1291

For broader historical context, see 1290s and 13th century. 1291 - Events. 1291 - Europe. In the spring of this year, Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set sail from Genoa with the goal of reaching India; they never return. May 10 - Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I of England in mediating resolution of the succession crisis created by the death of King Alexander III of Scotland five years prior. Early August - The Swiss Confederation is ...

Including:

• 1291 - Events
• 1291 - Europe
• 1291 - Asia
• 1291 - Births
• 1291 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1291: Encyclopedia - 1291

1291 - Europe. In the spring of this year, Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set sail from Genoa with the goal of reaching India; they never return. May 10 - Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I of England in mediating resolution of the succession crisis created by the death of King Alexander III of Scotland five years prior. Early August - The Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, the "three forest cantons. A purported enacting document, the Federal ...

See also:

1291, 1291 - Events, 1291 - Europe, 1291 - Asia, 1291 - Births, 1291 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1291: Encyclopedia II - 1291 - Events

1361 - Events. Founding of the University of Pavia, Italy. 1361 - Births. February 26 - Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (died 1419) John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont, Constable of Dover Castle (died 1396) 1361 - Deaths. March 24 - Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster, English soldier and diplomat June 9 - Philippe de Vitry, French composer (born 1291) June 15 - Johanne ...

Including:

• 1361 - Events
• 1361 - Births
• 1361 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1361: Encyclopedia - 1361

Note that historical confederations, especially those that predate the 20th century, may not fit the current definition of a confederation and may show some qualities that are today recognized as those of a federation. Crown of Aragon (1137–1716) Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) (different governments, armies, treasuries, laws, territories with borders, citizenships; common monarch (Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland), parliament (Seimas,Sejm) and currency) Switzerland (1291–1848) < ...

See also:

Confederation, Confederation - Confederation vs. federation, Confederation - Confederation as an event, Confederation - Confederation day, Confederation - List of entities considered to be confederations, Confederation - Fictional confederations

Read more here: » Confederation: Encyclopedia II - Confederation - List of entities considered to be confederations

Beirut (Arabic: بيروت, transliterated Bayrūt - the French name, Beyrouth, was also commonly used in English in the past) is the capital, largest city and chief seaport of Lebanon. Beirut is the home of about 1.8 million people (2.1 million if the surrounding metropolitan areas are included), and is the commercial, banking and financial center of the region. Beirut was known as "The Paris of the East" prior to the civil war because of its cosmopolitan atmosphere. Th ...

Including:

• Beirut - Religion
• Beirut - Colleges and Universities
• Beirut - Geography
• Beirut - Transportation
• Beirut - Tourism
• Beirut - History
• Beirut - Reference
• Beirut - Movies/Documentary

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The Basilica of the Holy House, or Chiesa della Casa Santa, is a Catholic place of pilgrimage in Loreto (AN), Italy. Chiesa della Casa Santa Loreto - Basilica of the Holy House. The basilica is a Late Gothic structure continued by Giuliano da Maiano, Giuliano da Sangallo and Bramante. The handsome façade of the church was erected under Sixtus V, who fortified Loreto and gave it the privileges of a town (1586); his colossal statue stands in the middle of the flight of steps in front. Over the ...

Including:

• Chiesa della Casa Santa Loreto - Basilica of the Holy House
• Chiesa della Casa Santa Loreto - The Santa Casa

Read more here: » Chiesa della Casa Santa Loreto: Encyclopedia - Chiesa della Casa Santa Loreto

The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Sultante المماليك البحرية was a Mamluk dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. Their name means 'of the sea', referring to them ruling from al-Manyal island in the Nile (Bahr al-Nil) off Cairo. In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub died, the Mamluks owned by sultan killed his owner's heir, and the Mamluk general Aybak (who ruled 1250 - 1257) married Shajar al-Dur ...

Including:

• Bahri dynasty - List of Bahri Sultans

Read more here: » Bahri dynasty: Encyclopedia - Bahri dynasty

Brunswick-Lüneburg was a historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. As the name implies, the main cities of this state were Brunswick and Lüneburg. Brunswick-Lüneburg - Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The state emerged from the inheritance of the first Saxon state of Henry the Lion in the late 12th century. Henry was deposed by the Emperor as Duke of Saxony, but retained various Lower Saxon lands which were inherited by his children as the Duchies of Brunswick and Lüneburg. The first duke of ...

Including:

• Brunswick-Lüneburg - Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
• Brunswick-Lüneburg - From Calenberg to Hanover
• Brunswick-Lüneburg - Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
• Brunswick-Lüneburg - Dukes of Brunswick and Lüneburg and Princes of Wolfenbüttel 1267 -1807
• Brunswick-Lüneburg - Dukes of Brunswick and Lüneburg 1813-1918
• Brunswick-Lüneburg - Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners of the Republic of Brunswick 1918-1919
• Brunswick-Lüneburg - Minister presidents of the Republic of Brunswick 1919-1946
• Brunswick-Lüneburg - Districts

Read more here: » Brunswick-Lüneburg: Encyclopedia - Brunswick-Lüneburg

Schwyz (German Schwyz) is a canton in central Switzerland between Lake Lucerne in the south and Lake Zurich in the north. In Schwyz, in the Museum of the Swiss Charters (Bundesbriefmuseum) the charter of 1291 is on display. North east of the town of Schwyz is the world-famous abbey of Einsiedeln. Brunnen is located on Lake Lucerne. Canton of Schwyz - Geography. The canton of Schwyz is located in central Switzerland. The river Sihl and the smaller Muota traverse the canton. ...

Including:

• Canton of Schwyz - Geography
• Canton of Schwyz - History
• Canton of Schwyz - Economy
• Canton of Schwyz - Demographics
• Canton of Schwyz - Districts and municipalities

Read more here: » Canton of Schwyz: Encyclopedia - Canton of Schwyz

The city of Worcester (pronounced /ˈwʊstə/) is a city and the county town of Worcestershire in England. The River Severn runs through the middle, with the city's large cathedral overlooking the river. Worcester - History. The site of Worcester was first used by the Roman Empire in the 1st century, linking Gloucester to Wroxeter. In AD 407 the village was thought to have been abandoned, only to be resurrected as a settlement in the mid 7th century by t ...

Including:

• Worcester - History
• Worcester - Politics
• Worcester - Industry and commerce
• Worcester - Education
• Worcester - University
• Worcester - Private Schools
• Worcester - State sixth forms
• Worcester - State high schools
• Worcester - State primary schools
• Worcester - Famous citizens
• Worcester - Culture and arts
• Worcester - Festivals and shows
• Worcester - Theatre
• Worcester - Religion
• Worcester - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Worcester: Encyclopedia - Worcester

Charles I of Hungary (Anjou France 1288 or 1291 - Visegrád, Hungary July 16, 1342), also called Charles Robert, Carobert and Charles I Robert, was the king of Hungary from August 27, 1310. He was the grandson of King Charles II of Naples, son of Charles Martel d'Anjou and Clemencia, daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph I. Charles I of Hungary - Life. Known as Charles Robert prior to his enthronment as King of Hungary in 1309, Charles claimed the Hungarian crown as the grea ...

Including:

• Charles I of Hungary - Life
• Charles I of Hungary - Reign
• Charles I of Hungary - Deterioration of the southern frontier
• Charles I of Hungary - Other names
• Charles I of Hungary - External link

Read more here: » Charles I of Hungary: Encyclopedia - Charles I of Hungary

Charles II, known as the Lame (Fr. le Boiteux) (born c. 1248, died 5 May 1309, Naples) was the King of Naples and Sicily, titular king of Jerusalem, and Prince of Salerno. He was a son of Charles I of Naples. He had been captured by Roger of Lauria in the naval battle at Naples in 1284. When his father died, he was still a prisoner of Peter III of Aragon. In 1288 King Edward I of England mediated to make peace, and Charles was liberated only to retain Naples alone. Sicily was left to the Aragonese. Charles ...

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Bengal, known as Bôngo (Bengali: বঙ্গ), Bangla (বাংলা), Bôngodesh (বঙ্গদেশ), or Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) in Bangla (Bengali), is a region in the northeast of South Asia. Today it is mainly divided between the independent country of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, although some regions of the previous state of Bengal (during local monarchial regimes and British rule) are part of the Indian states of Bihar, Tripura and Orissa. Bengal ...

Including:

• Bengal - History
• Bengal - Early History
• Bengal - Muslim Rule
• Bengal - British Rule
• Bengal - Independence
• Bengal - Rulers of Bengal
• Bengal - Pala Dynasty
• Bengal - Sena Dynasty
• Bengal - Ilyas Dynasty
• Bengal - Ganesa Dynasty
• Bengal - Ilyas Dynasty
• Bengal - Habshis Dynasty
• Bengal - Husaini Dynasty
• Bengal - Suri Dynasty
• Bengal - Karani Kararani Dynasty
• Bengal - Nawabs of Bengal
• Bengal - Maps during British rule on external sites

Read more here: » Bengal: Encyclopedia - Bengal

August 1 is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. August 1 - Events. 527 - Justinian I becomes Byzantine Emperor. 607 - Ono no Imoko is dispatched as envoy to the Sui court in China (Traditional Japanese date: July 3, 607). 1291 - The Swiss Confederation is formed. 1492 - Ferdinand and Isabella drive the Jews out of Spain. 1461 - Edward IV is crowned king of England. 1498 - Christop ...

Including:

• August 1 - Events
• August 1 - Births
• August 1 - Deaths
• August 1 - Holidays and observances

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This entry contains a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. Note that all dates are given according to the Common Era (Christian), not the Jewish calendar. For more detailed information on Jewish history, including links to individual country histories, see Jewish history. Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history. A separate article exists on the timeline of Biblical characters and the Israelites. See the entry on the history of ancient Israel and Judah. Note, however, that the ...

Including:

• Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history
• Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history
• Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE
• Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today

Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia - Timeline of Jewish history

The largest, and most powerful of the Christian military orders, the Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon, originally named The Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple which is in Jerusalem is widely known as the Knights Templar. It was founded in 1118, in the aftermath of the First Crusade of 1096, to help the new Kingdom of Jerusalem maintain itself against its hostile Muslim neighbors, and to ensure the safety of the large numbers of European pilgrims who flowed towards Jerusalem after its conquest.Including:

• Knights Templar - Organization
• Knights Templar - History
• Knights Templar - Banking
• Knights Templar - Suppression
• Knights Templar - Charges of heresy
• Knights Templar - Claims of descent and revival
• Knights Templar - Legends
• Knights Templar - Grand Masters from 1118 to 1314
• Knights Templar - Places associated with the Knights Templar

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The Swiss Confederation or Switzerland (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica) is a landlocked federal republic in Europe, bordering Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. The country has a strong tradition of political and military neutrality, but also of international cooperation, and is home to many international organisations. Confoederatio Helvetica is the Latin official name. The use of Latin avoids having to choose one of the four official languages. The abbreviation (CH) is similarly used; for ...

Including:

• Switzerland - History
• Switzerland - Politics
• Switzerland - Direct democracy
• Switzerland - Energy politics
• Switzerland - Cantons states
• Switzerland - Geography
• Switzerland - Economy
• Switzerland - Demographics
• Switzerland - Culture

Read more here: » Switzerland: Encyclopedia - Switzerland

A confederation is an association of sovereign states, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. Confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defence, foreign affairs, foreign trade, and a common currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all members. A confederation, in modern political terms, is usually limited to a permanent union of sovereign states for common action in relation to other states^Including:

• Confederation - Confederation vs. federation
• Confederation - Confederation as an event
• Confederation - Confederation day
• Confederation - List of entities considered to be confederations
• Confederation - Fictional confederations

Read more here: » Confederation: Encyclopedia - Confederation

Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. Their principal roles were as: Kings of Germany, (several centuries to 1806), mostly also crowned as Holy Roman Emperors, and Rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282–1453, archdukes 1453–1804, and emperors 1804–1918), Kings of Croatia (1527–1918), Kings of Hungary (1437–1918), Kings of Spain (1516–1700), Kings of Portugal (1580–1640),Including:

• Habsburg - A brief history of the House of Habsburg
• Habsburg - From Counts of Habsburg to Holy Roman Emperors
• Habsburg - Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine: the Austrian Empire
• Habsburg - Main Line
• Habsburg - Ancestors
• Habsburg - Counts of Habsburg
• Habsburg - Kings of Germany
• Habsburg - Dukes of Austria
• Habsburg - Albertine line: Dukes of Austria
• Habsburg - Leopoldine line: Dukes of Styria Carinthia Tyrol
• Habsburg - Reuniting of Habsburg possessions
• Habsburg - Main Line: Holy Roman Emperors Archdukes of Austria
• Habsburg - Spanish Habsburgs: Kings of Spain Kings of Portugal 1580-1640
• Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors Archdukes of Austria
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine Lothringen main line: Holy Roman Emperors Archdukes of Austria
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Emperors of Austria
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Heads of the House of Habsburg post-monarchy
• Habsburg - Burials
• Habsburg - Habsburgs as Kings of Hungary
• Habsburg - Albertine line: Kings of Hungary
• Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Hungary
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Kings of Hungary
• Habsburg - Habsburgs as Kings of Bohemia
• Habsburg - Main line: Kings of Bohemia
• Habsburg - Albertine line: Kings of Bohemia
• Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Bohemia
• Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Kings of Bohemia
• Habsburg - Habsburgs as Queens Consort of France
• Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs
• Habsburg - Spanish Habsburgs
• Habsburg - Habsburg-Lorraine

Read more here: » Habsburg: Encyclopedia - Habsburg

2 Population sans doubles comptes, i.e. not counting those people already counted in another commune (such as students and military personal). Aix (IPA: /ɛks/), or, to distinguish it from other cities built over hot springs, Aix-en-Provence is a city in southern France, some 30 km north of Marseille. It is located in the Provence region, in the Bouches-du-Rhône département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. Population ...

Including:

• Aix-en-Provence - History
• Aix-en-Provence - Geography
• Aix-en-Provence - Highlights
• Aix-en-Provence - Education
• Aix-en-Provence - Museums
• Aix-en-Provence - Economy
• Aix-en-Provence - Miscellaneous
• Aix-en-Provence - Births
• Aix-en-Provence - Twin towns

Read more here: » Aix-en-Provence: Encyclopedia - Aix-en-Provence