloway, Galloway - Geography and Landform, Galloway - Name, Galloway - Prehistory, Galloway - Rerigonium, Galloway - Anglians, Galloway - The Gallgaidhill, Galloway - Fergus of Galloway, Galloway - Medieval History, Galloway - Reference

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He was the eldest son of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg and his wife Margaret of Brabant. In 1310 John married Elizabeth of Bohemia and thereby became king of Bohemia and so one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire. He retained his crown even after her death in 1330. He then married Beatrix, daughter of Louis I, Duke of Bourbon. He was killed fighting (though blind) alongside the French against the English at the Battle of Crecy, during which he was strapped to two other knights. He was succeeded as king of Bohemia by his eldest s ...

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John I Count of Luxemburg, John I Count of Luxemburg - Life, John I Count of Luxemburg - Family and children

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John Menteith - Criticism. Lord Hailes and Sheriff Mark Napier, a descendant of Sir John Menteith, discredit the story citing tradition and Blind Harry's allegation as the only evidence supporting the charge of betrayal. John Hill Burton, Historiographer-Royal for Scotland, contends that the betrayal story is merely "part of the romance of Wallace's career that he was betrayed by a fellow countryman and an old companion in arms." Even if the betrayal story is true, Burton says that Menteith would be excused from the nature of his governance for he was the responsible custodier of Dumbarton C ...

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John Menteith, John Menteith - Betrayal of William Wallace, John Menteith - Criticism, John Menteith - Evidence, John Menteith - Sources

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The arrangement of justices north and south of Trent did not become fixed until 1236. John Marshall (apptd. November 8, 1217), justice of the forest of all England Brian de l'Isle (apptd. March 6, 1220), justice of the forest of all England Hugh de Neville (apptd. April 29, 1224), justice of the forest of all England Brian de l'Isle (apptd. October 8, 1229), justice of the forest in the counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, York, Lancaster, Derby, Lincoln, Rutland, Northampton, Buckingham, Essex, Cam ...

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Justice in Eyre, Justice in Eyre - Early Justices, Justice in Eyre - Justices in Eyre north of the Trent, Justice in Eyre - Justices in Eyre south of the Trent, Justice in Eyre - Source

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Declaration of Independence of Guinea-Bissau (1973) - Guinea-Bissau, formerly Portuguese Guinea, declared independence from Portugal in 1973. The declaration was recognized by many countries. Portugal formally granted independence in 1974. East Timorese Declaration of Independence (1975) - East Timor, formerly Portuguese Timor, declared independence from Portugal on November 28. The declaration was recognized by several Communist (Marxist-Leninist) and Third World nations, including the P ...

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Declaration of independence, Declaration of independence - Overview, Declaration of independence - List of UDIs, Declaration of independence - Possible future UDI in Quebec, Declaration of independence - Independence without a UDI

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The Kingdom of Scotland was united in 843, by King Kenneth I of Scotland. Over the next 850 years it developed its own legal and educational systems, as it still does today, as well as a seperate monetary and measures systems. At first the kingdom corresponded to north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde. Southwest Scotland remained under the control of the Strathclyde Britons. Southeast Scotland was under the control from around 638 of the proto-English kingdom of Bernicia, then of the Kingdom of Northumbria. This part of Scotland was contested f ...

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Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of Scotland - Government, Kingdom of Scotland - History, Kingdom of Scotland - Union with England

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The Declaration made a number of much-debated rhetorical points: that Scotland had always been independent, indeed for longer than England, that Edward I of England had unjustly attacked Scotland and perpetrated atrocities, that Robert I of Scotland had delivered the Scottish nation from this peril, and, most controversially, that the independence of Scotland was the prerogative of the Scots people, rather than the King of Scots. In fact it stated that the nobility would choose someone else to be king if the current o ...

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Declaration of Arbroath, Declaration of Arbroath - Overview, Declaration of Arbroath - Influence

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There are three species of European cockchafers: The Common Cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha The Forest Cockchafer, Melolontha hippocastani Melolontha pectoralis (Megerle von Mühlfeld 1812; or Germar 1824), which is very rare and occurs only in south-western Germany. The cockchafer should not be confused with the similar European Chafer (Rhizotrogus majalis), which has a completely different life cycle, nor with the June Beetles (Phyllophaga spp.) ...

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Cockchafer, Cockchafer - Taxonomy, Cockchafer - Description, Cockchafer - Life cycle, Cockchafer - Pest control and History

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In international law, unilateral declarations of independence are generally frowned upon, since preservation of territory is one of the few things that the countries of the world universally agree upon. Declaring independence or supporting such a declaration is seen as a hostile act that may easily lead to war. Money is often an important factor when one state attempts to succeed another, with control of important resources such as ports, oil fields or strategic towns or geographic features leading to dispute. If a government has extremely l ...

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Declaration of independence, Declaration of independence - Overview, Declaration of independence - List of UDIs, Declaration of independence - Possible future UDI in Quebec, Declaration of independence - Independence without a UDI

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Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 13th century. In 1237 the Teutonic Knights absorbed the Order of the Sword Knights (established 1202 in Livonia), increasing their lands by the territories of today's Latvia and Estonia. In 1243, the Papal legate William of Modena divided Prussia into four bishoprics, Chełmno Land, Pomesania, Warmia , and Sambia under the archbishopric of Riga under the mother city of Visby on Gotland. See also:

Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - History, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 13th century, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 14th century, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 15th century, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 16th century

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The first written mention of Chełmno is known from a document allegedly issued in 1065 by Duke Boleslaus I of Poland for the Benedictine monastery in Mogilno. In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to Chełmno Land (Kulmerland). In 1233 Chełmno was granted city rights known as "Chełmno rights" (renewed in 1251), the model system for over 200 Polish towns. The town grew prosperous as a member of the mercantile Hanseatic League. Chełmno and Chełmno Land were part of the Teutonic Knights' state until 1466, whe ...

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Chełmno, Chełmno - History, Chełmno - Historical names, Chełmno - Monuments, Chełmno - External link

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Charles restored order by absolute rule. The Diet was still summoned occasionally at very irregular intervals, but the real business of the state was transacted in the royal council, where able men of the middle class, 70 percent of them Italians, held trusted positions. To impose limitations on the barons, the lesser gentry were protected against the tyranny of the magnates, encouraged to appear at court and taxed for military service by the royal treasury so as to draw them closer to the crown. The court was fam ...

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Charles I of Hungary, Charles I of Hungary - Life, Charles I of Hungary - Reign, Charles I of Hungary - Deterioration of the southern frontier, Charles I of Hungary - Other names, Charles I of Hungary - External link

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