1235

Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Early years. Born in Jesi, near Ancona, Frederick was the son of the emperor Henry VI. Some old chronicles say he was born in a public square of the city of Jesi, in northern Italy, while his father was entering triumphantly into Palermo. Frederick was baptised in Assisi. In 1196 at Frankfurt am Main the child Frederick had already been elected to become King of the Germans. At the death of his father in 1197, the three-year-old Frederick was in Italy in voyage towards Germany, a ...

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Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Life, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Early years, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Emperor, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - The Crusade, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - The war against the Pope and the Italian Guelphs, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - His last and fiercest opponent Innocent IV, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - The Battle of Parma and the end, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Heirs, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Personality, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Law Reforms, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Summary, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Parentage and children

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In 1235 Batu, who earlier had directed the conquest of the Crimea, was assigned an army of possibly 130,000 (actually commanded by Subutai) to oversee an invasion of Europe. The army crossed the Volga and invaded Volga Bulgaria in 1236. It took them a year to extinguish resistance to the Volga Bulgarians, Kypchaks, and Alani. In November 1237 Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir and demanded his allegiance. A month later, the hordes besieged Ryazan. After six days of the bloodiest battle, this capital was tota ...

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Batu Khan, Batu Khan - Invasion of Rus, Batu Khan - Invasion of Central Europe

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Llull was well educated, and became the tutor of James II of Aragon. He wrote in Arabic, Latin and Catalan. In 1265 he had a religious epiphany, and became a tertiary Franciscan. His first major work Art Abreujada d 'Atrobar Veritat (The Art of Finding Truth) was written in Catalan and then translated into Latin. He wrote treatises on alchemy and botany, Ars Magna, and Llibre de meravelles. He wrote the romantic novel Blanquerna, the first major work of literature written in Catalan, and perhaps the first E ...

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Ramon Llull, Ramon Llull - Early life, Ramon Llull - Ars generalis ultima, Ramon Llull - First mission, Ramon Llull - Second mission, Ramon Llull - Third mission, Ramon Llull - Reputation after death, Ramon Llull - Mathematics and statistics, Ramon Llull - Other recent coverage, Ramon Llull - Bibliography, Ramon Llull - Notes

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The Wolfenbüttel line retained its independence from Hanover, except for the period from 1807 to 1813, when it was made part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. The Congress of Vienna of 1815 turned it into an independent country under the name Duchy of Brunswick, with Wolfenbüttel as its capital. While the kingdom of Hanover was annexed by Prussia in 1866, the Duchy of Brunswick remained and joined first the North German Confederation and in 1871 the German Empire. With the death of William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Wolfenbüttel ...

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Brunswick-Lüneburg, Brunswick-Lüneburg - Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Brunswick-Lüneburg - From Calenberg to Hanover, Brunswick-Lüneburg - Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Brunswick-Lüneburg - Dukes of Brunswick and Lüneburg and Princes of Wolfenbüttel 1267 -1807, Brunswick-Lüneburg - Dukes of Brunswick and Lüneburg 1813-1918, Brunswick-Lüneburg - Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners of the Republic of Brunswick 1918-1919, Brunswick-Lüneburg - Minister presidents of the Republic of Brunswick 1919-1946, Brunswick-Lüneburg - Districts

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In 1205, after the death of his father, Roman Mstyslavych, the ruler of Galicia and Volhynia, the boyars of Galicia forced the four-year-old Danylo into exile with his mother Anna (probably of Greek extraction) and brother Vasylko. After the boyars proclaimed one of their own as prince in 1213, the Poles and Hungarians invaded the principality, ostensibly to support the claims of young Danylo and Vasylko, and divided it between themselves. In 1219 he renounced his claims to Halych in ...

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Danylo of Halych, Danylo of Halych - Biography, Danylo of Halych - Family, Danylo of Halych - Mother, Danylo of Halych - Father, Danylo of Halych - Wives, Danylo of Halych - Brother, Danylo of Halych - Sisters, Danylo of Halych - Sons, Danylo of Halych - Daughters

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Sonnet - History. The sonnet was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century. His sonnets and those of his contemporary the Earl of Surrey were chiefly translations from the Italian of Petrarch and the French of Ronsard and others. Sir Philip Sidney's sequence Astrophel and Stella (1591) started a tremendous vogue for sonnet sequences: the next two decades saw sonnet sequences by William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel, Fulke Greville, William Drummond of H ...

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Sonnet, Sonnet - The Italian Sonnet, Sonnet - The English Sonnet, Sonnet - History, Sonnet - Form, Sonnet - The Modern Sonnet

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The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is an inseparable member of the one, holy, synodal and apostolic church and is organised as a self-governing body under the name of Patriarchate. It is divided into eleven dioceses within the boundaries of the Republic of Bulgaria and has jurisdiction over additional two dioceses for the Bulgarians in Western and Central Europe, the Americas, Canada and Australia. The dioceses of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church are divided into 5 ...

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Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Bulgarian Orthodox Church - Canonical status and organisation, Bulgarian Orthodox Church - Dioceses, Bulgarian Orthodox Church - History of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Bulgarian Orthodox Church - Early Christianity, Bulgarian Orthodox Church - Establishment of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Bulgarian Orthodox Church - Autocephaly of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Bulgarian Orthodox Church - The Ohrid Archbishopric, Bulgarian Orthodox Church - The Turnovo Patriarchate, Bulgarian Orthodox Church - Ottoman rule, Bulgarian Orthodox Church - The Bulgarian Exarchate, Bulgarian Orthodox Church - Second restoration of the Bulgarian Patriarchate

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Parliament of Scotland - Parliament before 1400. Between 1235 and 1286 little can be told with certainty about Parliament's function, but it appears to have had a judicial and political role which was well established by the end of the century. With the death of Alexander III Scotland found itself without an adult monarch, and in this situation, Parliament seems to have become more prominent as a means to give added legitimacy to the Council of Guardians who ran the country. By the reign of John Balliol (1292-96) ...

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Parliament of Scotland, Parliament of Scotland - Origins, Parliament of Scotland - The Lords of the Articles, Parliament of Scotland - The Crown, Parliament of Scotland - History, Parliament of Scotland - Parliament before 1400, Parliament of Scotland - The Fifteenth Century, Parliament of Scotland - The Sixteenth Century, Parliament of Scotland - The Seventeenth Century, Parliament of Scotland - Union with England

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Matej Ninoslav - Early. Throughout his early stage of life; Matej was an opposer of the Bogumils, a Hungarian supporter and a faithful Catholic. Matej Ninoslav - As Ban. Matej Ninoslav forcibly replaced his predecessor, Ban Stephen with the help of the adherents of the Bosnian church. Bosnia and Rascia were not in good relations during his reign. Matija served as a faithful Hungarian vassal, but was g ...

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Matej Ninoslav, Matej Ninoslav - Life, Matej Ninoslav - Early, Matej Ninoslav - As Ban

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List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule. All Persian provinces fell under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867. Umayyad dynasty, 661–750 Abbasid dynasty, 750–867 divided, 867–1029 List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872. Taher ebne Hosein ebne Mos'ab, Emir 821–822 Talhat ebne Taher, 822–828 Abdollah ebne Taher, 828–844See also:

List of kings of Persia, List of kings of Persia - Early realms in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Elamite Kingdom 3000–660 BC, List of kings of Persia - Jiroft Kingdom c. 2500 BC, List of kings of Persia - Empire of Medians and Persians, List of kings of Persia - Median Dynasty 728–550 BC, List of kings of Persia - Achaemenid dynasty 550–330 BC, List of kings of Persia - Hellenistic rulers, List of kings of Persia - Argead Dynasty 330–310 BC, List of kings of Persia - Seleucid dynasty 305–164 BC, List of kings of Persia - Parthian dynasty Arsacid dynasty 247 BC – AD 224, List of kings of Persia - Sassanid dynasty AD 224–651, List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule, List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872, List of kings of Persia - Alavids 864–928, List of kings of Persia - Ziyarids 928–1043, List of kings of Persia - Buyyids 932–1056, List of kings of Persia - Saffarids in Seistan and beyond 861–1002, List of kings of Persia - Samanids Proto-Tajiks 892–998, List of kings of Persia - Ghaznavids 997–1186, List of kings of Persia - Seljuk Turks 1029–1194, List of kings of Persia - Khwarazmids 1096–1230, List of kings of Persia - Ilkhans 1256–1380, List of kings of Persia - Muzaffarid Dynasty 1314–1393, List of kings of Persia - Timurid dynasty 1380–1507, List of kings of Persia - Shahs of modern Iran, List of kings of Persia - Safavid dynasty 1502–1736, List of kings of Persia - Afsharid dynasty 1736–1749, List of kings of Persia - Zand dynasty 1750–1794, List of kings of Persia - Qajar dynasty 1796–1925, List of kings of Persia - Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979

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According to adherents of Kabbalah, the origin of Kabbalah begins with the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible). When read by a Kabbalist, the Torah's description of the creation in the Book of Genesis reveals mysteries about God's creation of the universe, Adam and Eve, the Garden of Eden, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and a Tree of Life, the interaction of these creations with the Serpent which leads to disaster when they ...

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Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Origin of Jewish mysticism, Kabbalah - Mystic doctrines in Talmudic times, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the early Middle Ages, Kabbalah - Lurianic Kabbalah in the Middle Ages, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Sefardim and Mizrahim, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Maharal, Kabbalah - The failure of Sabbatian mysticism, Kabbalah - Spread of Kabbalah during the 1700s, Kabbalah - The modern world, Kabbalah - Primary texts, Kabbalah - Theodicy: explanation for the existence of evil, Kabbalah - Kabbalistic understanding of God, Kabbalah - Sefirot, Kabbalah - A Greek Orthodox theological view, Kabbalah - The human soul in Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Foretelling the future, Kabbalah - Practical applications, Kabbalah - Textual antiquity of esoteric mysticism, Kabbalah - Gnosticism and Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Criticisms, Kabbalah - Dualism, Kabbalah - Debate about Kabbalah in Judaism, Kabbalah - Early critiques, Kabbalah - Within Conservative and Reform Judaism, Kabbalah - Kabbalah Centre, Kabbalah - Kabbalah in non-Jewish society, Kabbalah - Hermetic Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Fictional representations, Kabbalah - Kabbalah personalities, Kabbalah - Footnotes

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1353 (1357?) - 1391 (Ban 1353-1377, King 1377-1391) Tvrtko I of Kotroman (born 1338?, died 1391) Nephew of Stephen Kotromanić. Crowned himself 'King of Serbs and Bosnia' in 1377. 1391 - 1395 Stephen (Stjepan) Dabiša (died 1395) Illegitimate son of Ninoslav Kotromanić, a son of Kotroman. 1395 - 1398 Jelena Gruba, widow of Stephen Dabisa 1398 - 1404, 1409 - 1418 King Ostoja Kotromanić (died 1418) Son of Tvrtko Kotromanić. Power struggles with ...

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List of rulers of Bosnia, List of rulers of Bosnia - Early history, List of rulers of Bosnia - Emergence of native Bosnian bans, List of rulers of Bosnia - Bosnian kingdom, List of rulers of Bosnia - Turkish occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Austrian occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Modern times, List of rulers of Bosnia - Related articles, List of rulers of Bosnia - External link

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The Kingdom of Scotland was united in 843, by King Kenneth I of Scotland. Over the next 850 years it developed its own legal and educational systems, as it still does today, as well as a separate monetary and measures systems. At first the kingdom corresponded to north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde. Southwest Scotland remained under the control of the Strathclyde Britons. Southeast Scotland was under the control from around 638 of the proto-English kingdom of Bernicia, then of the Kingdom of Northumbria. This part of Scotland was contested f ...

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Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of Scotland - Government, Kingdom of Scotland - History, Kingdom of Scotland - Union with England

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Sir Richard Owen (1804-1892), naturist; Sir Edward Frankland (1825-1899), chemist; Prof Roger Ainsworth, Master of St Catherine's College, Oxford; Brig Alex Birtwistle, commanded government's campaign against Foot and Mouth; Phil Christophers, England rugby international; James Crosby, CEO HBOS plc; Don Foster, Liberal Democrat MP; Sir Ron Halstead CBE, Industrialist; Lord Cecil Parkinson, former Conservative Party chairman; Prof T Hugh Pennington, Microbiologist; Kevin Roberts, CEO Worldwide Saatchi & Saatchi; Nigel Morris, forme ...

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Lancaster Royal Grammar School, Lancaster Royal Grammar School - Headmaster, Lancaster Royal Grammar School - Notable Alumni, Lancaster Royal Grammar School - External link

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Marburg - History. Marburg - Founding and early history. Like many settlements, Marburg developed at the crossroads of two important early medieval highways: an east-west one (Cologne to Prague) and a north-south one (from the North Sea to the Alps and on to Italy), the former crossing the river Lahn here. The settlement was protected, and customs raised, by a small castle that was built in the 9th or 10th century by the dynasty of the Giso. Since 1140, Marburg is dated as a town (proven by coins). From the Gisos, it fell around that time to the Landgraves o ...

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Marburg, Marburg - Universitätsstadt Marburg, Marburg - History, Marburg - Founding and early history, Marburg - Architecture, Marburg - Marburg virus, Marburg - Marburg an der Drau, Marburg - Marburg Queensland 4346 Australia

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The Japanese calendars prior to 1873 were derived from the Chinese. Japan adopted the Chinese calendar in 645. To convert a Japanese year to a Western year, find the first year of the nengō (=era name, see list below). When found, subtract 1, and add the number of the Japanese year. For example, the 23rd year of the Showa Era (Showa 23) would be 1948 ... 1926 − 1 = 1925, then 1925 + 23 = 1948. 645 大化 Taika 650 白雉 Hakuchi (era) 686 朱鳥 Shuchō 701 ...

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Japanese era name, Japanese era name - Overview, Japanese era name - Historical nengō, Japanese era name - Nengō in Modern Japan, Japanese era name - Conversion table from nengō to Gregorian calendar years, Japanese era name - Unofficial nengō system 私年号

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At the age of six, Otto was married with Agnes of Palatinate, and with this marriage, he inherited Palatinate. Her grandfathers were Duke Henry the Lion and the Hohenstaufen Conrad. Otto's descendents kept it as a Wittelsbach possesion until 1918. Otto acquired the rich regions of Bogen in 1240, and Andechs and Ortenburg in 1248. After a dispute with emperor Frederick II was ended, he joined the Hohenstaufen party in 1241. His daughter, Elizabeth, was married to Frederick's ...

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Otto II Wittelsbach Duke of Bavaria, Otto II Wittelsbach Duke of Bavaria - Life, Otto II Wittelsbach Duke of Bavaria - Family and children

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In the medieval period there were three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and these developed separate parliaments. The 1707 Act of Union brought England and Scotland together under the Parliament of Great Britain, and the 1800 Act of Union included Ireland under the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of England. Main articles: Parliament of England, See also:

Parliament of the United Kingdom, Parliament of the United Kingdom - History, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of England, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of Scotland, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of Ireland, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of Great Britain, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of the United Kingdom, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Modern era, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Composition, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Procedure, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Term, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Legislative functions, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Judicial functions, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Relationship with the Government, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Sovereignty, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Privileges

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Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire. Temujin, later to be more prominently known as Genghis Khan, was the first in the line of Yuan rulers. He was the son of Yesügei, the tribal chief of the Kiyad — a tribe in fractured Mongolia. His father was killed in his early life by a rival tribe, the [[heir. This led to bitterness on the part of Senggum, Wang's former heir, who planned to assassinate Temüjin. Temüjin learned of Senggum's intentions however, and a large civil war broke out among the Mong ...

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Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire, Yuan Dynasty - Aspirations to China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Conquest, Yuan Dynasty - Golden Age of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Establishment of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Early Rule, Yuan Dynasty - Impact, Yuan Dynasty - Downfall of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Civil Unrest, Yuan Dynasty - Loss of China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Yuan

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List of Spaniards - Architects. See also: Category:Spanish architects. Ricardo Bofill (b. 1939), one of the main representatives of postmodernism in architecture. Santiago Calatrava (b. 1951), 2005 AIA Gold Medal Laureate. Ildefons Cerdà (1815–1876), urban planner who designed the 19th-century extension of Barcelona (Eixample). Lluís Domènech i Montaner (1850–1923), brilliant contemporary of better known fellow c ...

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List of Spaniards, List of Spaniards - Actors, List of Spaniards - Artists, List of Spaniards - Architects, List of Spaniards - Explorers and conquistadores, List of Spaniards - Film directors, List of Spaniards - Leaders and politicians, List of Spaniards - Ancient, List of Spaniards - Medieval, List of Spaniards - Modern, List of Spaniards - Contemporary, List of Spaniards - Literature, List of Spaniards - A–D, List of Spaniards - E–H, List of Spaniards - I–L, List of Spaniards - M–P, List of Spaniards - Q–T, List of Spaniards - U–Z, List of Spaniards - Military, List of Spaniards - Musicians, List of Spaniards - Classical, List of Spaniards - Singers, List of Spaniards - Philosophers and humanists, List of Spaniards - Science and technology, List of Spaniards - Social scientists, List of Spaniards - Sports, List of Spaniards - Others

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Tudela was created in 802, by Amrus ibn Yusuf al-Muwalad, under Al Hakam I kingdom. At the beginning of IX century, Tudela become important because some historic and politic circumstances. The city was a bridge used by Muslim to fight against Christians of Pamplona. Later the city became an important defensive point for Kingdom of Navarre in battles with Castilla and Aragon. Tudela was a strategic point based mainly in the ...

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Tudela, Tudela - History, Tudela - Jewish Tudela, Tudela - Education, Tudela - People, Tudela - External link, Tudela - Article References

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The community is surrounded by Fallowfield, Moss Side, Levenshulme, and the University of Manchester. It is served in Westminster by the MP for Gorton (election results), currently the Rt Hon Sir Gerald Kaufman. Prime Minister Herbert Asquith was married in a Rusholme church, Richard Cobden, William Royle, and Thomas Lowe were long-time residents. Conservative Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw was for 26 years the town's representative on Manchester City Council before becoming Lord Mayor of Manchester from 1975-1976. The councillors elected for the ward in 2004 were Abu Chowdh ...

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Rusholme, Rusholme - Cultural diversity, Rusholme - Social geography, Rusholme - Politics, Rusholme - Culture

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