1235

Ögedei, (also Ögädäi, Ögedäi, Ogotai, etc.) (1186-1241), was the third son of Genghis Khan. He succeeded his father to rule as the second great Khan of the Mongol Empire. He continued the expansion the empire that his father had begun. Like all of Genghis' primary sons, he participated extensively in conquests in Western China and Central Asia. He was elected supreme khan in 1229, according to the kuriltai held after Genghis' death, although this was never really in doubt as it was Genghis' clear wish ...

Read more here: » Ögedei Khan: Encyclopedia - Ögedei Khan

Béla IV (1206-1270) was the king of Hungary between 1235 and 1270. Béla was the son of King András II and Gertrude of Meran. His mother was murdered by Hungarian magnates in 1213, when he was a boy. His father having failed to avenge Queen Gertrude, it was left to Béla to track down and punish his mother's murderers, a campaign which he finally completed some thirty years after her death. In 1218 he was married to Maria Laskarina, the daughter of Emperor Theodore I Lascaris of Nicaea. Their children were: Including:

• Béla IV of Hungary - Sources

Read more here: » Béla IV of Hungary: Encyclopedia - Béla IV of Hungary

1311 - Events. Bolingbroke Castle passes to the House of Lancaster. March 15 - the Catalan Company defeats Walter V of Brienne to take control of the Duchy of Athens. A committee of twenty-one English barons draw up a series of ordinances, which substituted ordainers for the King (Edward II) as the effective government of the country. 1311 - Births. June 24 - Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III of England (died 1369) August 13 ...

Including:

• 1311 - Events
• 1311 - Births
• 1311 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1311: Encyclopedia - 1311

For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. 1271 - Events. 1271 - Europe. July 2 - Kings Otakar II of Bohemia and Stephen V of Hungary sign the first Peace of Pressburg, settling territorial claims following the failed invasion of Hungary by Otakar II. September 1 - Pope Gregory X is elected pope by compromise between French and Italian cardinals, ending a three-year conclave, the longest ever. The County of Toulouse is returned to the cro ...

Including:

• 1271 - Events
• 1271 - Europe
• 1271 - North Africa and the Middle East
• 1271 - Asia
• 1271 - Births
• 1271 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1271: Encyclopedia - 1271

Carrara is a city in the Massa Carrara province of Tuscany, Italy, famous for the white or blue-gray marble quarried there. It is on the Lavensa river, some 60 miles west northwest of Florence. As of 1991, the population was 61,197 people. In addition to the marble quarries, the city has academies of sculpture and fine arts and a museum of statuaries and antiquities. The local marble is exported around the world, and marble from elsewhere is ...

Read more here: » Carrara: Encyclopedia - Carrara

Ujjain (Hindi:उज्जैन) (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti) is an ancient city of central India, in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River. In ancient times the city was called Ujjayini, and is referred to as Ozene by Ptolemy. It is the administrative center of Ujjain District and Ujjain Division. It is one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus, and the Kumbh Mela religious festival is held there every twelve years. It has been the first meridian of lon ...

Including:

• Ujjain - History
• Ujjain - Climate
• Ujjain - Geography
• Ujjain - Transportation
• Ujjain - Places to Visit
• Ujjain - Economy

Read more here: » Ujjain: Encyclopedia - Ujjain

Trefoil - Architecture. Trefoil (from Latin trifolium, three-leaved plant, French trèfle, German Dreiblatt and Dreiblattbogen) is a term in Gothic architecture given to the ornamental foliation or cusping introduced in the heads of window-lights, tracery, panellings, etc., in which the center takes the form of a three-lobed leaf (formed from three partially-overlapping circles). One of the earliest examples is in the plate tracery at Winchester (1222 - 1235). The four-fold vers ...

Including:

• Trefoil - Architecture
• Trefoil - Other meanings
• Trefoil - External link

Read more here: » Trefoil: Encyclopedia - Trefoil

1315 - Events. August 13 - Louis X of France marries Clemence d'Anjou. November 15 - Swiss defeat Leopold of Austria at Battle of Morgarten, ensuring independence for the Swiss Confederation. August - Louis X is crowned King of France. The Great Famine of 1315-1317. Hojo Mototoki becomes Kamakura shogun of Japan. Eudes IV succeeds Hugh V as Duke of Burgundy. John XIII Glykys becomes Patriarch of Constantinople. Flushing is granted city rights.Including:

• 1315 - Events
• 1315 - Births
• 1315 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1315: Encyclopedia - 1315

Batu Khan (Russian: Batyi, Батый) (c. 1205 - 1255) was a Mongol ruler, founder of the Kipchak Khanate. The term "Kipchak" came from the Kipchak Turks in the Mongol forces. Batu was a son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Although Genghis Khan recognized Jochi as his son, his parentage was always a question, as his mother Börte, Genghis Khan's wife, had been captured and raped, so that Jochi was born exactly nine months after her recovery by Genghis Khan. During the lifetime of Genghis, this issue was public knowledge ...

Including:

• Batu Khan - Invasion of Rus
• Batu Khan - Invasion of Central Europe

Read more here: » Batu Khan: Encyclopedia - Batu Khan

In the medieval period there were three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and these developed separate parliaments. The 1707 Act of Union brought England and Scotland together under the Parliament of Great Britain, and the 1800 Act of Union included Ireland under the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of England. The English Parliament can trace its origins to the Anglo-Saxon Witenagemot. In 1066 William of Normandy brought a feudal system where he soug ...

See also:

Parliament of the United Kingdom, Parliament of the United Kingdom - History, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of England, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of Scotland, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of Ireland, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of Great Britain, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of the United Kingdom, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Modern era, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Composition, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Procedure, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Term, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Legislative functions, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Judicial functions, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Relationship with the Government, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Sovereignty, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Privileges

Read more here: » Parliament of the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Parliament of the United Kingdom - History

The military campaigns of the Crusade can be divided into a number of periods, the first from 1209 to 1215 was a series of great success for the crusaders in Languedoc. The captured lands however were largely lost between 1215 and 1225 in a series of revolts and reverses. The situation turned again following the intervention of the French king, Louis VIII, in 1226. He died in November of that year, but the efforts continued under Louis IX; the area was reconquered by 1229 and main protagonists made peace. From 1233 the efforts of the Inquisi ...

See also:

Albigensian Crusade, Albigensian Crusade - Origin, Albigensian Crusade - Crusades, Albigensian Crusade - Initial success 1209 to 1215, Albigensian Crusade - Revolts and reverses 1216 to 1225, Albigensian Crusade - French King intervenes, Albigensian Crusade - Inquisition

Read more here: » Albigensian Crusade: Encyclopedia II - Albigensian Crusade - Crusades

In the medieval period there were three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and these developed separate parliaments. The 1707 Act of Union brought England and Scotland together under the Parliament of Great Britain, and the 1800 Act of Union included Ireland under the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of England. See also:

Parliament of the United Kingdom, Parliament of the United Kingdom - History, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of England, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of Scotland, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of Ireland, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of Great Britain, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Parliament of the United Kingdom, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Modern era, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Composition, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Procedure, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Term, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Legislative functions, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Judicial functions, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Relationship with the Government, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Sovereignty, Parliament of the United Kingdom - Privileges

Read more here: » Parliament of the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Parliament of the United Kingdom - History

Bastardy was not a status, like villeinage, but the fact of being a bastard had a number of legal effects on an individual. A bastard was neither a direct nor a collateral heir of their parents -- a useful consequence if the parents were villeins A bastard could not be ordained as a priest. One exception to the general principle that a bastard could not inherit, occurred when the eldest son (who would otherwise be heir) was born a bastard, but the second son was born after the parents were married. The eldest ...

See also:

Bastard Law of England and Wales, Bastard Law of England and Wales - Common law origin, Bastard Law of England and Wales - Reform

Read more here: » Bastard Law of England and Wales: Encyclopedia II - Bastard Law of England and Wales - Common law origin

The Seljuk Turks occupied Sudak in the Crimea and constructed a fortress there between 1221 and 1223. In 1223 the governor of Sinope sent ships to attack the coast of Perateia in an effort to divert trade into his port. A ship carrying the annual tribute of Perateia, with the archon of the province and a number of notables from Cherson on board, was driven by a storm into Sinope's harbour. In violation of the treaty with Andronicus, the city's governor seized the vessel with its cargo, passen ...

See also:

Andronicus I of Trebizond, Andronicus I of Trebizond - The Seljuks, Andronicus I of Trebizond - Cult of St Eugenios, Andronicus I of Trebizond - The Khwarizmshah and the Mongols

Read more here: » Andronicus I of Trebizond: Encyclopedia II - Andronicus I of Trebizond - The Seljuks

The first known fortification on the site was a Roman fortress that Claudius built to protect the city of Londinium. In 1078 William the Conqueror ordered the White Tower to be built, as much to protect the Normans from the people of the City of London as to protect London from anyone else. Earlier forts there, including the Roman one, had primarily wooden buildings, but William ordered his tower to be of stone that he had specially imported from France. It was King Richard the Lionheart who had the moat dug around the surrounding wal ...

See also:

Tower of London, Tower of London - History, Tower of London - Description, Tower of London - Location, Tower of London - In fiction

Read more here: » Tower of London: Encyclopedia II - Tower of London - History

In 1204, Byzantine emperor Alexius V fled Constantinople rather than face the crusader army in battle. Theodore Lascaris, the son-in-law of Emperor Alexius III, was proclaimed emperor, but he too fled, to the city of Nicaea in Bithynia, realizing the situation in Constantinople was hopeless. The Latin Empire which was established by the crusaders in Constantinople had poor control over former Byzantine territory, and Byzantine successor states sprang up in Epirus and Trebizond as well as Nicaea. Nicaea, however, was the closest to the ...

See also:

Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Nicaea - Foundation, Empire of Nicaea - Expansion, Empire of Nicaea - Recapture of Constantinople, Empire of Nicaea - Emperors of Nicaea

Read more here: » Empire of Nicaea: Encyclopedia II - Empire of Nicaea - Foundation

For more detail on this period see Prehistoric Scotland. People lived in Scotland for at least 8500 years before recorded history dealt with Britain. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000 – 70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, though archaeologists have found no traces of this. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice ...

See also:

History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland

Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement

When Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Empire of Trebizond was one of the three smaller Greek states that emerged from the wreckage, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus. Alexius, a grandson of Byzantine emperor Andronicus I Comnenus and a descendant of King David the Builder of Georgia through his great grandmother Katay (daughter of David the Builder), made Trebizond his capital and asserted a claim to be ...

See also:

Empire of Trebizond, Empire of Trebizond - Foundation, Empire of Trebizond - Prosperity, Empire of Trebizond - Climax and civil war, Empire of Trebizond - Decline and fall, Empire of Trebizond - List of Trapezuntine emperors, Empire of Trebizond - List of Trapezuntine people

Read more here: » Empire of Trebizond: Encyclopedia II - Empire of Trebizond - Foundation

Main article: History of Gdańsk, see also: History of Pomerania Gdańsk - Foundation and the Middle Ages. According to archeologists, the Gdańsk stronghold was built in the 980s by Mieszko I of Poland. However, the year 997 has in recent years been considered to be the date of the foundation of the city, this being the year when Saint Adalbert of Prague (sent by the Polish king Boleslaus the Brave) baptized the inhabitants ...

See also:

Gdańsk, Gdańsk - Names, Gdańsk - Historical documents, Gdańsk - Special celebration names, Gdańsk - History, Gdańsk - Foundation and the Middle Ages, Gdańsk - World Wars and Inter-War Years, Gdańsk - Modern age, Gdańsk - Population developments, Gdańsk - Economy, Gdańsk - Culture, Gdańsk - Tourism, Gdańsk - Transportation, Gdańsk - Sports, Gdańsk - Politics and local government, Gdańsk - Regional center, Gdańsk - Education and science, Gdańsk - Scientific and regional organizations

Read more here: » Gdańsk: Encyclopedia II - Gdańsk - History

Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire. Temujin, later to be more prominently known as Genghis Khan, was the first in the line of Yuan rulers. He was the son of Yesügei, the tribal chief of the Kiyad — a tribe in fractured Mongolia. His father was killed in his early life by a rival tribe, the Tartars — this rendered him chief of the Kiyad. Many in the tribe did not take well to a boy-ruler, abandoning him. He and his family were thus reduced to a state of abject poverty — however, at the age o ...

See also:

Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire, Yuan Dynasty - Aspirations to China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Conquest, Yuan Dynasty - Golden Age of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Establishment of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Early Rule, Yuan Dynasty - Impact, Yuan Dynasty - Downfall of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Civil Unrest, Yuan Dynasty - Loss of China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Yuan

Read more here: » Yuan Dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan

At first we were confused. The East thought that we were West, while the West considered us to be East. Some of us misunderstood our place in the clash of currents, so they cried that we belong to neither side, and others that we belong exclusively to one side or the other. But I tell you, Ireneus, we are doomed by fate to be the East in the West and the West in the East, to acknowledge only heavenly Jerusalem beyond us, and here on earth--no one - S ...

See also:

Saint Sava, Saint Sava - Quote

Read more here: » Saint Sava: Encyclopedia II - Saint Sava - Quote