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Pisa - Ancient times. Pisa's origins are unknown. The city lies at the junction of two rivers, Arno and Auser (now disappeared) in the Tyrrhenian Sea forming a laguna area. The Pelasgi, the Greeks, the Etruscans and the Ligurians have variously been proposed as founders of the city. Archeological remains from the 5th century BC confirm the existence of a city at the sea, trading with Greeks and Gauls. The presence of an Etruscan necropolis was discovered during excavations in the Arena Garibaldi in 1991. A ...

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Pisa, Pisa - History, Pisa - Ancient times, Pisa - High Middles Ages, Pisa - 11th century, Pisa - 12th century, Pisa - 13th century, Pisa - Decline, Pisa - Landmarks, Pisa - Notable people associated with Pisa, Pisa - Sources

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William was born in Saint-Amour, then part of the Duchy of Burgundy, in c.1200. Under the patronage of the Count of Savoy, he was active at the University of Paris from the 1220s, becoming master of arts in 1228. From a reference in a letter by Gregory IX, it is evident that he had become a doctor of canon law by 1238. By 1250 he had been made master of theology. His principal works of this period are In Priora Analytica and < ...

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William of Saint-Amour, William of Saint-Amour - William's Biography, William of Saint-Amour - De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum

Read more here: » William of Saint-Amour: Encyclopedia II - William of Saint-Amour - William's Biography

Microsoft defined a number of proprietary code page extensions which were subtly (or grossly) incompatible with those by other vendors: 1250 — East European Latin 1251 — Cyrillic 1252 — West European Latin 1253 — Greek 1254 — Turkish 1255 — Hebrew 1256 — Arabic 1257 — Baltic 1258 — Vietnamese The most notable of these is the windows-1252 code page, which contains a range of typographical punctuation characters, the euro sign, and a few other special characters, in character positions which were reserved for control ...

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Code page, Code page - Background, Code page - Relationship to ASCII, Code page - Partial list of IBM code pages, Code page - Other code pages of note, Code page - Microsoft code pages, Code page - Private code pages

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The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims at the holy places. They received Papal orders for crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Latin Christianity. They were based at Acre. When the mission of the order in Palestine was nearing its end, the Teutonic Knights moved their headquarter to Venice and offered their services to Christian rulers confronted with hostile non-Christian neighbors. In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted their services and granted them the district of Burzenland i ...

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Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

Read more here: » Teutonic Knights: Encyclopedia II - Teutonic Knights - History

The town has existed since at least the 10th century. In the Middle Ages it was one of the most important castles defending Masovia against the attacks of Prussians and Lithuanians. According to a legend, the town initially was known as Tusk. After an earthquake destroyed half of the city it was renamed to Pułtusk (Pół- or puł- being a Polish prefix for a half). However, scientists assume that the town got its name afte ...

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Pułtusk, Pułtusk - History, Pułtusk - Tourist attractions, Pułtusk - Education

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The Despotate was founded in by Michael I Ducas, cousin of the Byzantine emperors Isaac II Angelus and Alexius III. At first Michael allied with Boniface of Montferrat, but then went to Epirus, where he considered himself the Byzantine governor of the old province of Nicopolis and revolted against Boniface. Epirus soon became the new home of many Greek refugees from Constantinople, Thessaly, and the Peloponnese, and Michael was described as a second Noah, rescuing men from the Latin flood. John Camaterus, the Patriarch of Constantinople, did ...

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Despotate of Epirus, Despotate of Epirus - Foundation, Despotate of Epirus - Conflict with Nicaea and Bulgaria, Despotate of Epirus - Nicaean and Byzantine suzerainty, Despotate of Epirus - Italian invasions, Despotate of Epirus - Collapse of the despotate, Despotate of Epirus - Despots of Epirus, Despotate of Epirus - Ducas dynasty, Despotate of Epirus - Orsini dynasty, Despotate of Epirus - Nemanjić dynasty, Despotate of Epirus - External link

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Before 1277 he became a duke of Poznań, and after the death of his uncle Boleslaus the Pious in 1279 he became the duke of whole of Greater Poland. According to the Treaty of Kępno (1282) he was co-ruler with Mestwin II, duke of Eastern Pomerania (Poland) and in 1294 his successor in Poland. In 1287 this alliace was extended to duke Bogusław IV of Western Pomerania. According to the last will of Henry IV Probus, duke of Silesia and high-duke of Poland, he inherited in 1290 the provinces of Kraków and Sandomierz (both were called L ...

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Przemysł II, Przemysł II - Realm of power, Przemysł II - Married to, Przemysł II - Biography

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Thomas Aquinas - Early years. The life of Thomas Aquinas offers many interesting insights into the world of the High Middle Ages. He was born into a family of the south Italian nobility and was through his mother, Countess Theadora of Theate, related to the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman emperors. He was probably born early in 1225 at his father Count Landulf's castle of Roccasecca in the kingdom of Naples. Landulf's brother, Sinibald, was abbot of the original Benedictine monastery at Monte Cassino, and the family intended Thomas to follow his uncle into that position; this would have been a normal ca ...

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Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Aquinas - Biography, Thomas Aquinas - Early years, Thomas Aquinas - Career, Thomas Aquinas - Death and canonization, Thomas Aquinas - Writings, Thomas Aquinas - Exegetical homiletical and liturgical writings, Thomas Aquinas - Dogmatic apologetic and ethical writings, Thomas Aquinas - Philosophical writings, Thomas Aquinas - Notable works, Thomas Aquinas - Modern criticism, Thomas Aquinas - Editions

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Kraków - Medieval. The earliest known settlement on the present site of Kraków was established on Wawel hill, and dates back to the 4th century. Legend attributes the town's establishment to the mythical ruler Krak, who built it above a cave occupied by a ravenous dragon. Before the Polish state existed, Kraków was the capital of the tribe of Vistulians, probably linked to the larger polity of Greater Moravia. Kraków's first appearance in historical records dates back to the 8th century, and notes that ...

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Kraków, Kraków - Modern landmarks, Kraków - Historic districts, Kraków - Administrative districts, Kraków - History, Kraków - Medieval, Kraków - Renaissance, Kraków - Decline, Kraków - After the partition of Poland, Kraków - 20th century, Kraków - Politics, Kraków - Kraków constituency, Kraków - Education, Kraków - Culture, Kraków - Kraków by Night, Kraków - Sports, Kraków - Sons and daughters of the city

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The area on which Prague was founded has been settled in since the Paleolithic Age. Around 200 BCE the Celts had a settlement in the south called Závist, but later they were expelled by Germans. The Slavs conquered the site from the 4th century CE onwards, though for a period they were subdued by the Mongolian Avars. According to legend, Prague was founded by the Princess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, founder of the dynasty with the same name. Whether this legend is true or not, Prague's first nucleum was founded in the latter p ...

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Prague, Prague - History, Prague - Sights, Prague - Culture, Prague - Economy, Prague - Colleges and universities, Prague - Transportation, Prague - Taxis, Prague - Sport, Prague - Miscellaneous, Prague - Prague - Venue, Prague - Famous People connected with Prague, Prague - Historical population

Read more here: » Prague: Encyclopedia II - Prague - History

In the 1070s, Süleyman Ibn Kutalmish, a distant cousin of Malik Shah, the ruler of Great Seljuk, rose to power in western Anatolia. In 1075, Süleyman captured the Byzantine cities of Nicaea (Iznik) and Nicomedia (Izmit). In defiance of Malik Shah, he declared himself sultan in 1077 and established the capital at Nicaea. The Sultanate expanded, but when Süleyman was killed in Antioch (Antakya) in 1086 by Tutush I, the Seljuk ruler of Syria, the dynasty saw a certain end when Süleyman's son Kilij Arslan was imprisoned. When Malik Shah died ...

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Sultanate of Rüm, Sultanate of Rüm - Establishment, Sultanate of Rüm - Downfall, Sultanate of Rüm - The Dynasty

Read more here: » Sultanate of Rüm: Encyclopedia II - Sultanate of Rüm - Establishment

List of battles geographic - Croatian War of Independence. Battle of Vukovar - 1991 Operation Storm - 1995 ...

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List of battles geographic, List of battles geographic - Angola, List of battles geographic - Austria, List of battles geographic - Australia, List of battles geographic - Bangladesh, List of battles geographic - Belarus, List of battles geographic - Belgium, List of battles geographic - Bosnia and Herzegovina, List of battles geographic - Brazil, List of battles geographic - Bulgaria, List of battles geographic - Canada, List of battles geographic - Costa Rica, List of battles geographic - Croatia, List of battles geographic - Croatian War of Independence, List of battles geographic - Czech Republic, List of battles geographic - Hussite Wars, List of battles geographic - Thirty Years' War, List of battles geographic - Seven Years' War, List of battles geographic - Napoleonic Wars, List of battles geographic - Austro-Prussian War, List of battles geographic - World War II, List of battles geographic - China, List of battles geographic - East Timor, List of battles geographic - England, List of battles geographic - Ethiopia, List of battles geographic - France, List of battles geographic - Germany, List of battles geographic - Greece, List of battles geographic - Hungary, List of battles geographic - India, List of battles geographic - Indonesia, List of battles geographic - Iraq, List of battles geographic - Ireland, List of battles geographic - Italy, List of battles geographic - Japan, List of battles geographic - Japanese Islands, List of battles geographic - Korea, List of battles geographic - Latvia, List of battles geographic - Manchuria, List of battles geographic - Marshall Islands, List of battles geographic - Morocco, List of battles geographic - Netherlands, List of battles geographic - New Zealand, List of battles geographic - Nicaragua, List of battles geographic - Norway, List of battles geographic - Oman, List of battles geographic - Pakistan, List of battles geographic - Poland, List of battles geographic - Portugal, List of battles geographic - Romania, List of battles geographic - Russia, List of battles geographic - Scotland, List of battles geographic - Slovenia, List of battles geographic - Spain, List of battles geographic - Sweden, List of battles geographic - Turkey, List of battles geographic - Ukraine, List of battles geographic - United States, List of battles geographic - Venezuela, List of battles geographic - Vietnam, List of battles geographic - Wales, List of battles geographic - Yemen

Read more here: » List of battles geographic: Encyclopedia II - List of battles geographic - Croatia

History of the Jews in England - William I to Henry I: 1066–1135. There is no evidence of Jews residing in England before the Norman Conquest; all permanent Jewish residents came from Normandy and other areas of northern France. The Norman Jews were primarily moneylenders, because they could not own land nor participate in trades (except for medicine). Catholic doctrine held that moneylending for interest was a sin; therefore, Jews dominated this business. The few references in the Anglo-Saxon laws of th ...

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History of the Jews in England, History of the Jews in England - Early history, History of the Jews in England - William I to Henry I: 1066–1135, History of the Jews in England - Stephen to Henry II: 1126–1189, History of the Jews in England - Massacres at London and York 1189–1190, History of the Jews in England - Ordinance of the Jewry 1194, History of the Jews in England - Under John 1205-1216, History of the Jews in England - Increasing Persecution 1200s, History of the Jews in England - The Statutum de Judaismo 1275, History of the Jews in England - Leadership of the Chief Rabbis 1200s, History of the Jews in England - The Expulsion 1290, History of the Jews in England - Resettlement Period 1655-1800s, History of the Jews in England - Hidden Jews in England, History of the Jews in England - The Resettlement 1655, History of the Jews in England - Jews in England during the 1700s, History of the Jews in England - Emancipation and Growing Influence 1800s, History of the Jews in England - Modern Times, History of the Jews in England - Through the First World War, History of the Jews in England - Before and During World War II, History of the Jews in England - Today, History of the Jews in England - External link

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In June 1246 he married Matilda of Bethune (d. November 8, 1264), daughter of Robert VII, Lord of Bethune, and had the following children: Marie (d. 1297), married William of Jülich (d. 1278), married in 1285 Simon II de Chateauvillain (d. 1305), Lord of Bremur Robert III of Flanders (1249–1322) William (aft. 1249 – 1311), Lord of Dendermonde and Crevecouer, married in 1286 Alix of Beaumont and had issue John (1250 – October 4, 1290), Bishop of Metz and Liége Baldwin (1252–1296) ...

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Guy of Dampierre, Guy of Dampierre - Family and Children, Guy of Dampierre - Life

Read more here: » Guy of Dampierre: Encyclopedia II - Guy of Dampierre - Family and Children

William was born in Saint-Amour, then part of the Duchy of Burgundy, in c.1200. Under the patronage of the Comte de Savoie, he was active at the University of Paris from the 1220s, becoming master of arts in 1228. From a reference in a letter by Gregory IX, it is evident that he had become a doctor of canon law by 1238. By 1250 he had been made master of theology. His principal works of this period are In Priora Analytica and < ...

See also:

William of Saint-Amour, William of Saint-Amour - William's Biography, William of Saint-Amour - De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum

Read more here: » William of Saint-Amour: Encyclopedia II - William of Saint-Amour - William's Biography

After 1202 Pomeranian Duchy is divided into several duchies, most important being Wolgast and Szczecin duchies, united into one Pomeranian state from time to time. 1264-1278 Barnim I Dobry 1278-1295 Barnim II, Otto I and Boguslaw IV 1478-1523 Boguslaw X 1523-1531 Jerzy I and Barnim XI Pobozny 1625-1637 Boguslaw XIV from 1637 western part of Pomerania inc. Szczecin to Sweden 1637-1657 counties of Lebork and Bytow to Poland, next to Brandenburg from 1648 eastern part o ...

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Dukes of Pomerania, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Pomerania Eastern - Księstwo Pomorskie Wschodnie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Bialogarda/Belgard Ksiestwo bialogardzkie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Gdańsk/Danzig Księstwo gdańskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Lubiszewo Ksiestwo lubiszewskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Swiecie/Schwetz Ksiestwo swieckie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Pomerania Middle or Slawno/Schlawe - Ksiestwo Slawienskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Pomerania Western - Ksiestwo Pomorskie Zachodnie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Szczecin/Stettin Ksiestwo Szczecinskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Wologoszcz/Wolgast Ksiestwo wologoskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Bardo/Barth Ksiestwo bardowskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Darlowo/Ruegenwalde Ksiestwo Darlowskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Dymin/Demmin Ksiestwo dyminkie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Slupsk/Stolp Ksiestwo Slupskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Stargard Ksiestwo stargardzkie, Dukes of Pomerania - Principality of Rugia/Rugen/Rana - Ksiestwo Rugijskie/Ranskie

Read more here: » Dukes of Pomerania: Encyclopedia II - Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Pomerania Western - Ksiestwo Pomorskie Zachodnie

The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims at the holy places. They received Papal orders for crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Latin Christianity. They were based at Acre. When the mission of the order in Palestine was nearing its end, the Teutonic Knights moved their headquarter to Venice and offered their services to Christian rulers confronted with hostile non-Christian neighbors. In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted their services and granted them the district of Burzenland i ...

See also:

Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Quotes, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

Read more here: » Teutonic Knights: Encyclopedia II - Teutonic Knights - History

Hejnał mariacki - Origins. The tune dates probably from the Middle Ages. It was played by the city guards at dawn and dusk to announce, respectively, the opening and closing of the city gates. The word hejnał comes from the Hungarian hajnal, "dawn." The tune once was also used to warn of fires and other dangers. According to Polish tradition, in 1257, during the Mongol invasion, Tatar warriors were approaching the city. A guard sounded the alarm by playing the hejnał, and the city gates we ...

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Hejnał mariacki, Hejnał mariacki - History, Hejnał mariacki - Origins, Hejnał mariacki - Later usage

Read more here: » Hejnał mariacki: Encyclopedia II - Hejnał mariacki - History

Jauhar immediately began the building of a new city, Cairo, to furnish quarters for the army which he had brought. A palace for the Caliph and a mosque for the army were immediately constructed, which for many centuries remained the centre of Muslim learning. However, the Carmathians of Damascus under Hasan al-Asam advanced through Palestine to Egypt, and in the autumn of 971 Jauhar found himself besieged in his new city. By a timely sortie, preceded by the administration of bribes to various officers in the Carmathian h ...

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History of early Arab Egypt, History of early Arab Egypt - The Arab Conquest of Egypt, History of early Arab Egypt - The Fatimid Period, History of early Arab Egypt - Ayyubid Period, History of early Arab Egypt - Bahri Mameluk dynasty, History of early Arab Egypt - Period of Burji Mamelukes

Read more here: » History of early Arab Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of early Arab Egypt - The Fatimid Period

The area on which Prague was founded was settled in ancient times since the Paleolithic Age. Around 200 BCE the Celts had a settlement in the south, called Závist, but later they were expelled by Germans. The Slavs conquered the site from the 4th century CE onwards, though for a period were subdued by the Mongolian Avars. According to a legend, Prague was founded by the Princess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, founder of the dynasty with the same name. Whether this legend is true or not, Prague's first nucleum was founded in the l ...

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Prague, Prague - History, Prague - Sights, Prague - Culture, Prague - Economy, Prague - Colleges and universities, Prague - Transportation, Prague - Taxis, Prague - Sport, Prague - Miscellaneous, Prague - Prague - Venue, Prague - Famous People connected with Prague, Prague - Historical population

Read more here: » Prague: Encyclopedia II - Prague - History

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Alternative Health Dictionary , Hinduism Dictionary , Spiritual Dictionary, Sanskrit Dictionary , Parapsychology Dictionary, Paganism Dictionary,
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Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau II (1237–1246) began his reign by conquering the realm of Amida (Diyarbakir), but in 1239 he had to face an upspring led by the popular preacher Baba Ishaq. After three years, when he had finally quelled the revolt, Crimea was lost and the state and army was weakened. Now, Kay Khusrau had to face a far more dangerous threat, the Mongols. They took Erzurum in 1242 and in 1243 the sultan was crushed by Bayju at the Battle of Köse Dag (a mountain between Sivas and Erzincan) and the Seljuks became Mongol vassals. The ...

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Sultanate of Rüm, Sultanate of Rüm - Establishment, Sultanate of Rüm - Downfall, Sultanate of Rüm - The Dynasty

Read more here: » Sultanate of Rüm: Encyclopedia II - Sultanate of Rüm - Downfall