1320

He was the oldest son of Stefan of Decani and Theodora, daughter of Bulgarian tsar Smilets. Early in his life he visited Constantinople, in which as a child he spent around seven years (1314–1320). There he learned Greek, gained an understanding of Greek life and culture, and got a clear sense of the Greek empire. He himself was more a soldier than a diplomat: as a youngster he excelled in two battles: in 1329 he beat Bosnian ban Stjepan Kotromanić, and in 1330 Bulga ...

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Stefan Dušan, Stefan Dušan - Biography, Stefan Dušan - Reference, Stefan Dušan - Sources

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For more detail on this period see Prehistoric Scotland. People lived in Scotland for at least 8500 years before recorded history dealt with Britain. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000 – 70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, though archaeologists have found no traces of this. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice ...

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History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland

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Wars of Scottish Independence - Background to the war: 1286-92. King Alexander III of Scotland died in 1286, leaving his three-year old grand-daughter Margaret (called 'the Maid of Norway') as his heir. In 1290, the Guardians of Scotland signed the Treaty of Birgham agreeing to the marriage of the Maid of Norway and Edward of Caernarvon, the son of Edward I, who was Margaret's great-uncle. This marriage would create a union between Scotland and England. The Scots insisted that the Treaty declare that Scotland was separate and divided from England and that ...

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Wars of Scottish Independence, Wars of Scottish Independence - The First War of Independence: 1296-1328, Wars of Scottish Independence - Background to the war: 1286-92, Wars of Scottish Independence - Beginning of the war: 1296–1306, Wars of Scottish Independence - King Robert the Bruce: 1306–1314, Wars of Scottish Independence - From Bannockburn to Edinburgh-Northampton: 1314–1328, Wars of Scottish Independence - The Second War of Independence: 1332–1357

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History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early history. The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name Ibrahim ibn Jakub was the first chronicler to mention the Polish state under the rule of prince Mieszko I. The first actual mention of Jews in ...

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History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early period: 966-1385, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early history, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early persecutions: 1266-1279, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Prosperity in a Reunited Poland: 1320-1385, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - The Jagiellon era: 1385-1572, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Persecutions of 1385-1492, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Influx of Jews fleeing persecution: 1492-1548, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Golden Age Under Sigismund and Sigusmund II

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The Mongols under Kublai who fully conquered China had theoretical suzerainty over the entire Mongol Empire, but this became nominal even during Kubilai's reign itself. Sechen Khan (Khubilai) (1280-1294) Öljeyitü Khan (Temür) (1295-1307) Külüg Khan (Khayishan) (1307-1311) Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada) (1311-1320) Gegeen Khan (Sidibala) (1320-1323) Yesün Temür Khan (1323-1328) Ragibagh Khan (1328) Khutughtu Khan (Khoshila) (1328-1329) Jayaatu Khan (Tugh Temür) (1328-1329) and (1329-1332) Rinchinbal Khan (1332-1333)See also:

List of Mongol Khans, List of Mongol Khans - Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire, List of Mongol Khans - Yuan Dynasty, List of Mongol Khans - Il Khanate, List of Mongol Khans - Golden Horde, List of Mongol Khans - Chagatai Khanate, List of Mongol Khans - Successors to the Yüan in Mongolia Northern Yuan, List of Mongol Khans - Outer Mongolia

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The Polanes, first mentioned in the 10th century chronicles of Ibrahim ibn Jakub , were up until then a part of the Czechs. The Polanes tribes came into Silesia at the Odra river, where the German kings and emperors had affirmed the rule of the Moravian and Bohemian dukes. In 966 the German emperor Otto I the Great affirmed the ducal title held by the Polanes leader Mieszko I. Mieszko, born circa 930, and later his son Boleslaw I Chrob ...

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History of Poland 966–1385, History of Poland 966–1385 - The Middle Ages, History of Poland 966–1385 - Early Kingdom of Poland 1025-1138, History of Poland 966–1385 - Fragmentation and Invasion 1138-1295, History of Poland 966–1385 - The Kingdom of Later Piasts 1295-1370, History of Poland 966–1385 - Late Piast Dynasty and reunification, History of Poland 966–1385 - Angevin Poland, History of Poland 966–1385 - Integration into European Civilization, History of Poland 966–1385 - Reference

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Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Early history. This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants (who included the Radhanites) also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name Ibrahim ib ...

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Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Early period: 966-1385, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Early history, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Early persecutions: 1266-1279, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Prosperity in a Reunited Poland: 1320-1385, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - The Jagiellon era: 1385-1572, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Persecutions of 1385-1492, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Influx of Jews fleeing persecution: 1492-1548, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Golden Age Under Sigismund and Sigusmund II, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572-1795, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Jewish learning and culture during the early Polish-Lithuanian Commonweath, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - The beginning of decline, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Cossacks' Uprising

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The experience of the Jews varied from country to country and from time to time. Extensive main articles exist about many areas of Jewish history: Jewish history - Africa. Main articles: African Jew, and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Jewish history, Jewish history - Ancient Jewish History through 50 CE, Jewish history - Ancient Israelites, Jewish history - Exilic and Post-Exilic Periods, Jewish history - The Hasmonean Kingdom, Jewish history - The diaspora, Jewish history - Jews in the Middle Ages 50 CE through 1700 CE, Jewish history - Europe, Jewish history - Spain North Africa and the Middle East, Jewish history - The European Enlightenment and Haskalah 1700-1800s, Jewish history - 1800s, Jewish history - 1900s, Jewish history - Jewish history by country or region, Jewish history - Africa, Jewish history - Algeria, Jewish history - Australia, Jewish history - Austria, Jewish history - Canada, Jewish history - Carpathia and Ruthenia, Jewish history - China, Jewish history - England, Jewish history - Egypt, Jewish history - Ethiopia, Jewish history - France, Jewish history - Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Jewish history - Greece, Jewish history - Holland Dutch Provinces, Jewish history - Hungary, Jewish history - India, Jewish history - Iraq and Babylonia, Jewish history - Ireland, Jewish history - Israel, Jewish history - Italy the Papal States and the Italian Duchies, Jewish history - Latin America, Jewish history - Lithuania, Jewish history - Morocco, Jewish history - The Netherlands, Jewish history - Ottoman Empire, Jewish history - Persia and Iran, Jewish history - Poland, Jewish history - Portugal, Jewish history - Russia and the former Soviet Union, Jewish history - Spain, Jewish history - South Africa, Jewish history - Tunisia, Jewish history - Turkey, Jewish history - United States, Jewish history - Yemen, Jewish history - References and further reading

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Arbroath - Smokies. The local specialty, genuine Arbroath Smokies are made from haddock using traditional methods dating back to the late 1800s. The fish are first salted overnight to preserve them, before being left tied in pairs to drouth (Scots for dry). Next, the dried fish are hung in a special barrel containing a hardwood fire and covered with a lid. After around an hour of smoking, the fish are golden brown and ready to eat. The preparation of Smokies remains a cottage industry in Arbroath, centred exclusively at the harbour area, known in Scot ...

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Arbroath, Arbroath - History of Arbroath, Arbroath - Early history, Arbroath - The harbour, Arbroath - Arbroath culture and tradition, Arbroath - Smokies, Arbroath - Seafest, Arbroath - Abbey pageant, Arbroath - Arbroath in literature, Arbroath - Arbroath the football team, Arbroath - Places around Arbroath, Arbroath - Auchmithie, Arbroath - St Vigeans, Arbroath - Carmyllie, Arbroath - Signal Tower Museum, Arbroath - Bell Rock Lighthouse, Arbroath - Notable Arbroathians

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In August 1296 Bruce and his father swore fealty to Edward I of England at Berwick-upon-Tweed, but in breach of this oath, which had been renewed at Carlisle, the younger Robert joined in the Scottish revolt against Edward in the following year. Urgent letters were sent ordering Bruce to support Edward's commander, John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, (to whom Bruce was related), in the summer of 1297; but instead of complying, Bruce laid waste the lands of those who adhered to Edward. On July 7, Bruce and his friends were forced to make ter ...

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Robert I of Scotland, Robert I of Scotland - Background and early life, Robert I of Scotland - The beginning of the Wars of Independence, Robert I of Scotland - Excommunication and Coronation as King of Scots, Robert I of Scotland - From Scone to Bannockburn, Robert I of Scotland - Bruce and Ireland, Robert I of Scotland - Diplomacy, Robert I of Scotland - Family, Robert I of Scotland - Legends

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(partly on the territory of Estonia) Title: Elder (Vanem) (- 12th century) ...

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List of Estonian rulers, List of Estonian rulers - Vaddjamå, List of Estonian rulers - Metsapoole, List of Estonian rulers - Sakala, List of Estonian rulers - Alempois, List of Estonian rulers - Harjumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Jogentagan, List of Estonian rulers - Järvamaa, List of Estonian rulers - Läänemaa, List of Estonian rulers - Mõhu, List of Estonian rulers - Nurmekund, List of Estonian rulers - Soopoolitse, List of Estonian rulers - Ugandi, List of Estonian rulers - Vaiga, List of Estonian rulers - Virumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Hiiumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Revala, List of Estonian rulers - Saaremaa, List of Estonian rulers - Kievan Rus', List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Denmark, List of Estonian rulers - Bishopric of Dorpat, List of Estonian rulers - Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, List of Estonian rulers - Livonian Order, List of Estonian rulers - Kindom of Poland, List of Estonian rulers - Dynastia Jagiellonów, List of Estonian rulers - Rzeczpospolita, List of Estonian rulers - Dynastia Jagiellonów, List of Estonian rulers - House of Vasa, List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Sweden, List of Estonian rulers - House of Vasa, List of Estonian rulers - House of Pfalz, List of Estonian rulers - House of Hesse, List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Livonia, List of Estonian rulers - House of Oldenburg, List of Estonian rulers - Muscovy, List of Estonian rulers - House of Romanov, List of Estonian rulers - Russia, List of Estonian rulers - House of Romanov, List of Estonian rulers - Russian Provisional Government 1917, List of Estonian rulers - Republic of Velise, List of Estonian rulers - German State, List of Estonian rulers - Hohenzollern, List of Estonian rulers - Estland, List of Estonian rulers - Soviet Republic of Naissaar, List of Estonian rulers - Republic of Estonia, List of Estonian rulers - Baltic Duchy, List of Estonian rulers - Commune of the Working People of Estonia, List of Estonian rulers - Estonian SSR, List of Estonian rulers - Soviet Union, List of Estonian rulers - Great-German State

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De mensurabili musica, most likely written around 1240, is the single most important treatise in the early history of rhythmic notation, for it is the first to propose notation of rhythm. Specifically, it describes a practice already in use, known as modal rhythm, which used the rhythmic modes. In this system, notes on the page are assigned to groups of long and short values based on their context. De mensurabili musica describes six rhythmic modes, corresponding to poetic feet: long-short (trochee), short-long (iamb), long-sho ...

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Johannes de Garlandia, Johannes de Garlandia - Life and problems of identification, Johannes de Garlandia - Works, Johannes de Garlandia - References and further reading

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The Punjab presented a picture of chaos and confusion when Ranjit Singh took the control of Sukerchakias misal. The edifice of Ahmad Shah's empire in India had crumbled. Afghanistan was dismembered. Peshawar and Kashmir though under the suzerainty of Afghanistan had attained de facto independence. The Barakzais were now masters of these lands. Attock was ruled by Wazrikhels and Jhang lay at the feet of Sials. The Pathans ruled Kasur. Multa ...

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History of the Punjab, History of the Punjab - Introduction, History of the Punjab - Indo-Aryans, History of the Punjab - Vedic Punjab, History of the Punjab - Epic Punjab, History of the Punjab - Paninian Punjab, History of the Punjab - Persian Domination, History of the Punjab - Alexander's Invasion and the Indo-Greek kingdoms, History of the Punjab - Sakas Kushanas and Hephthalites, History of the Punjab - Muslim invasions and the Shahi Kingdom, History of the Punjab - The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal empire, History of the Punjab - The Rise of Sikh Power, History of the Punjab - The British in Punjab, History of the Punjab - The Punjab of India and Pakistan, History of the Punjab - Punjab History Timeline

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List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts. Piast Dynasty 9th cent. — Siemowit (disputable) 9th-10th cent. — Lestko (disputable) 10th cent. — Siemomysł (disputable) 960?-992 — Mieszko I (Duke) 992-1025 — Bolesław I the Brave (King in 1025) 1025-1031 — Mieszko II Lambert (1st reign, as King) 1031-1032 — Bezprym 1032-1034 — Mieszko II Lambert (2nd reign, as Duke) 1039-1058 — Kazimierz I the RestorerSee also:

List of Polish monarchs, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Fragmentation, List of Polish monarchs - Late Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons, List of Polish monarchs - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, List of Polish monarchs - Partitions 1795-1918, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, List of Polish monarchs - Duchy of Warsaw, List of Polish monarchs - Congress Kingdom, List of Polish monarchs - Grand Duchy of Poznań

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Jadwiga Angevin - Appearance. Jadwiga, who would die aged 25, was reputedly a blonde, blue-eyed beauty. An exhumation performed in 1949 showed her to have been unusually tall for a medieval woman (180 cm — about 5'11"), with no evidence of physical deformity or disability. Jadwiga Angevin - Childhood. Jadwiga was the youngest daughter of Louis the Great of the House of Capet-Anjou, King of Hungary and Poland, and of Elizabeth of Bosnia. Both Jadwiga's mother and Louis', Eliza ...

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Jadwiga Angevin, Jadwiga Angevin - Life, Jadwiga Angevin - Appearance, Jadwiga Angevin - Childhood, Jadwiga Angevin - Reign, Jadwiga Angevin - Death and inheritance, Jadwiga Angevin - Legends and veneration, Jadwiga Angevin - Legends, Jadwiga Angevin - Exhumations and sarcophagus, Jadwiga Angevin - Veneration

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He was the first-born son of Stefan of Decani and Theodora, daughter of Bulgarian tsar Smilets. Early in his life he visited Constantinople, in which as a child he spent around seven years (1314–1320). There he learned Greek, gained an understanding of Greek life and culture, and got a clear sense of the Greek empire. He himself was more a soldier than a diplomat: as a youngster he excelled in two battles: in 1329 he beat Bosnian ban Stjepan Kotromanić, and in 1330 Bulga ...

See also:

Stefan Dušan, Stefan Dušan - Biography, Stefan Dušan - Reference, Stefan Dušan - Sources

Read more here: » Stefan Dušan: Encyclopedia II - Stefan Dušan - Biography

In 1249, Saint Louis IX of France was away on crusade, and had been defeated and captured at Cairo in Egypt. When news of this reached France the next year, both nobles and peasants were deeply distressed; the king was well-loved and it was inconceivable that such a pious man could be defeated by heathens. One of the outpourings of support took the form of a peasant movement in northern France, led by a man known only as "Le Maître de Hongrie," "the Master of Hungary." ...

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Shepherds' Crusade, Shepherds' Crusade - Shepherds' Crusade 1251, Shepherds' Crusade - Shepherd's Crusade 1320, Shepherds' Crusade - Sources, Shepherds' Crusade - 1251, Shepherds' Crusade - 1320

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King William gave the Abbey independence from its mother church and endowed it generously, including income from 24 parishes, land in every royal burgh and more. The Abbey's monks were allowed to run a market and build a harbour. King John of England gave the Abbey permission to buy and sell goods anywhere in England (except London) toll-free. The Abbey, which was the richest in Scotland, is most famous for its association with the 1320 Declaration of Arbroath, believed to have been drafted by Abbot Bernard de Linton, who was the C ...

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Arbroath Abbey, Arbroath Abbey - History, Arbroath Abbey - Architectural Description

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The text below is taken from the notes of a public talk 'History of the Brig o'Balgownie' given by Dr. Christopher P. Croly from the Archaeological Unit at Aberdeen City Council. Brig o' Balgownie - Origin of the bridge's name. The name Balgownie comes from the surrounding area, which from an early time was a barony. The name itself is of Gaelic origin, but is a source of some debate. Some authorities agree that the first part of the name, derived from Baile and means town.See also:

Brig o' Balgownie, Brig o' Balgownie - History, Brig o' Balgownie - Origin of the bridge's name, Brig o' Balgownie - Who built it, Brig o' Balgownie - Footnotes

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Clevedon was mentioned in the Domesday book (1086) as being a holding of a tenant in chief by the name of Mathew of Mortaigne, and was listed at that time as having eight villagers, and ten smallholders. St. Andrew's church, on a hill in the west of the town, was built in the thirteenth century AD, although there are thought to be Saxon foundations under the present building. It is the burial place of Arthur Hallam, subject of the poem In Memoriam by his friend Alfred Tennyson. Other literary figures associated with the town ar ...

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Clevedon, Clevedon - History, Clevedon - The modern town

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It is believed that about one hundred and fifty of his poems have survived, though many others have been attributed to him over the centuries. His main themes were love and nature. The influence of wider European ideas of courtly love, as exemplified in the troubador poetry of Provençal, is seen as a significant influence on Dafydd's poetry. He was an innovative poet who was responsible for popularising the metre known as "cywydd" and first to use it for praise. But perhaps his greatest innovation was to make himself the main focus o ...

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Dafydd ap Gwilym, Dafydd ap Gwilym - Life, Dafydd ap Gwilym - Poetry, Dafydd ap Gwilym - Sources/Bibliography

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Before the Dukes of Norfolk, there were the Bigod Earls of Norfolk, starting with Roger Bigod from Normandy (died 1107). Their male line ended with Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, who died without an heir in 1307, so their titles and estates reverted to the crown. Edward II then created his brother Thomas of Brotherton earl in 1312. It passed to his daughter Margaret, and then to her grandson Thomas Mowbray. When King Richard II created Thomas Mowbray duke in 1397, he conferred upon him the estates and titles (including Earl Marshal ...

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Duke of Norfolk, Duke of Norfolk - History, Duke of Norfolk - Duties & Other Titles, Duke of Norfolk - Coat of Arms, Duke of Norfolk - Residences, Duke of Norfolk - The Dukes of Norfolk, Duke of Norfolk - Dukes of Norfolk first Creation 1397, Duke of Norfolk - Dukes of Norfolk second Creation 1481, Duke of Norfolk - Dukes of Norfolk third Creation 1483, Duke of Norfolk - Future Dukes of Norfolk, Duke of Norfolk - Knights of the Garter

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