1241

The earliest indication of settlement in the area of Bistriţa is from Neolithic remains. Transylvanian Saxons settled the area in 1206 and dubbed the region "Nösnerland". The destruction of Markt Nosa ("Market Nösen") by Mongols heading toward central Europe was described by a document from 1241. Being situated on several trade routes, Bistriţa became a flourishing medieval trading post. Bistriţa became a free royal town in 1330. In 1353 the town gained the right to organize an annual 15 day fair, as well as a seal contain ...

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Bistriţa, Bistriţa - History, Bistriţa - Tourism, Bistriţa - Transportation

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The Hungarian tribes of Árpád vezér who came to settle in the Carpathian Basin were noted for their fearsome horse-mounted warriors, who conducted frequent looting campaigns throughout much of Western Europe (once as far as Spain), terrorizing the entire population with their long range and rapid-firing reflex bows. Not until the introduction of well-regulated, plate-armored knight heavy cavalry could German monarchs stop the magyar (onugor) armies. ...

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Military of Hungary, Military of Hungary - Ancient and medieval military, Military of Hungary - Habsburg Hungarian military, Military of Hungary - Mid-twentieth century, Military of Hungary - Warsaw Pact, Military of Hungary - After the Cold War, Military of Hungary - Current military, Military of Hungary - Military branches

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The Mongols under Kublai who fully conquered China had theoretical suzerainty over the entire Mongol Empire, but this became nominal even during Kubilai's reign itself. Sechen Khan (Khubilai) (1280-1294) Öljeyitü Khan (Temür) (1295-1307) Külüg Khan (Khayishan) (1307-1311) Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada) (1311-1320) Gegeen Khan (Sidibala) (1320-1323) Yesün Temür Khan (1323-1328) Ragibagh Khan (1328) Khutughtu Khan (Khoshila) (1328-1329) Jayaatu Khan (Tugh Temür) (1328-1329) and (1329-1332) Rinchinbal Khan (1332-1333)See also:

List of Mongol Khans, List of Mongol Khans - Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire, List of Mongol Khans - Yuan Dynasty, List of Mongol Khans - Il Khanate, List of Mongol Khans - Golden Horde, List of Mongol Khans - Chagatai Khanate, List of Mongol Khans - Successors to the Yüan in Mongolia Northern Yuan, List of Mongol Khans - Outer Mongolia

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Balian's descendants were among the most powerful nobles in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus. Balian's first son John of Ibelin, the "Old Lord of Beirut", was the leader of the opposition to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, when the emperor tried to impose imperial authority over the crusader states. The family briefly regained control of the castle of Ibelin in 1241 in the aftermath of Frederick's Sixth Crusade, when certain territories were returned to the Christians by treaty. John had numerous children with Melisende o ...

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Ibelin, Ibelin - The castle, Ibelin - The family: first and second generations, Ibelin - The 13th century Ibelins, Ibelin - Lords of Ibelin, Ibelin - Family tree, Ibelin - Sources

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Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might ha ...

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Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Modern Descendents, Genghis Khan - Notes

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List of Bulgarian monarchs - Legendary rulers. Avitokhol (Attila) (153–453) (according to history, (445–453) Ernakh (453–603) (according to history, (453–503) over Utiguri List of Bulgarian monarchs - Historical persons. Gostun (603–605) over Kutriguri (?–740, 803–997) At times, the reign in the Bulgar lands was split. Kubrat (605–665) over Onogunduri Batbayan (665–668) over Onogunduri Asparukh (668–701) over Utiguri Tervel (701 ...

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List of Bulgarian monarchs, List of Bulgarian monarchs - List of Bulgarian rulers, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Legendary rulers, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Historical persons, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Byzantine rule, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Ottoman rule

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(partly on the territory of Estonia) Title: Elder (Vanem) (- 12th century) ...

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List of Estonian rulers, List of Estonian rulers - Vaddjamå, List of Estonian rulers - Metsapoole, List of Estonian rulers - Sakala, List of Estonian rulers - Alempois, List of Estonian rulers - Harjumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Jogentagan, List of Estonian rulers - Järvamaa, List of Estonian rulers - Läänemaa, List of Estonian rulers - Mõhu, List of Estonian rulers - Nurmekund, List of Estonian rulers - Soopoolitse, List of Estonian rulers - Ugandi, List of Estonian rulers - Vaiga, List of Estonian rulers - Virumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Hiiumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Revala, List of Estonian rulers - Saaremaa, List of Estonian rulers - Kievan Rus', List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Denmark, List of Estonian rulers - Bishopric of Dorpat, List of Estonian rulers - Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, List of Estonian rulers - Livonian Order, List of Estonian rulers - Kindom of Poland, List of Estonian rulers - Dynastia Jagiellonów, List of Estonian rulers - Rzeczpospolita, List of Estonian rulers - Dynastia Jagiellonów, List of Estonian rulers - House of Vasa, List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Sweden, List of Estonian rulers - House of Vasa, List of Estonian rulers - House of Pfalz, List of Estonian rulers - House of Hesse, List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Livonia, List of Estonian rulers - House of Oldenburg, List of Estonian rulers - Muscovy, List of Estonian rulers - House of Romanov, List of Estonian rulers - Russia, List of Estonian rulers - House of Romanov, List of Estonian rulers - Russian Provisional Government 1917, List of Estonian rulers - Republic of Velise, List of Estonian rulers - German State, List of Estonian rulers - Hohenzollern, List of Estonian rulers - Estland, List of Estonian rulers - Soviet Republic of Naissaar, List of Estonian rulers - Republic of Estonia, List of Estonian rulers - Baltic Duchy, List of Estonian rulers - Commune of the Working People of Estonia, List of Estonian rulers - Estonian SSR, List of Estonian rulers - Soviet Union, List of Estonian rulers - Great-German State

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The 17th century saw fierce rivalry between the then major Eastern European powers – Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. At its heyday, the Commonwealth comprised the territories of present-day Poland, and large parts of Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Russia, and represented a major European power. However, by the end of the 17th century a series of internal conflicts and wars with foreign enemies led to the dissolution of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the partitioning of most of it ...

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List of Polish wars, List of Polish wars - Piast Poland, List of Polish wars - Jagiellon Poland, List of Polish wars - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, List of Polish wars - Partitions, List of Polish wars - Second Polish Republic and World War II, List of Polish wars - People's Republic of Poland, List of Polish wars - Third Polish Republic

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1353 (1357?) - 1391 (Ban 1353-1377, King 1377-1391) Tvrtko I of Kotroman (born 1338?, died 1391) Nephew of Stephen Kotromanić. Crowned himself 'King of Serbs and Bosnia' in 1377. 1391 - 1395 Stephen (Stjepan) Dabiša (died 1395) Illegitimate son of Ninoslav Kotromanić, a son of Kotroman. 1395 - 1398 Jelena Gruba, widow of Stephen Dabisa 1398 - 1404, 1409 - 1418 King Ostoja Kotromanić (died 1418) Son of Tvrtko Kotromanić. Power struggles with ...

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List of rulers of Bosnia, List of rulers of Bosnia - Early history, List of rulers of Bosnia - Emergence of native Bosnian bans, List of rulers of Bosnia - Bosnian kingdom, List of rulers of Bosnia - Turkish occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Austrian occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Modern times, List of rulers of Bosnia - Related articles, List of rulers of Bosnia - External link

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Mongol Empire - Military setup. Main article: Military advances of Genghis Khan The Mongol military organization was simple, but effective. The organization was based on an old tradition of the steppe, which was like today’s decimal system: the army was built upon a squad of ten, called an "arban"; ten "arbans" constituted a company of a hundred, called a "jaghun". Ten "jaghuns" made a regiment of a thousand – "mingghan". Ten "mingghans" would then constitute a regiment of ten thousand ("tumen"), ...

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Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

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The Polanes, first mentioned in the 10th century chronicles of Ibrahim ibn Jakub , were up until then a part of the Czechs. The Polanes tribes came into Silesia at the Odra river, where the German kings and emperors had affirmed the rule of the Moravian and Bohemian dukes. In 966 the German emperor Otto I the Great affirmed the ducal title held by the Polanes leader Mieszko I. Mieszko, born circa 930, and later his son Boleslaw I Chrob ...

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History of Poland 966–1385, History of Poland 966–1385 - The Middle Ages, History of Poland 966–1385 - Early Kingdom of Poland 1025-1138, History of Poland 966–1385 - Fragmentation and Invasion 1138-1295, History of Poland 966–1385 - The Kingdom of Later Piasts 1295-1370, History of Poland 966–1385 - Late Piast Dynasty and reunification, History of Poland 966–1385 - Angevin Poland, History of Poland 966–1385 - Integration into European Civilization, History of Poland 966–1385 - Reference

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History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early history. The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name Ibrahim ibn Jakub was the first chronicler to mention the Polish state under the rule of prince Mieszko I. The first actual mention of Jews in ...

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History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early period: 966-1385, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early history, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early persecutions: 1266-1279, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Prosperity in a Reunited Poland: 1320-1385, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - The Jagiellon era: 1385-1572, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Persecutions of 1385-1492, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Influx of Jews fleeing persecution: 1492-1548, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Golden Age Under Sigismund and Sigusmund II

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early period: 966-1385

Mikhail was the only known son of Vsevolod IV of Kiev by a Polish princess. From 1216 he was a prince of Pereyaslav. In 1223 he participated in the fateful Battle of the Kalka River, where his uncle died, leaving Chernigov to him. In 1225 and 1229 he was documented as the prince of Novgorod. From 1229 to 1332 he feuded with Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and in 1235 he conspired with Bela IV of Hungary and took Galich (modern Halych) from his brother-in-law Daniel. Two years later, ...

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Mikhail of Chernihiv, Mikhail of Chernihiv - Life, Mikhail of Chernihiv - Progeny

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Much of what we know of Louis' life comes from Jean de Joinville's famous biography of Louis, Life of Saint Louis. Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counselor to the king, and also participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis' life that ended with his canonization in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII. Louis was eleven years old when his father died in 1226. He was crowned king the same year in the cathedral at Reims. Because of Louis' youth, his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled France as regent until 1234, when Louis was deemed of age to rule himself. She continued as an important counsellor to the ...

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Louis IX of France, Louis IX of France - Life, Louis IX of France - Patron of arts and arbiter of Europe, Louis IX of France - Religious zeal, Louis IX of France - Veneration as a saint, Louis IX of France - Children, Louis IX of France - Places named after Saint Louis, Louis IX of France - Bibliography

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Main article: History of Hungary In the time of the Roman Empire, the Romans called the region Pannonia (west from the Danube river). After Rome fell under the Germanic tribes migration and Carpians' pressure, the Migration Period continued bringing many invaders. First came the Huns, who built up a powerful empire under Attila. The name "Hungary" may be influenced by the name of the Hun people, although it probably comes from the name of a later, 7th century Turkic alliance called Onogur. After the Hunnish rule faded, the othe ...

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Hungary, Hungary - History, Hungary - Politics, Hungary - Administrative divisions, Hungary - Geography, Hungary - Climate, Hungary - Economy, Hungary - Demographics, Hungary - Culture, Hungary - Miscellaneous topics

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The Basilica di San Paolo fuori le Mura, founded by the Emperor Constantine of the former Roman Empire, is according to tradition the burial place of Saint Paul the Apostle of Jesus. After his execution and burial, Saint Paul's followers erected a memorial called a cella memoriae over the grave. In 386 Theodosius began the erection of a much larger and more beautiful basilica, but the work including the mosaics was not completed till the pontificate of Saint Leo the Great. A Christian poet, Prudentius, describes the splendours ...

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Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls - History, Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls - Reconstruction, Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls - External link

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1290 - Europe. March 1 - The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon, Portugal by King Denis of Portugal; it moves to Coimbra in 1308. July 18 - King Edward I of England banishes all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from Britain; Jews traditionally hold that this event occurs on Tisha B'Av, a sorrowful Jewish holiday. August 1 - The country of Wallachia is founded (traditional date). December - The twelve Eleanor crosses are erected between Lincolnshire and London in England as Ki ...

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1290, 1290 - Events, 1290 - Europe, 1290 - Asia, 1290 - Births, 1290 - Deaths

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Transylvania - Ancient History: Transylvania as the heartland of the Dacian state. Herodotus gives an account of the Agathyrsi, who lived in Transylvania during the 5th century BC. A kingdom of Dacia was in existence at least as early as the beginning of the 2nd century BC under a king, Oroles. Under Burebista, the greatest king of Dacia and a contemporary of Julius Caesar, the Dacian kingdom reached its maximum extent. The area now constituting Transyl ...

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Transylvania, Transylvania - Geography, Transylvania - Economy, Transylvania - Population, Transylvania - Etymology, Transylvania - History, Transylvania - Ancient History: Transylvania as the heartland of the Dacian state, Transylvania - Early Middle Ages: From Dacia to the Great Migrations, Transylvania - Late Middle Ages: Transylvania as part of the Kingdom of Hungary, Transylvania - Transylvania as an independent principality, Transylvania - Austrian Rule and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Transylvania - Transylvania as part of Romania, Transylvania - Historical population, Transylvania - Coat of arms of Transylvania, Transylvania - Tourist attractions, Transylvania - Culture

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The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims at the holy places. They received Papal orders for crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Latin Christianity. They were based at Acre (Akko). When the mission of the order in Palestine was nearing its end, the Teutonic Knights moved their headquarter to Venice and offered their services to Christian rulers confronted with hostile non-Christian neighbors. In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted their services and granted them the district of Burze ...

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Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Quotes, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

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Snorri had two older brothers, Thordur Sturluson (the oldest) and Sighvatur Sturluson. His parents were Sturla Thordarson and Guðny Boedvarsdóttir. He was said to have had many love affairs, and thus many children, but only five are said to have survived to adulthood. ...

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Snorri Sturluson, Snorri Sturluson - Family, Snorri Sturluson - Note about the name

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Silesia - Early people. Silesia was inhabited by various people that belonged to changing archeological cultures in the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. According to Tacitus, in the 1st century Silesia was inhabited by a multi-ethnic league dominated by the Lugii/Lygii. The Silingi were also part of this federation, and most likely a Vandalic people that lived south of the Baltic Sea in the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula river area. See also:

Silesia, Silesia - Name of the region, Silesia - History, Silesia - Early people, Silesia - Middle Ages, Silesia - Early Modern Period, Silesia - Silesia in Germany, Silesia - Between the wars, Silesia - Silesia after WWII, Silesia - Natural resources, Silesia - Demographics, Silesia - Major cities in Silesia

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The name of the city, originally spelled Pleskov, may be loosely translated as "the town of purling waters". Its earliest mention comes in 903, which records that Igor of Kiev married a local lady, St. Olga. Pskovians sometimes take this year as the city's foundation date, and in 2003 a great jubilee took place to celebrate Pskov's 1,100th anniversary. The first prince of Pskov was St. Vladimir's younger son Sudislav. Once imprisoned by his brother Yaroslav, he wasn't released until the latter's death several decades later. In th ...

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Pskov, Pskov - Early history, Pskov - Pskovian Republic, Pskov - Modern history, Pskov - Landmarks and sights, Pskov - Copyrighted photos, Pskov - External link

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