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123 | A Wisdom Archive on 123 | | 123 A selection of articles related to 123 | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 123 | | | |  123: Encyclopedia II - List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC100 Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Gaius Marius VI
99 Aulus Postumius Albinus, Marcus Antonius Orator
98 Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Titus Didius
97 Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus, Publius Licinius Crassus Dives
96 Gaius Cassius Longinus, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
95 Lucius Licinius Crassus, Quintus Mucius Scaevola
94 Gaius Coelius Caldus, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
93 Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Marcus Herennius
92 Gaius Claudius Pulcher, Marcus Perp ...
See also:List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC Read more here: » List of Republican Roman Consuls: Encyclopedia II - List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815 In the mid-18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would ultimately result in the demise of most of the first French colonial empire. These wars were the War of the Austrian Succession (1744–1748), the Seven Years War (1756–1763), the War of the American Revolution (1778–1783), and the French Revolution (1793–1802) and Napoleonic (1803-1815) Wars.
Although the War of the Austrian Succession was indecisive — despite French successes in India under the French Go ...
See also:French colonial empires, French colonial empires - The first French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815, French colonial empires - The second French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire, French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires, French colonial empires - The Americas, French colonial empires - Africa, French colonial empires - Asia, French colonial empires - Oceania, French colonial empires - Antarctic Ocean, French colonial empires - Territories where French colonisation was checked Read more here: » French colonial empires: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815 |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire The French colonial empire began to fall apart during the Second World War, when various parts of their empire were occupied by foreign powers (Japan in Indochina, Britain in Syria and Lebanon, the US and Britain in Morocco and Algeria, and Germany in Tunisia). Although France's colonies were restored in 1945, France almost immediately had to engage in suppressing a bitter independence struggle in Indochina (see First Indochina War). When this ended with French defeat and withdrawal in 1954, the French almost immediately became involv ...
See also:French colonial empires, French colonial empires - The first French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815, French colonial empires - The second French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire, French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires, French colonial empires - The Americas, French colonial empires - Africa, French colonial empires - Asia, French colonial empires - Oceania, French colonial empires - Antarctic Ocean, French colonial empires - Territories where French colonisation was checked Read more here: » French colonial empires: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires Here is a list of all the countries that were part of the French colonial empires in the last 500 years, either entirely or in part, either under French sovereignty or as mandate or protectorate. When only a part of the country was under French rule, that part is listed in parentheses after the country. When there are no parentheses, it means the whole country was formerly part of any one of the French colonial empires. Countries listed here are those where French sovereignty applied effectively. Areas that were only claimed, but no ...
See also:French colonial empires, French colonial empires - The first French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815, French colonial empires - The second French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire, French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires, French colonial empires - The Americas, French colonial empires - Africa, French colonial empires - Asia, French colonial empires - Oceania, French colonial empires - Antarctic Ocean, French colonial empires - Territories where French colonisation was checked Read more here: » French colonial empires: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Conflicts with Rome In 53 BCE, the Roman general Crassus invaded Parthia, but was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae by a Parthian commander called Surena in the Greek and Latin sources, most likely a member of the Sûrên clan. This was the beginning of a series of wars that were to last for almost three centuries.
The Parthian armies included two types of cavalry: the heavily-armed and armoured cataphracts and light brigades of mounted archers. For the Romans, who relied on heavy infantry, the Parthians were hard to defeat, as the cavalry was much faste ...
See also:Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Conflicts with Rome |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Expansion to India Main article:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Also during the 1st century BCE, the Parthians started to make inroads into eastern territories that had been occupied by the Indo-Scythians and the Yuezhi. The Parthians gained control of parts of Bactria and extensive territories in northern India, after defeating local rulers such as the Kushan Empire ruler Kujula Kadphises, in the Gandhara region.
Around 20 CE, Gondophares, one of the Parthian conquerors, declared his independence from the Parthian empire and established the Indo- ...
See also:Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Expansion to India |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815 In the mid-18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would ultimately result in the demise of most of the first French colonial empire. These wars were the War of the Austrian Succession (1744–1748), the Seven Years War (1756–1763), the War of the American Revolution (1778–1783), and the French Revolution (1793–1802) and Napoleonic (1803-1815) Wars.
Although the War of the Austrian Succession was indecisive — despite French successes in India under the French Go ...
See also:French colonial empires, French colonial empires - The first French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815, French colonial empires - The second French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire, French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires, French colonial empires - North America, French colonial empires - Caribbean, French colonial empires - South America, French colonial empires - North Africa, French colonial empires - Sub-saharan Africa, French colonial empires - Red Sea, French colonial empires - Indian Ocean, French colonial empires - Middle East, French colonial empires - South Asia, French colonial empires - East Asia, French colonial empires - Oceania, French colonial empires - Antarctic Ocean, French colonial empires - Territories where French colonisation was checked Read more here: » French colonial empires: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815 |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Decline and fall The Armenian compromise served its purpose, but nothing in it covered the deposition of an Armenian king. After 110 CE, the Parthian king Vologases III dethroned the Armenian ruler, and the Roman emperor Trajan decided to invade Parthia in retaliation. War broke out in 114 CE and the Parthians were severely beaten. The Romans conquered Armenia, and in the following year, Trajan marched to the south, where the Parthians were forced to evacuate their strongholds. In 116 CE, Trajan captured Ctesiphon, and establi ...
See also:Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Decline and fall |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Contact with China The Chinese explorer Zhang Qian, who visited the neighbouring countries of Bactria and Sogdiana in 126 BCE, made the first known Chinese report on Parthia. In his accounts Parthia is named "Ānxī" (Chinese: 安息), a transliteration of "Arsacid", the name of the Parthian dynasty. Zhang Qian clearly identifies Parthia as an advanced urban civilization, which he equates to those of Dayuan (in Ferghana) and Daxia (in Bactria).
"Anxi is situated several thousand li west of the region of the Great Yuezhi (in Transoxonia). Th ...
See also:Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Contact with China |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - List of Japan-related topics L-Z - N N-Jammer Canceller, Nabari, Nabemono, Nachikatsuura, Wakayama, Nadasaki, Okayama, Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water, Naga District, Mie, Naga District, Wakayama, Naga, Wakayama, Nagahama, Nagahama, Ehime, Nagai, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka, Nagako, Nagakura Shinpachi, Nagakute, Aichi, Nagano, Nagano Prefecture, Nagano Shinkansen, Nagao Takahiro, Nagaoka, Nagaoka District, Kochi, Nagaokakyo, Nagareyama, Chiba, Nagasaki, Nagasaki Prefecture, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Nagasawa Masahiko, Nagasawa Miki, Nagase Masatoshi, Nagashima Shigeo, Nagashima, Kagoshima, N ...
See also:List of Japan-related topics L-Z, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - L, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - M, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - N, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - O, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - P, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - Q, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - R, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - S, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - T, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - U, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - V, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - W, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - X, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - Y, List of Japan-related topics L-Z - Z Read more here: » List of Japan-related topics L-Z: Encyclopedia II - List of Japan-related topics L-Z - N |
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| | | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - Xinjiang - Demographics Xinjiang is home to several Muslim Turkic groups including the Uyghurs and the Kazakhs. Other PRC minority ethnic groups include Hui Chinese, the Kirghiz, the Mongols, the Russians, the Xibes, the Tajik, the Uzbek, the Tatars, and the Manchus.
The percentage of ethnic Han Chinese in Xinjiang has grown from 6 percent in 1949 to an official tally of over 40 percent at present. This figure does not include military personnel or their families, or the many unregistered migrant workers. Much of this transformation can be attributed to the ...
See also:Xinjiang, Xinjiang - History, Xinjiang - Subdivisions, Xinjiang - Geography, Xinjiang - Economy, Xinjiang - Demographics, Xinjiang - Culture, Xinjiang - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Xinjiang: Encyclopedia II - Xinjiang - Demographics |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815 In the mid-18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would ultimately result in the demise of most of the first French colonial empire. These wars were the War of the Austrian Succession (1744–1748), the Seven Years War (1756–1763), the War of the American Revolution (1778–1783), and the French Revolutionary (1793–1802) and Napoleonic (1803-1815) Wars.
Although the War of the Austrian Succession was indecisive — despite French successes in India under the French ...
See also:French colonial empires, French colonial empires - The first French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815, French colonial empires - The second French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire, French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires, French colonial empires - North America, French colonial empires - Caribbean, French colonial empires - South America, French colonial empires - North Africa, French colonial empires - Sub-saharan Africa, French colonial empires - Red Sea, French colonial empires - Indian Ocean, French colonial empires - Middle East, French colonial empires - South Asia, French colonial empires - East Asia, French colonial empires - Oceania, French colonial empires - Antarctic Ocean, French colonial empires - Territories where French colonisation was checked Read more here: » French colonial empires: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815 |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - The second French colonial empire At the close of the Napoleonic Wars, most of France's colonies were restored to it by Britain, notably Guadeloupe and Martinique in the West Indies, French Guiana on the coast of South America, various trading posts in Senegal, the Île de Bourbon (Réunion) in the Indian Ocean, and France's tiny Indian possessions. Britain finally annexed Saint Lucia, Tobago, the Seychelles, and the Île de France (Mauritius), however.
The true beginnings of the second French colonial empire, however, were laid in 1830 with the French i ...
See also:French colonial empires, French colonial empires - The first French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815, French colonial empires - The second French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire, French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires, French colonial empires - North America, French colonial empires - Caribbean, French colonial empires - South America, French colonial empires - North Africa, French colonial empires - Sub-saharan Africa, French colonial empires - Red Sea, French colonial empires - Indian Ocean, French colonial empires - Middle East, French colonial empires - South Asia, French colonial empires - East Asia, French colonial empires - Oceania, French colonial empires - Antarctic Ocean, French colonial empires - Territories where French colonisation was checked Read more here: » French colonial empires: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - The second French colonial empire |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires Here is a list of all the countries that were part of the French colonial empires in the last 500 years, either entirely or in part. When only a part of the country was under French sovereignty, that part is listed in parentheses after the country. When there are no parentheses, it means the whole country was formerly part of any one of the French colonial empires. Countries listed here are those where French sovereignty applied effectively. Areas that were only claimed, but no ...
See also:French colonial empires, French colonial empires - The first French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815, French colonial empires - The second French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire, French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires, French colonial empires - North America, French colonial empires - Caribbean, French colonial empires - South America, French colonial empires - North Africa, French colonial empires - Sub-saharan Africa, French colonial empires - Red Sea, French colonial empires - Indian Ocean, French colonial empires - Middle East, French colonial empires - South Asia, French colonial empires - East Asia, French colonial empires - Oceania, French colonial empires - Antarctic Ocean, French colonial empires - Territories where French colonisation was checked Read more here: » French colonial empires: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire The French colonial empire began to fall apart during the Second World War, when various parts of their empire were occupied by foreign powers (Japan in Indochina, Britain in Syria and Lebanon, the US and Britain in Morocco and Algeria, and Germany in Tunisia). Although France's colonies were restored in 1945, France almost immediately had to engage in suppressing a bitter independence struggle in Indochina. When this ended with French defeat and withdrawal in 1954, the French almost immediately became involved in a new, and even harsher con ...
See also:French colonial empires, French colonial empires - The first French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Colonial conflict with Great Britain 1744–1815, French colonial empires - The second French colonial empire, French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire, French colonial empires - Extent of the French colonial empires, French colonial empires - North America, French colonial empires - Caribbean, French colonial empires - South America, French colonial empires - North Africa, French colonial empires - Sub-saharan Africa, French colonial empires - Red Sea, French colonial empires - Indian Ocean, French colonial empires - Middle East, French colonial empires - South Asia, French colonial empires - East Asia, French colonial empires - Oceania, French colonial empires - Antarctic Ocean, French colonial empires - Territories where French colonisation was checked Read more here: » French colonial empires: Encyclopedia II - French colonial empires - Collapse of the empire |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - Xinjiang - Economy Xinjiang is known for its fruits and produce including grapes and melons. Cotton, wheat, silk, walnuts, and sheep are also produced. Xinjiang also has large deposits of minerals and oil.
Xinjiang's nominal GDP was approximately 187 billion RMB (about 23 billion USD) in 2003, and increased to 220 billion RMB in 2004, due to the "Develop the West" policy introduced by the State Council. Its per capita GDP for 2003 was 9,710 RMB (ca. 1172 USD).
Oil and gas extraction industry in Aksu and Karamay is booming, with the pipe ...
See also:Xinjiang, Xinjiang - History, Xinjiang - Subdivisions, Xinjiang - Geography, Xinjiang - Economy, Xinjiang - Demographics, Xinjiang - Culture, Xinjiang - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Xinjiang: Encyclopedia II - Xinjiang - Economy |
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| | | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Government After the conquest of Media, Assyria, Babylonia and Elam, the Parthians had to organize their empire. The former elites of these countries were Greek, and the new rulers had to adapt to their customs if they wanted their rule to last. As a result, the cities retained their ancient rights and civil administrations remained more or less undisturbed. An interesting detail is coinage: legends were written in the Greek alphabet, a practice that continued until the 2nd century CE, when local knowledge of the language was in decline and few people ...
See also:Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Government |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire Initially, ca. 250 BCE, a king named Arsaces established his dynasty's independence from Seleucid rule in remote areas of northern Iran in what is today known as Turkmenistan, where his descendants of the same name ruled until Antiochus III the Great briefly made them submit to Seleucid authority again in 206 BCE.
It was not until the 2nd century BCE that the Parthians were able to profit from the continuing erosion of the Seleucid Empire, gradually capturing all its territories east of Syria. Once the Parthians had gained Herat, the ...
See also:Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Contact with China The Chinese explorer Zhang Qian, who visited the neighbouring countries of Bactria and Sogdiana in 126 BCE, made the first known Chinese report on Parthia. In his accounts Parthia is named "Ānxī" (Chinese: 安息), a transliteration of "Arsacid", the name of the Parthian dynasty. Zhang Qian clearly identifies Parthia as an advanced urban civilization, which he equates to those of Dayuan (in Ferghana) and Daxia (in Bactria).
"Anxi is situated several thousand li west of the region of the Great Yuezhi (in Transoxonia). Th ...
See also:Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Contact with China |
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| | | | | 123: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome In 53 BCE, the Roman general Crassus invaded Parthia, but was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae by a Parthian commander called Surena in the Greek and Latin sources, most likely a member of the Sûrên clan. This was the beginning of a series of wars that were to last for almost three centuries.
The Parthian armies included two types of cavalry: the heavily-armed and armoured cataphracts and light brigades of mounted archers. For the Romans, who relied on heavy infantry, the Parthians were hard to defeat, as the cavalry was much faste ...
See also:Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome |
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