1231

1231 - Events. Ardengus becomes bishop of Florence. Emperor Frederick II promulgates the Constitutions of Melfi (also known as Liber Augustalis), a collection of laws for Sicily. Llywelyn the Great launches a campaign against the Norman lordships in Wales. 1231 - Births. March 17 - Emperor Shijō of Japan (died 1242) Guo Shoujing, Chinese astronomer and mathematician John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey (died 1304)Including:

• 1231 - Events
• 1231 - Births
• 1231 - Deaths

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1196 - Events. Spring, London, popular uprising of the poor against the rich led by William Fitz Osbern. According to a popular legend, Prince Madog of Gwynedd reached North America in what is present-day Alabama. Stefan Prvovencani becomes Grand Župan of Serbia Creation of water boards in the region of present-day Netherlands, thereby being one of the oldest democratic entities still in existence in the world today. 1196 - Births.

Korean Buddhism is distinguished from other forms of Buddhism by its attempt to resolve what it sees as inconsistencies in Chinese Mahayana Buddhism. Early Korean monks believed that the traditions they received from China were internally inconsistent. To address this, they developed a new holistic approach to Buddhism. This approach is characteristic of virtually all major Korean thinkers, and has resulted in a distinct variation of Buddhism, which Wonhyo (617–686) called the Tongbulgyo ("interpenetrated Buddhism"). K ...

Including:

• Korean Buddhism - Historical overview of the development of Korean Buddhism
• Korean Buddhism - Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms
• Korean Buddhism - Baekje
• Korean Buddhism - Kaya
• Korean Buddhism - Silla
• Korean Buddhism - Buddhism in the Unified Silla period 668-918
• Korean Buddhism - Buddhism as state religion in the Goryeo period 918-1392
• Korean Buddhism - Suppression under the Joseon dynasty 1392-1910
• Korean Buddhism - Buddhism during the Japanese occupation 1910-1945
• Korean Buddhism - Buddhism and Westernization 1945-present
• Korean Buddhism - Looking Ahead

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For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. 1282 - Events. 1282 - War and politics. March 30 - The Sicilian rebellion known as the Sicilian Vespers begins against the rule of Angevin King Charles I of Sicily; over the next six weeks, thousands of French are killed. The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the Ninth Crusade while still en route to the target city of Constantinople, and allows King Peter III of Aragon to take over rule of the island from Charl ...

Including:

• 1282 - Events
• 1282 - War and politics
• 1282 - Culture and natural disasters
• 1282 - Births
• 1282 - Deaths

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Korean Buddhism is distinguished from other forms of Buddhism by its attempt to resolve what it sees as inconsistencies in Chinese Mahayana Buddhism. Early Korean monks believed that the traditions they received from China were internally inconsistent. To address this, they developed a new holistic approach to Buddhism. This approach is characteristic of virtually all major Korean thinkers, and has resulted in a distinct variation of Buddhism, which Wonhyo (617–686) called the Tongbulgyo ("interpenetrated Buddhism"). K ...

Including:

• Korean Buddhism - Historical overview of the development of Korean Buddhism
• Korean Buddhism - Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms
• Korean Buddhism - Goguryeo
• Korean Buddhism - Baekje
• Korean Buddhism - Kaya
• Korean Buddhism - Silla
• Korean Buddhism - Buddhism in the Unified Silla period 668-918
• Korean Buddhism - Buddhism as state religion in the Goryeo period 918-1392
• Korean Buddhism - Suppression under the Joseon dynasty 1392-1910
• Korean Buddhism - Buddhism during the Japanese occupation 1910-1945
• Korean Buddhism - Buddhism and Westernization 1945-present
• Korean Buddhism - Looking Ahead

Read more here: » Korean Buddhism: Encyclopedia - Korean Buddhism

Saint Anthony of Padua, also venerated as Anthony of Lisbon, particularly in Portugal (August 15, 1195 – June 13, 1231) is a Catholic saint who was born in Lisbon as Fernando de Bulhões (pron. IPA [fɨɾ.'nɐ̃.du dɨ bu.'ʎõj̃ʃ]), to a wealthy family. Saint Anthony of Padua - Life. He received in baptism the name of Fernando. St. Anthony's feast is on June 13. His family arranged a sound education for him at the local cathedral schoo ...

Including:

• Saint Anthony of Padua - Life
• Saint Anthony of Padua - Recognition

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The Shōbōgenzō (正法眼蔵), lit. "Treasury of the True Dharma Eye", is Dōgen Zenji's collection of Zen Buddhist fascicles, written between 1231 and 1253 -- the year of Dogen's death (Dōgen, 2002, p. xi). Unlike earlier Zen writings originating in Japan, the Kana Shōbōgenzō was written in Japanese -- not Chinese. Other works by Dōgen, notably the Eihei Koroku and the Shobogenzo Sanbyakusoku, are written in Chinese. Shobogenzo Sanbyakusoku consists of over 300 Koan (open cases), and is distinct from the Kana Shōbōgenzō discussed herein. See: H ...

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• Shobogenzo - External link

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This is a list of the counts of Burgundy (i.e., of the region known as "Franche-Comté", not to be confused with the Duchy of Burgundy) from 867 to 1678. Odo (count of Mâcon, Dijon, Autun, and Burgundy, 867-870) Rodfried (870-895) Hugh the Black (921-952) Otto William (986-1026) Renaud I (1026-1057) William I the Great (1057-1087, also count of Mâcon, 1078-1085 Renaud II (1087-1097, also count of Mâcon, 1085) Stephen I (titular count, 1097-1102) Re ...

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William of Auxer(r)e (d. 1231) was a French scholastic theologian and official in the Roman Catholic Church. He was an Archdeacon of Beauvais before becoming a professor of theology at the university in Paris. In 1231, he was made a member of the commission appointed by Gregory IX to examine Aristotle's writings on the natural sciences and to offer amendments where religiously necessary. Consequently, William was one of the first theologians to be influenced by Aristotle. His Summa Aurea shows a debt still to Peter Lomba ...

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Danylo of Galicia (Ukrainian: Данило Галицький, Danylo Halyts’kyi), (1201-1264) was the 1st King of Galicia, Knyaz of Halych (1205–1206, 1211–1212, 1229–1231, 1233–1235, 1238–1255), Peremyshl (1211), and Volodymyr-Volynsky (1212–1231). He was crowned by a papal archbishop in Dorohychyn 1253/1255 as the 1st King of Galicia (1253–1264). Danylo of Halych - Biography. In 1205, after the death of his father, Roman Mstyslavyc ...

Including:

• Danylo of Halych - Biography
• Danylo of Halych - Family
• Danylo of Halych - Mother
• Danylo of Halych - Father
• Danylo of Halych - Wives
• Danylo of Halych - Brother
• Danylo of Halych - Sisters
• Danylo of Halych - Sons
• Danylo of Halych - Daughters

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August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. August 15 - Events. 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, in which Roland is killed 927 - The Saracens conquered and destroyed Taranto 1057 - King MacBeth of Scotland is killed during the Battle of Lumphanan by the forces of King Malcolm III. 1185 - The cave city of Vardzia was consecrated by Queen Tamar of Georgia 1309 - The city of Rhodes ...

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• August 15 - Events
• August 15 - Births
• August 15 - Deaths
• August 15 - Holidays and observances

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Volokolamsk (Russian: Волокола́мск) is an administrative center of the Volokolamsk Raion (district) of the Moscow Oblast (province) in Russia. Volokolamsk is located 129 km northwest of Moscow on the Gorodenka River, not far from its confluence with the Lama River. Population: 16,700 (2003). Volokolamsk was first mentioned in the Voskresensk Chronicle under the year of 1135. The town was built by Novgorodian merchants on a 5-kilometer portage (volok in Russian) on a ...

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1195 - Events. Priory of St Mary's, Bushmead, founded. Alexius III Angelus overthrows Isaac II and becomes emperor of Byzantium. 1195 - Births. August 15 - Anthony of Padua, Portuguese preacher and saint (died 1231) Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (died 1245) Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester (died 1265) 1195 - Deaths. August 6 - Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony a ...

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• 1195 - Events
• 1195 - Births
• 1195 - Deaths

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The state of Goryeo ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. The name "Goryeo" is a shortened form of "Goguryeo," the name of a kingdom in northern Korea which was conquered by Silla in 668. The English name "Korea" comes from "Goryeo." See Names of Korea. Two of this period's most notable products are Goryeo pottery — the famous Korean celadon pottery — and the Tripitaka Koreana — the Buddhist scriptures (Tripitak ...

Including:

• Goryeo - History

Read more here: » Goryeo: Encyclopedia - Goryeo

1242 - Births. December 15 - Prince Munetaka, Japanese shogun (died 1274) Patrick de Dunbar, 7th Earl of Dunbar (died 1308) George Pachymeres, Byzantine historian 1242 - Deaths. February 10 - Emperor Shijō of Japan (born 1231) October 7 - Emperor Juntoku of Japan (born 1197) William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle Archambaud VIII of Bourbon Hojo Yasutoki, regent of Japan (born 1183) Richard Mor de ...

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• 1242 - Events
• 1242 - Births
• 1242 - Deaths
• 1242 - Monarchs/Presidents

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1235 - Events. Anglo-Norman invasion of Connacht St. Elizabeth of Hungary died November 17, 1231, either from physical fatigue or from disease, only 24 years old, in Marburg. She was canonized by Pope Gregory IX in 1235. 1235 - Births. Henry of Almain, King of the Romans (died 1271) Pope Boniface VIII (approximate date; died 1303) Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales (died 1283) Ramon Llull, Catalan writer and philosopher (d ...

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• 1235 - Events
• 1235 - Births
• 1235 - Deaths

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1207 - Births. September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal September 30 - Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi mystic (died 1273) October 1 - King Henry III of England (died 1272) Henry II, Duke of Brabant (died 1248) Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (died 1231) Philip I of Savoy (died 1285) 1207 - Deaths. Amaury of Bene, heretic Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria ...

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• 1207 - Events
• 1207 - Births
• 1207 - Deaths
• 1207 - Monarchs/Presidents

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Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s 1220s - 1230s - 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s Years: 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 Events and Trends Category: 1230s ...

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January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 362 days (363 during leap years) remain in the year after this day. January 3 - Events. 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. 1496 - Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine. 1521 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. 1749 - Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leadin ...

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• January 3 - Events
• January 3 - Births
• January 3 - Deaths
• January 3 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » January 3: Encyclopedia - January 3

Main article: History of the Orkney Islands The original inhabitants were Picts, evidence of whose occupation still exists in numerous "weems" or underground houses, chambered mounds, barrows or burial mounds, "brochs" or round towers, and stone circles and standing stones. Such implements as have survived are of the rudest description, and include quern-stones for grinding materials including grain, stone whorls and bone combs employed in primitive forms of woollen manufact ...

See also:

Orkney Islands, Orkney Islands - Islands, Orkney Islands - The North Isles, Orkney Islands - The South Isles, Orkney Islands - Geography, Orkney Islands - Geology, Orkney Islands - Climate, Orkney Islands - Economy, Orkney Islands - Communications, Orkney Islands - Media, Orkney Islands - Heritage, Orkney Islands - History, Orkney Islands - Language, Orkney Islands - Orcadian people, Orkney Islands - Constituencies

Read more here: » Orkney Islands: Encyclopedia II - Orkney Islands - History