1260

For broader historical context, see 1260s and 13th century. 1260 - Events. 1260 - Europe. September 4 - The Senese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeats the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti. King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Styria from King Bela IV of Hungary in the Battle of Kressenbrunn. The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians defeat the Teutonic knights in the Battle of Durbe. The Duchy of Saxony is div ...

Including:

• 1260 - Events
• 1260 - Europe
• 1260 - Asia
• 1260 - Africa
• 1260 - Births
• 1260 - Deaths
• 1260 - In fiction

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1260 - Europe. September 4 - The Senese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeats the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti. King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Styria from King Bela IV of Hungary in the Battle of Kressenbrunn. The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians defeat the Teutonic knights in the Battle of Durbe. The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state. War breaks out in the Valais (today in Switzerland) as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion ...

See also:

1260, 1260 - Events, 1260 - Europe, 1260 - Asia, 1260 - Africa, 1260 - Births, 1260 - Deaths, 1260 - In fiction

Read more here: » 1260: Encyclopedia II - 1260 - Events

Location within Spain Cádiz is a coastal city in southwestern Spain and part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is the capital of the province of Cádiz. According to the 2004 census, the population of Cádiz proper is 133,242, while the population of the entire urban area is estimated to be 629,054. The city is located on a peninsula protruding into the Bay of Cádiz, part of much larger Gulf of Cádiz. Cádiz is of typical Andalusian character. The old part of Cádiz, commonly referred to as the Old C ...

Including:

• Cádiz - History
• Cádiz - Major Landmarks
• Cádiz - Cathedral
• Cádiz - Gran Teatro Falla
• Cádiz - Ayuntamiento
• Cádiz - Torre Tavira
• Cádiz - Las Puertas de Tierra
• Cádiz - Pylons of Cádiz
• Cádiz - Beaches
• Cádiz - La Playa de la Caleta
• Cádiz - La Playa de la Victoria
• Cádiz - La Playa de Santa María del Mar
• Cádiz - Others
• Cádiz - See Also

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The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Sultante المماليك البحرية was a Mamluk dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. Their name means 'of the sea', referring to them ruling from al-Manyal island in the Nile (Bahr al-Nil) off Cairo. In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub died, the Mamluks owned by sultan killed his owner's heir, and the Mamluk general Aybak (who ruled 1250 - 1257) married Shajar al-Dur ...

Including:

• Bahri dynasty - List of Bahri Sultans

Read more here: » Bahri dynasty: Encyclopedia - Bahri dynasty

Longitude: Braunau am Inn is a city in the Innviertel (River Inn area) of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), the north-western province of Austria. It lies about 90 km west of Linz and about 60 km north of Salzburg, close to the border with the German Bundesland of Bavaria. The population in 2001 was 16,372. A port of entry, it is connected by bridges over the Inn ...

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Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria. It is often referred to as 'the oldest continuously-inhabited city in the world'. Its current population is estimated at about 2 million. Damascus - Name. In Arabic, the city is called دمشق الشام Dimashq ash-Sham. Although this is often shortened to Dimashq by many, the citizens of Damascus, and of Syria and some other Arab neighbors, colloquially call the city < ...

Including:

• Damascus - Name
• Damascus - Geography
• Damascus - History
• Damascus - Ancient
• Damascus - Greco-Roman
• Damascus - From the Muslim conquest to the Fatimids
• Damascus - Fatimids the Crusades and the Seljuks
• Damascus - Mamluk rule
• Damascus - Timurlank
• Damascus - The Ottoman conquest
• Damascus - Rise of Arab nationalism
• Damascus - Modern
• Damascus - Historical sites
• Damascus - The walls and gates of Damascus
• Damascus - Born in Damascus
• Damascus - Further References

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Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Qur'an • Hadith • Sharia Jurisprudence • Theology Biographies of Muhammad Sunni • Shi'a • Sufi Art • Architecture Cities • Calendar Science • Philosophy Religious leaders Women in Islam Politi ...

Including:

• Caliph - Origins of the caliphate
• Caliph - Succession to Muhammad
• Caliph - The authority of the caliph
• Caliph - The history of the caliphate
• Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end
• Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate
• Caliph - Famous caliphs
• Caliph - Dynasties
• Caliph - Claims to the caliphate
• Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats
• Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided
• Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus
• Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad
• Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo
• Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs
• Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey
• Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia
• Caliph - Sources and references

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The Cathedral of Chartres ("Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres," French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), located in Chartres, about 50 miles from Paris, is considered the finest example in all France of the "high Gothic" style of architecture. Construction of a new building on the Romanesque foundations was begun in 1145, but a fire in 1194 destroyed all but the west front of the cathedral (and much of the town), so that part is in the "early Gothic" style. The body of the cathedral was rebuilt between 119 ...

Including:

• Cathedral of Chartres - Literature

Read more here: » Cathedral of Chartres: Encyclopedia - Cathedral of Chartres

The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: 元朝 or 大元帝國) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. It invaded and ruled, during its hundred year life, over the Mongol Empire (stretching from Eastern Europe to the Middle-east to Russia), Korea and China. In the historiography of China, it followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty in China. Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yu ...

Including:

• Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire
• Yuan Dynasty - Aspirations to China
• Yuan Dynasty - Northern Conquest
• Yuan Dynasty - Golden Age of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Establishment of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Early Rule
• Yuan Dynasty - Impact
• Yuan Dynasty - Downfall of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Civil Unrest
• Yuan Dynasty - Loss of China
• Yuan Dynasty - Northern Yuan

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Yarkand (modern Chinese name 叶城, pinyin: Yèchéng, also Chokkuka, anciently Suoju 莎車, also written Shache and Suoche; 37°52′N 77°24′E alt. about 1,189 m. or 3,900 ft.; pop. about 72,000 in 1990), was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located between Pishan and Kashgar on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan desert in the Tarim Basin. ...

Including:

• Yarkand - Neighbours
• Yarkand - History

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Modern Baalbek (Arabic: بعلبك) is a town in the Bekaa valley of Lebanon, altitude 3,850 ft (1,170 m), situated east of the Litani River. It is famous for its exquisitely detailed but monumentally scaled temple ruins of the Roman period, when Baalbek, known as Heliopolis was one of the largest sanctuaries in the Empire. 19th century Bible archaeologists wanted to connect Baalbek to the "Baalgad" mentioned in Joshua 11:17, but the assertion has not been taken up in modern times. In fact, this minor Phoenician c ...

Including:

• Baalbek - Heliopolis the City of the Sun
• Baalbek - Islam
• Baalbek - Ottoman
• Baalbek - Modern day

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Chagatai Khan (alternative spellings Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai), a son of Genghis Khan (1206—1227), controlled the part of the Mongol Empire which extended from the Ili river (eastern Kazakhstan) and Kashgaria (western Tarim Basin) to Transoxiana. He inherited most of what are now the five Central Asian states and northern Iran after the death of his father which he ruled until his death in 1242. The Empire later came to be known as the Chagatai Khanate, part of the Mongol Empire. These te ...

Including:

• Chagatai Khanate - Mongol successor states
• Chagatai Khanate - The Chagatai Khanate after Chagatai
• Chagatai Khanate - Tughlugh Timur and Tamerlane
• Chagatai Khanate - Successors of the Chagataites

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The Bishopric and Archbishopric of Trier was one of the important ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. Unlike the other Rhenish archbishoprics— Mainz and Cologne— Trier, as the important Roman provincial capital of Augusta Treverorum, had been the seat of a bishop since Roman times. It was raised to to archepiscopal status during the reign of Charlemagne, whose will mentio ...

Including:

• Archbishopric of Trier - Reference
• Archbishopric of Trier - Bishops and Archbishops of Augusta Treverorum 50-791
• Archbishopric of Trier - Archbishops of Trier 791-1242
• Archbishopric of Trier - Archbishop-Electors of Trier 1242-1803
• Archbishopric of Trier - Modern Bishops of Trier 1801-present

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Nichiren (日蓮) (February 16, 1222 – October 13, 1282), born Zennichimaro (善日麿), later Zeshō-bō Renchō (是生房蓮長), and finally Nichiren (日蓮), was a Buddhist monk of 13th century Japan. A controversial figure during his lifetime, he is founder of Nichiren Buddhism, a major Japanese Buddhist stream encompassing several schools of often widely conflicting doctrine. Nichiren - Lifetime. Nichiren - Birth education initial teaching. Nichiren was b ...

Including:

• Nichiren - Lifetime
• Nichiren - Birth education initial teaching
• Nichiren - First remonstration and early years of teaching
• Nichiren - Turning point
• Nichiren - Retirement to Mt. Minobu
• Nichiren - Completion of mission in this world
• Nichiren - No known documentary evidence by Nichiren that he inscribed the Dai-Gohonzon
• Nichiren - Passing
• Nichiren - Writings
• Nichiren - Nichiren's teachings after his passing
• Nichiren - Posthumous names and titles of respect
• Nichiren - Addenda
• Nichiren - Related articles
• Nichiren - Sources
• Nichiren - References
• Nichiren - External links
• Nichiren - Notes

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The Mongols are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China, particularly Inner Mongolia. They currently number about 8.5 million and speak the Mongol language. There are approximately 2.3 million Mongols in Mongolia, 4 million Mongols living in Inner Mongolia, and 2 million Mongols living in neighboring provinces. In addition, there are a number of ethnic groups in North China and Russia related to the Mongols: the Daur, Buryat, Evenk, Dorbod and Kalmyk. Mongols - History. Including:

• Mongols - History
• Mongols - Genghis Khan
• Mongols - Mongol Empire
• Mongols - Ethnic cultural and religious diversity
• Mongols - Military innovation
• Mongols - Timeline of conquest
• Mongols - Modern history

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The history of Buddhism spans from the 6th century BCE to the present, starting with the birth of the Buddha Siddharta Gautama. This makes it one of the oldest religions practiced today. Throughout this period, the religion evolved as it encountered various countries and cultures, adding to its original Indian foundation Hellenistic as well as Central Asian, East Asian, and Southeast Asian cultural elements. In the process, its geographical extent became considerable so as to affect at one time or another most of the Asian continent. ...

Including:

• History of Buddhism - Life of the Buddha
• History of Buddhism - Early Buddhism
• History of Buddhism - 1st Buddhist council 5th c. BCE
• History of Buddhism - 2nd Buddhist council 383 BCE
• History of Buddhism - Ashokan proselytism c. 260 BCE
• History of Buddhism - 3rd Buddhist council c.250 BCE
• History of Buddhism - Hellenistic world
• History of Buddhism - Asian expansion
• History of Buddhism - Sunga persecutions 2nd–1st c.BCE
• History of Buddhism - Greco-Buddhist interaction 2nd c. BCE–1st c. CE
• History of Buddhism - Rise of Mahayana 1st c.BCE–2nd c.CE
• History of Buddhism - Mahayana expansion 1st c.CE–10th c.CE
• History of Buddhism - India
• History of Buddhism - Central and Northern Asia
• History of Buddhism - South-East Asia
• History of Buddhism - Emergence of the Vajrayana 5th century
• History of Buddhism - Theravada Renaissance 11th century CE—
• History of Buddhism - Expansion of Buddhism to the West
• History of Buddhism - Notes

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Bengal, known as Bôngo (Bengali: বঙ্গ), Bangla (বাংলা), Bôngodesh (বঙ্গদেশ), or Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) in Bangla (Bengali), is a region in the northeast of South Asia. Today it is mainly divided between the independent country of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, although some regions of the previous state of Bengal (during local monarchial regimes and British rule) are part of the Indian states of Bihar, Tripura and Orissa. Bengal ...

Including:

• Bengal - History
• Bengal - Early History
• Bengal - Muslim Rule
• Bengal - British Rule
• Bengal - Independence
• Bengal - Rulers of Bengal
• Bengal - Pala Dynasty
• Bengal - Sena Dynasty
• Bengal - Ilyas Dynasty
• Bengal - Ganesa Dynasty
• Bengal - Ilyas Dynasty
• Bengal - Habshis Dynasty
• Bengal - Husaini Dynasty
• Bengal - Suri Dynasty
• Bengal - Karani Kararani Dynasty
• Bengal - Nawabs of Bengal
• Bengal - Maps during British rule on external sites

Read more here: » Bengal: Encyclopedia - Bengal

Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Qur'an • Hadith • Sharia Jurisprudence • Theology Biographies of Muhammad Sunni ...

Including:

• Alawite - History
• Alawite - Religion
• Alawite - Population

Read more here: » Alawite: Encyclopedia - Alawite

Albertus Magnus (1193? – November 15, 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a Dominican friar who became famous for his universal knowledge and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. He is considered to be the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages. He was the first medieval scholar to apply Aristotle's philosophy to Christian thought at the time. Catholicism honors him as a Doctor of the Church, one of only 33 men and women with that honor ...

Including:

• Albertus Magnus - Biography
• Albertus Magnus - Writings
• Albertus Magnus - Albertus as scientist
• Albertus Magnus - Music
• Albertus Magnus - Quotes
• Albertus Magnus - See Also

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Salt (Arabic: As-Salt -- pronounced As Sàlt) is an ancient agricultural town and administrative centre in west-central Jordan. It is on the old main highway leading from Amman to Jerusalem. Situated in the Balqa highland, about 790-840 metres above sea level, the town is built in the crook of three hills, one of which (Jebal Al Qal'a) is the site of a 13th century ruined fortress. Salt Jordan - History. The town was known as Saltus in Byzantine times and was the seat of a bisho ...

Including:

• Salt Jordan - History
• Salt Jordan - Agriculture

Read more here: » Salt Jordan: Encyclopedia - Salt Jordan