Encyclopedia - Ta-hsia: Encyclopedia - Ta-hsia
Ta-Hsia, or Daxia (Chinese: 大夏) is the name given in antiquity by the Chinese to the territory of Bactria. The name Ta-Hsia appears i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom
The Greco-Bactrians were a dynasty of Greek kings who controlled Bactria and Sogdiana, an area comprising today's northern Afghanistan an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom
The Indo-Greeks (or sometimes Greco-Indians) designate a series of Greek kings, who invaded and controlled parts of northwest and norther...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yuezhi: Encyclopedia - Yuezhi
Yuezhi (Chinese:月氏, also 月支, Wade-Giles: Yüeh-Chih) or Da Yuezhi (Chinese:大月氏, also 大月支, "Great Yuezhi") is the Chin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Geographic Expansion
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China. To the north, Euthydemus also ruled Sogdiana and Ferghana, and t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Geographic Expansion
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China. To the north, Euthydemus also ruled Sogdiana and Ferghana, and t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Demetrius Ii Nicator: Encyclopedia Ii - Demetrius Ii Nicator - Defeat And Captivity
In 139 BCE Parthian activity forced Demetrius to take action. He marched against Mithradates I, king of Parthia and was initially success...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - The Indo-greeks And Buddhism
Main article: Greco-Buddhism The Edicts of Ashoka, inscribed during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka (273-232 BCE), claim that the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yuezhi: Encyclopedia Ii - Yuezhi - Origins
The first known reference to the Yuezhi was made in 645 BCE by the Chinese economist Guan Zhong. He described the Yuezhi, or Niuzhi, as a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthia: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthia - Origins
The Parthians were members of the Parni tribe, a nomadic people of Iranian origin, who spoke an Iranian language and entered the Iranian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Religion
In addition to the worship of the Classical pantheon of the Greek deities found on their coins (Zeus, Herakles, Athena, Apollo...), the I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-scythians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-scythians - Indo-scythian Kingdoms
Indo-Scythians - Abiria to Surastrene. The first Indo-Scythian kingdom in the Indian subcontinent occupied the southern part of Pakista...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthian Empire - Origins
The Parthians were members of the Parni tribe, a nomadic people of Iranian origin, who spoke an Iranian language and entered the Iranian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-scythians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-scythians - Main Indo-scythian Rulers
Northwestern India: Maues, c. 90-60 BCE Coin Vonones, c. 75-65 BCE Coin Spalahores, c. 75-65 BCE Coin Spalarises, c. 60-57 BCE Coin Azes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthia: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthia - The Parthian Empire
Initially, ca. 250 BCE, a king named Arsaces established his dynasty's independence from Seleucid rule in remote areas of northern Iran i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthia: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthia - Expansion To India
Main article:Indo-Parthian Kingdom Also during the 1st century BCE, the Parthians started to make inroads into eastern territories that h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthia: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthia - Contact With China
The Chinese explorer Zhang Qian, who visited the neighbouring countries of Bactria and Sogdiana in 126 BCE, made the first known Chinese ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthia: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthia - Decline And Fall
The Armenian compromise served its purpose, but nothing in it covered the deposition of an Armenian king. After 110 CE, the Parthian king...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthia: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthia - Conflicts With Rome
In 53 BCE, the Roman general Crassus invaded Parthia, but was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae by a Parthian commander called Surena in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthia: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthia - Government
After the conquest of Media, Assyria, Babylonia and Elam, the Parthians had to organize their empire. The former elites of these countrie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - The Euthydemid Dynasty 230 Bce
Euthydemus overthrew Diodotus II around 230 BCE and started his dynasty. Euthydemus's control extended to Sogdiana, reaching and going be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Economy
Very little is known about the economy of the Indo-Greeks. The abundance of their coins would tend to suggest large mining operations, pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Armed Forces
The coins of the Indo-Greeks provide rich clues on their uniforms and weapons. Typical Hellenistic uniforms are depicted, with helmets be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Later History
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories. After around 100 BCE, Indian kings recovered the area of Mathura and Eastern Punjab east of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Enduring Legacy Of The Indo-greek Kingdom
From the 1st century CE, the Greek communities of central Asia and northwestern India lived under the control of the Kushan branch of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Art
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art. Main article: Greco-Buddhist art In general, the art of the Indo-Greeks is poorly do...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Culture
Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to show their support...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-scythians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-scythians - Indo-scythians In Ancient Indian Litterature
The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India, an extension on the name Saka used by the Persians to designate Scythians. From the time ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Usurpation Of Eucratides
Back in Bactria, Eucratides, either a general of Demetrius or an ally of the Seleucids, managed to overthrow the Euthydemid dynasty and e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Early History
Local turmoil preceded the invasion of northern India undertaken by Demetrius, son of the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus, circa 180 BCE. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Independence From The Seleucid Empire 250 Bce
The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was founded around 250 BCE when the Seleucid military governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana, named Diodot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Scythian And Kushan Invasions
From 130 BCE, Indo-European nomads (the Scythians and then the Yuezhi) started to invade Bactria from the north. In 125 BCE the Greco-Bac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yuezhi: Encyclopedia Ii - Yuezhi - Settlement In Transoxiana
The Yuezhi were visited by a Chinese mission, led by Zhang Qian in 126 BCE, that was seeking an offensive alliance with the Yuezhi to cou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yuezhi: Encyclopedia Ii - Yuezhi - The Yuezhi Exodus
The Yuezhi sometimes practiced the exchange of hostages with the Xiongnu, and at one time were hosts to Maodun (Ch:冒頓), son of the Xi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yuezhi: Encyclopedia Ii - Yuezhi - Invasion Of Bactria
Some time after 126 BCE, possibly disturbed by further incursions of rivals from the north, and apparently vanquished by the Parthian kin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yuezhi: Encyclopedia Ii - Yuezhi - Expansion Into The Hindu-kush
The area of the Hindu-Kush (Paropamisadae) was ruled by the western Indo-Greek king until the reign of Hermaeus (reigned c. 90–70 BCE)....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yuezhi: Encyclopedia Ii - Yuezhi - Founders Of The Kushan Empire
By the end of the 1st century BCE, one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi, the Kui-Shan (Ch: 貴霜, Guishang, origin of name Kushan adopte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthian Empire - Decline And Fall
The Armenian compromise served its purpose, but nothing in it covered the deposition of an Armenian king. After 110 CE, the Parthian king...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthian Empire - Expansion To India
Main article:Indo-Parthian Kingdom Also during the 1st century BCE, the Parthians started to make inroads into eastern territories that h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire
Initially, ca. 250 BCE, a king named Arsaces established his dynasty's independence from Seleucid rule in remote areas of northern Iran i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthian Empire - Government
After the conquest of Media, Assyria, Babylonia and Elam, the Parthians had to organize their empire. The former elites of these countrie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthian Empire - Contact With China
The Chinese explorer Zhang Qian, who visited the neighbouring countries of Bactria and Sogdiana in 126 BCE, made the first known Chinese ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Parthian Empire - Conflicts With Rome
In 53 BCE, the Roman general Crassus invaded Parthia, but was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae by a Parthian commander called Surena in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Independence From The Seleucid Empire 250 Bce
The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was founded by the Seleucid military governor of Bactria Diodotus around 250 BCE when he wrestled independence...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - The Euthydemid Dynasty 230 Bce
Euthydemus overthrew Diodotus II around 230 BCE and started his dynasty. Euthydemus's control extended to Sogdiana, reaching and going be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Indo-greeks In The Art Of Gandhara
The Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, beyond the omnipresence of Greek style and stylistic elements which might be simply considered as an ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - The Indo-greeks And Other Faiths
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism. The first known bilingual coins of the Indo-Greeks were issued by Agathocles around 180 BCE. These coins...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Aftermaths
From the 1st century CE, the Greek communities of central Asia and northwestern India lived under the control of the Kushan branch of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Main Indo-greek Kings Timeline And Territories
There were over 30 Indo-Greek kings, often in competition on different territories. Many of them are only known through their coins. Not ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-scythians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-scythians - Origins
The ancestors of the Indo-Scythians are thought to be Sakas (Scythian) tribes, originally settled in southern Siberia, in the Ili river a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - The Indo-greeks And Indian Culture
Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to show their support...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Historical Outline
The Indo-Greek kingdom was established by Demetrius, the son of the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus. Indo-Greek Kingdom - Occupation of N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Greek Culture In Bactria
The Greco-Bactrians were known for their high level of Hellenistic sophistication, and kept regular contact with both the Mediterranean a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Usurpation Of Eucratides
Back in Bactria, Eucratides, either a general of Demetrius or an ally of the Seleucids, managed to overthrow the Euthydemid dynasty and e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Nomadic Invasions
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - First Yueh-Chih expansion c. 162 BCE. According to the Han Chronicles, following a crushing defeat in 162 BCE ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Main Greco-bactrian Kings And Territories
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Diodotus. Territories of Bactria, Sogdiana, Ferghana, Arachosia: Diodotos I (reigned c. 250-240 BCE)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-scythians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-scythians - The Indo-scythians And Buddhism
The Indo-Scythians seem to have been followers of Buddhism, and many of their practices apparently continued those of the Indo-Greeks. I...   » Read the article