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1282 - Deaths | A Wisdom Archive on 1282 - Deaths | | 1282 - Deaths A selection of articles related to 1282 - Deaths | |
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1282, 1282 - Births, 1282 - Culture and natural disasters, 1282 - Deaths, 1282 - Events
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ARTICLES RELATED TO 1282 - Deaths | |
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| | |  1282 - Deaths: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Gwynedd - End of IndependenceFollowing the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in 1282, and the execution of his brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd the following year, eight centuries of independent rule by the house of Gwynedd came to an end, and the kingdom, which had long been one of the final holdouts to total English domination of Wales, was annexed to England. Under the terms of the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 the realm was broken up and re-organised into the English county model which created the traditional counties of Anglesey, Carnarvonshire, Merionethshire, Denbighshire and Flintshire. This administ ...
See also:Kingdom of Gwynedd, Kingdom of Gwynedd - Government, Kingdom of Gwynedd - Administration, Kingdom of Gwynedd - End of Independence, Kingdom of Gwynedd - List of Kings/Princes, Kingdom of Gwynedd - Fictional reference Read more here: » Kingdom of Gwynedd: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Gwynedd - End of Independence |
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| | | | 1282 - Deaths: Encyclopedia II - 1280s - War and politics
1280s - Europe.
1282 - March - Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother to Prince of Wales Llywelyn the Last, attacks an English castle; his brother feels compelled to support him despite poor preparation for war, quickly leading to the final English conquest of Wales by King Edward I of England.
1286 - Prussians settled in exile in Serbia stage a famous uprising.
1288 - June 5 - John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in the Battle of Worringen — one of the largest battles in ...
See also:1280s, 1280s - War and politics, 1280s - Europe, 1280s - The Mongol Empire sphere of influence, 1280s - The Mamluk Sultanate sphere of influence: the Middle East, 1280s - Culture, 1280s - Natural events, 1280s - Science literature and industry, 1280s - Civic laws and institutions, 1280s - Art and architecture, 1280s - Cities and institutions, 1280s - Religion, 1280s - Births, 1280s - Deaths Read more here: » 1280s: Encyclopedia II - 1280s - War and politics |
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| | | | 1282 - Deaths: Encyclopedia II - 1280s - Culture
1280s - Natural events.
1280 - The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins (approximate date).
1282 - The most recent eruption of Larderello, a volcano in southern Tuscany, is observed.
1287 - December 14 - A fringing barrier between the North Sea and a shallow lake in Holland collapses during a heavy storm, causing the fifth largest flood in recorded history which creates the Zuider Zee inlet and kills over 50,000 people; it also gives sea access to Amsterdam, allowing its development as an ...
See also:1280s, 1280s - War and politics, 1280s - Europe, 1280s - The Mongol Empire sphere of influence, 1280s - The Mamluk Sultanate sphere of influence: the Middle East, 1280s - Culture, 1280s - Natural events, 1280s - Science literature and industry, 1280s - Civic laws and institutions, 1280s - Art and architecture, 1280s - Cities and institutions, 1280s - Religion, 1280s - Births, 1280s - Deaths Read more here: » 1280s: Encyclopedia II - 1280s - Culture |
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| | | | 1282 - Deaths: Encyclopedia II - Welsh nationalism - Conquest Through most of its history before the English conquest, Wales was divided into several kingdoms. From time to time, rulers such as Howell the Good and Rhodri the Great managed to unify the country, but their lands were divided on their deaths. By 1282, only Gwynedd stood out, whose ruler was accorded the title Prince of Wales. Following the defeat of Llywelyn the Last by Edward I Wales lost its last independent kingdom and became subject to the English crown, either directly or indirectly. It retained some vestiges of distinction from its neighbour howev ...
See also:Welsh nationalism, Welsh nationalism - Conquest, Welsh nationalism - Annexation, Welsh nationalism - Revolutionary ideas, Welsh nationalism - Nineteenth century, Welsh nationalism - Treachery of the Blue Books, Welsh nationalism - The influence of European nationalism, Welsh nationalism - Twentieth century, Welsh nationalism - Plaid Cymru, Welsh nationalism - Other nationalist parties and movements, Welsh nationalism - Violent nationalism, Welsh nationalism - Sources/Bibliography Read more here: » Welsh nationalism: Encyclopedia II - Welsh nationalism - Conquest |
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Buddhism
Enlightenment Dictionary on Earthly desires are enlightenment Earthly desires are enlightenment (Jpn.: bonno-soku-bodai) A Mahayana principle based on the view that earthly desires cannot exist independently on their own; therefore one can attain enlightenment without eliminating earthly desires. This contrasts with the Hinayana view that extinguishing earthly desires is a prerequisite for enlightenment. According to the Hinayana teachings, earthly desires and enlightenment are two independent and opposing factors, and the two cannot coexist; while the Mahayana teachings reveal that earthly desires are one with and inseparable from enlightenment. This is because all things, even earthly desires and enlightenment, are manifestations of the unchanging reality or truth-and thus are non-dual at their source. The Universal Worthy Sutra, an epilogue to the Lotus Sutra, states, "Without either cutting off earthly desires or separating themselves from the five desires, they can purify all their senses and wipe away all their offenses." T'ien-t'ai (538-597) says in Great Concentration and Insight, "The ignorance and dust of desires are enlightenment, and the sufferings of birth and death are nirvana." In The Record of the Orally Transmitted Teachings, Nichiren (1222-1282) states: "The idea of gradually overcoming delusions is not the ultimate meaning of the 'Life Span' chapter of the Lotus Sutra. You should understand that the ultimate meaning of this chapter is that ordinary mortals, just as they are in their original state of being, are Buddhas," and, "Today, when Nichiren and his followers recite the words Nam-myoho-renge-kyo, they are burning the firewood of earthly desires, summoning up the wisdom-fire of enlightenment." (See also: Earthly desires are enlightenment, Enlightenment, Buddhism Enlightenment, Buddhism Enlightenment Dictionary)
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Buddhism
Enlightenment Dictionary on Life Span of the Thus Come One chapter Life Span of the Thus Come One chapter (Jpn.: Nyorai-juryo-hon) Abbreviated as the "Life Span" chapter. The sixteenth chapter of the Lotus Sutra, in which Shakyamuni Buddha reveals that he originally attained enlightenment in the far distant past rather than in his present life in India as his listeners generally thought. The chapter title "The Life Span of the Thus Come One" means the duration of Shakyamuni's life as a Buddha, that is, how much time has passed since he originally attained Buddhahood. T'ien-t'ai (538-597) of China ranks it as the key chapter of the essential teaching, or the latter fourteen chapters of the sutra. The chapter opens with three exhortations and four entreaties, in which the Buddha three times admonishes the multitude to believe and understand his truthful words, and the assembly four times begs him to preach. Shakyamuni then says, "You must listen carefully and hear of the Thus Come One's secret and his transcendental powers." He proceeds to explain that, while all heavenly and human beings and asuras believe that he first attained enlightenment in his present lifetime under the bodhi tree, it has actually been an incalculable length of time since he attained enlightenment. He then offers a dramatic description of the magnitude of this immeasurably long period. He describes taking a vast number of worlds, grinding them to dust, and then traversing the universe, dropping a particle each time one passes an equally vast number of worlds. Having exhausted all the dust particles, one takes all the worlds traversed, whether they have received a dust particle or not, and grinds them to dust. Then Shakyamuni says: "Let one particle represent one kalpa. The time that has passed since I attained Buddhahood surpasses this by a hundred, a thousand, ten thousand, a million nayuta asamkhya kalpas." Commentaries on this chapter refer to this cosmically immense period as "numberless major world system dust particle kalpas." In the essential teaching of the Lotus Sutra, Shakyamuni thus refutes the view that he attained enlightenment for the first time in this life in India and reveals his original attainment of enlightenment in the remote past. T'ien-t'ai refers to this in The Words and Phrases of the Lotus Sutra and The Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sutra as "opening the near and revealing the distant," "casting off the transient and revealing the true," and "opening the transient and revealing the true." Here, "the transient" means Shakyamuni's transient status, and "the true" means his true identity. From his original attainment of Buddhahood, Shakyamuni declares, he has constantly been here in this saha world preaching the Law, appearing as many different Buddhas and using various means to save living beings. Though he says that he enters nirvana, he merely uses his death as a means to arouse in people the desire to seek a Buddha. He then illustrates this idea with the parable of the skilled physician and his sick children. In the parable, the children of a skilled physician have accidentally swallowed poison. Having lost their senses, they refuse the medicine their father offers them as an antidote. The father then goes off to a remote place and sends a message informing his children he has died. Shocked to their senses, the children take the medicine their father has left for them and are cured. The Buddha is compared to the father in this parable, living beings to the children who have drunk poison, and the Buddha's entry into nirvana to the father's report of his own death-an expedient means to arouse in people the aspiration for enlightenment. The chapter concludes with a verse section, which restates the important teachings of the preceding prose section. In Profound Meaning, T'ien-t'ai interprets the "Life Span" chapter as revealing the three mystic principles of the true cause (the cause for Shakyamuni's original attainment of enlightenment), the true effect (his original enlightenment), and the true land (the place where the Buddha lives and teaches). He interprets the passage "Originally I practiced the bodhisattva way ... " as indicating the stage of non-regression, or the eleventh of the fifty-two stages of bodhisattva practice, which he explained as the true cause that enabled Shakyamuni to attain Buddhahood. In answer to the question of what Shakyamuni practiced in order to reach the stage of non-regression, Nichiren (1222-1282) identified it as the Law of Nam-myoho-renge-kyo. (See also: Life Span of the Thus Come One chapter, Enlightenment, Buddhism Enlightenment, Buddhism Enlightenment Dictionary)
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