1229

At the end of the Albigensian Crusade from the northern "barons" against the southern Occitania on a religious pretext (fighting the Cathar heresy), the Count of Toulouse was defeated and concluded the treaty of Paris in 1229. By this treaty he gave the Rouergue county to his daughter who became the wife of Alphonse de Poitiers, brother of Saint Louis, king of France. Alphonse founded Villefranche on th ...

See also:

Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Villefranche-de-Rouergue - History

Read more here: » Villefranche-de-Rouergue: Encyclopedia II - Villefranche-de-Rouergue - History

Lordships in the Kingdom of Jerusalem were usually hereditary, in principle, but in practice the circumstances were such that their holders did not form long uninterrupted lines of inheritance, which was contrary to the usual patterns of succession in Europe. Firstly, in the early years of the kingdom, lords sought out their own territories, and lordships changed hands often. Secondly, the average lifespan of male lords in Palestine was rather low, due to the constant state of warfare and violence, which led to inheritances by females and/or ...

See also:

Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

Read more here: » Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem

Urville fictional city - Antiquity. In the 12th century B.C., Qart-Sous-Yam, "Sea Horse City", (in Latin, Carsutia, and in English Carsoucia) is founded by the Phoenicians. From the 7th century to 125 BC, the Carsoucia province is fighting with Carthage for the control of trade between the Western Mediterranean and Tyr and Sydon in Phoenicia. During this war, Carthage takes advantage over the Carsoucia, but it's a ...

See also:

Urville fictional city, Urville fictional city - Urville history, Urville fictional city - Antiquity, Urville fictional city - Middle Ages, Urville fictional city - Ancient Regime, Urville fictional city - Contemporary history, Urville fictional city - 1945 to Present, Urville fictional city - External link

Read more here: » Urville fictional city: Encyclopedia II - Urville fictional city - Urville history

He was a son of duke Otto II and Agnes. Her grandfathers were duke Henry the Lion and the Hohenstaufen Conrad. When the Wittelsbach country was divided in 1255 among Otto's sons, Louis received the Palatinate and Upper Bavaria; his brother Henry XIII received Lower Bavaria. Together with his brother he supported his nephew Conradin. After the young man's execution in Naples in 1268, Louis inherited some of Conradin's possesions in Swabia and suppo ...

See also:

Louis II Duke of Bavaria, Louis II Duke of Bavaria - Life, Louis II Duke of Bavaria - Family and children

Read more here: » Louis II Duke of Bavaria: Encyclopedia II - Louis II Duke of Bavaria - Life

Swedish influence in Finland was considerable in pre-Christian times. The Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in commerce and plundering. Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden did or did not began in approximately 1154 with the introduction of Christianity by a Crusade and an expedition by a svea (Uplandic) nobleman Eric Jedvardson, later known as Saint Eric who became King Eric IX of Sweden. In 1362 Finnish representatives received for the first time entitlement to participate in the election of the Swedish king, whereby ...

See also:

List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Romanov, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - Acting as Heads of State, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse

Read more here: » List of Finnish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers of Finland

Although the Qur'an does not mention the name "Jerusalem", the hadith specify that it was from Jerusalem that Muhammad ascended to heaven in the Night Journey, or Isra and Miraj. The city was one of the Arab Caliphate's first conquests in 638 CE; according to Arab historians of the time, the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab personally went to the city to receive its submission, cleaning out and praying at the Temple Mount in the process. Sixty years later, the Dome of the Rock was built, a structure in which there lies the stone where Muham ...

See also:

History of Jerusalem, History of Jerusalem - Antiquity prehistory - 6 CE, History of Jerusalem - Roman rule 6 CE - 638, History of Jerusalem - Arab Caliphates Christian Crusaders and early Ottoman rule 638-1800s, History of Jerusalem - Revival of Jerusalem 1800s-1917, History of Jerusalem - British Mandate 1917-1948, History of Jerusalem - Jerusalem and the Arab-Israeli conflict 1948-, History of Jerusalem - Current status

Read more here: » History of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - History of Jerusalem - Arab Caliphates Christian Crusaders and early Ottoman rule 638-1800s

After 1202 Pomeranian Duchy is divided into several duchies, most important being Wolgast and Szczecin duchies, united into one Pomeranian state from time to time. 1264-1278 Barnim I Dobry 1278-1295 Barnim II, Otto I and Boguslaw IV 1478-1523 Boguslaw X 1523-1531 Jerzy I and Barnim XI Pobozny 1625-1637 Boguslaw XIV from 1637 western part of Pomerania inc. Szczecin to Sweden 1637-1657 counties of Lebork and Bytow to Poland, next to Brandenburg from 1648 eastern part o ...

See also:

Dukes of Pomerania, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Pomerania Eastern - Księstwo Pomorskie Wschodnie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Bialogarda/Belgard Ksiestwo bialogardzkie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Gdańsk/Danzig Księstwo gdańskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Lubiszewo Ksiestwo lubiszewskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Swiecie/Schwetz Ksiestwo swieckie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Pomerania Middle or Slawno/Schlawe - Ksiestwo Slawienskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Pomerania Western - Ksiestwo Pomorskie Zachodnie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Szczecin/Stettin Ksiestwo Szczecinskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Wologoszcz/Wolgast Ksiestwo wologoskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Bardo/Barth Ksiestwo bardowskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Darlowo/Ruegenwalde Ksiestwo Darlowskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Dymin/Demmin Ksiestwo dyminkie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Slupsk/Stolp Ksiestwo Slupskie, Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Stargard Ksiestwo stargardzkie, Dukes of Pomerania - Principality of Rugia/Rugen/Rana - Ksiestwo Rugijskie/Ranskie

Read more here: » Dukes of Pomerania: Encyclopedia II - Dukes of Pomerania - Duchy of Pomerania Western - Ksiestwo Pomorskie Zachodnie

The doge's prerogatives were not defined with precision, and though the position was entrusted to members of the inner circle of powerful Venetian families, after several doges had associated a son with themselves in the ducal office, this tendency towards a hereditary monarchy was checked by a law which decreed that no doge had the right to associate any member of his family with himself in his office, or to name his successor. After 1172 the election of the doge was finally entrusted to a committee of forty, who were chosen by four men sel ...

See also:

Doge of Venice, Doge of Venice - Origins, Doge of Venice - Choosing of the Doge, Doge of Venice - Regulations, Doge of Venice - Ceremony, Doge of Venice - The last Doge

Read more here: » Doge of Venice: Encyclopedia II - Doge of Venice - Choosing of the Doge

Clan Grant is a Scottish clan which inhabited land in Northern Scotland since 1316, although the clan is known to have existed farther back than that. During the various times of personal financial hardship in Scotland (particularly in the aftermath of the Jacobite rebellions) many Grants moved elsewhere, mostly across the former British Empire including Canada, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. In the present, Grants live in a large number of nations in most parts of the world - an impor ...

See also:

Clan Grant, Clan Grant - History, Clan Grant - 15th and 16th centuries, Clan Grant - Jacobite rebellion, Clan Grant - Origin of the name, Clan Grant - Gaelic Names, Clan Grant - Motto Slogan & Crest, Clan Grant - Pipe Music, Clan Grant - Tartans, Clan Grant - Chief, Clan Grant - Septs of Clan Grant, Clan Grant - Notable Grants, Clan Grant - Grant as a Place Name, Clan Grant - Other Uses of the Name Grant

Read more here: » Clan Grant: Encyclopedia II - Clan Grant - History

Geldern - Dragon legend. According to folk legend, local noblemen Wichard and Lupold of Pont fought a fire-breathing dragon around 878. They found it under a medlar trea, and one of them stabbed it with his spear. The dying dragon rattled two or three times: Gelre! Gelre!. In commemoration of this heroic feat, the Lords of Pont founded the city of Geldern at the confluence of the Niers and the Fleuth. See also:

Geldern, Geldern - Geography, Geldern - Location, Geldern - Subdivisions, Geldern - Neighbouring towns and municipalities, Geldern - Coat of arms, Geldern - History, Geldern - Dragon legend, Geldern - Middle Ages, Geldern - 18th century, Geldern - Modern era, Geldern - Religion, Geldern - Territorial reorganization, Geldern - Population, Geldern - Culture and tourism, Geldern - Buildings, Geldern - Events, Geldern - City twinnings, Geldern - Transport, Geldern - Aviation, Geldern - Trains and buses, Geldern - Roads, Geldern - son and daughters of this City, Geldern - Pedigree

Read more here: » Geldern: Encyclopedia II - Geldern - History

The Roman Catholic Church was founded on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, known as Jesus Christ, "Christ" meaning the same as "Messiah". Jesus was a carpenter from the region of Galilee and observed the Jewish faith. Roman Catholicism thus considers itself a successor religion to Judaism with the Christian God and the God of the Jews seen as one and the same. Some suppose that Jesus, when twelve years old, experienced a revelation in Herod's Temple in Jerusalem, realizing that he was the Son of God. This is an interpreta ...

See also:

History of the Roman Catholic Church, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Prologue: The ministry of Jesus of Nazareth c. 4 BC – AD 33, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Early Catholic Church 34 AD – 313 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Roman Empire 313 AD – 476 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Dark Ages 476 AD – 850 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Middle Ages 800 AD – 1499 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Renaissance 1500 AD – 1629 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Age of Reason 1630 AD – 1799 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 19th Century Catholic Church 1800 AD – 1899 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 20th Century Catholic Church 1901 AD – 2000 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 21st Century Catholic Church 2001 AD – PRESENT, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates

Read more here: » History of the Roman Catholic Church: Encyclopedia II - History of the Roman Catholic Church - Prologue: The ministry of Jesus of Nazareth c. 4 BC – AD 33

The town of Limassol is situated between the ancient towns of Amathus and Curium (Kourion). The English King Richard the Lionheart destroyed Amathus in 1191. Lemesos (Limassol) was probably built after Amathus had been ruined. However, the town of Lemesos (Limassol) was inhabited since the very old times. Graves that were found there date back to 2.000 B.C. and others date back to the 8th and 4th century BC. These few remains that were left behind show that a small colonization must have existed which did not manage to develop and flourish. The ancient writers mention nothi ...

See also:

Limassol, Limassol - History, Limassol - Administration, Limassol - Economy, Limassol - Demographics, Limassol - Sites of interest, Limassol - Festivals, Limassol - Sports, Limassol - Twinned Cities, Limassol - Reference, Limassol - External link, Limassol - Other Uses

Read more here: » Limassol: Encyclopedia II - Limassol - History

For lists of the prehistoric kings of Sweden see Mythological kings of Sweden Semi-legendary kings of Sweden List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Munsö or Uppsala. c. 970- c. 995 : Eric the Victorius (Erik Segersäll) c. 995- c. 1022 : Olof the Treasurer (Olof Skötkonung) c. 1022-1050 : Anund Jacob (Anund Jakob) - and in South Canut ...

See also:

List of Swedish monarchs, List of Swedish monarchs - Monarchs Regents and Viceroys of Sweden, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Munsö or Uppsala, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Stenkil, List of Swedish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Erik, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Bjällbo, List of Swedish monarchs - Regents of the Kalmar Union and Viceroys Riksföreståndare, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Bernadotte

Read more here: » List of Swedish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Swedish monarchs - Monarchs Regents and Viceroys of Sweden

The area of Kielce has been inhabitated at least since 5th century BC. Until 6th or 7th century the banks of the Silnica were inhabitated by Kelts who most probably were the name-sake for the location. They were driven out by a Slavic tribe of Vistulans who started hunting in the nearby huge forests and had settled most of the area now known as Malopolska and present-day Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. The lands of Wiślanie were at first subdued by Bohemia, however they soon came under the power of the Piast dynasty and became a part of Poland ...

See also:

Kielce, Kielce - History, Kielce - Tourists attractions, Kielce - Education, Kielce - Sports, Kielce - Politics, Kielce - Kielce constituency, Kielce - Famous people from Kielce

Read more here: » Kielce: Encyclopedia II - Kielce - History

The arrangement of justices north and south of Trent did not become fixed until 1236. John Marshall (apptd. November 8, 1217), justice of the forest of all England Brian de l'Isle (apptd. March 6, 1220), justice of the forest of all England Hugh de Neville (apptd. April 29, 1224), justice of the forest of all England Brian de l'Isle (apptd. October 8, 1229), justice of the forest in the counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, York, Lancaster, Derby, Lincoln, Rutland, Northampton, Buckingham, Essex, Cam ...

See also:

Justice in Eyre, Justice in Eyre - Early Justices, Justice in Eyre - Justices in Eyre north of the Trent, Justice in Eyre - Justices in Eyre south of the Trent, Justice in Eyre - Source

Read more here: » Justice in Eyre: Encyclopedia II - Justice in Eyre - Early Justices

She was born December 31, 1943 in Henderson, Nevada, and began writing at the age of twelve, recording the stories she made up for her own entertainment in order to keep them straight. From the beginning, her focus was on history because "being twelve, I had precious few stories of my own. History seemed to me then, as it still does, an endless fund of material." She attended Pennsylvania State University for a year, but received her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 from Connecticut College, where she took a course in creative writing ...

See also:

Cecelia Holland, Cecelia Holland - Biography, Cecelia Holland - List of Works, Cecelia Holland - Historical Novels, Cecelia Holland - Modern Novels, Cecelia Holland - Science Fiction, Cecelia Holland - Children's Fiction, Cecelia Holland - Non-Fiction, Cecelia Holland - Other Writings

Read more here: » Cecelia Holland: Encyclopedia II - Cecelia Holland - Biography

Medieval warfare - Deployment of forces. Medieval European armies were typically divided into three sections called 'battles' or 'battalions'—the vanguard or vaward, the centre or main-battle, and the rearguard or rearward. The vanguard was often composed of archers and other optional long-range weapons,like slings and stones and the rare and completely optional lightweight simple catapults, while the center was composed of infantry and armored cavalry (knights), and the rearguard was often comprised of more ag ...

See also:

Medieval warfare, Medieval warfare - Origins of medieval warfare, Medieval warfare - Strategy and tactics, Medieval warfare - Deployment of forces, Medieval warfare - Employment of forces, Medieval warfare - Retreat, Medieval warfare - Fortifications, Medieval warfare - Medieval siege craft, Medieval warfare - Organization, Medieval warfare - Knights, Medieval warfare - Heavy cavalry, Medieval warfare - Infantry, Medieval warfare - Recruiting or drafting soldiers, Medieval warfare - Equipment, Medieval warfare - Personal equipment for, Medieval warfare - Weaponry, Medieval warfare - Supplies and logistics, Medieval warfare - Plunder and foraging, Medieval warfare - Supply chains, Medieval warfare - Famine and disease, Medieval warfare - Naval warfare, Medieval warfare - Significant medieval battles, Medieval warfare - Medieval wars

Read more here: » Medieval warfare: Encyclopedia II - Medieval warfare - Strategy and tactics

Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Early years. Born in Jesi, near Ancona, Frederick was the son of the emperor Henry VI. Some old chronicles say he was born in a public square of the city of Jesi, in northern Italy, while his father was entering triumphantly into Palermo. Frederick was baptised in Assisi. In 1196 at Frankfurt am Main the child Frederick had already been elected to become King of the Germans. At the death of his father in 1197, the three-year-old Frederick was in Italy in voyage towards Germany, a ...

See also:

Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Life, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Early years, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Emperor, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - The Crusade, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - The war against the Pope and the Italian Guelphs, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - His last and fiercest opponent Innocent IV, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - The Battle of Parma and the end, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Heirs, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Personality, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Law Reforms, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Summary, Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Parentage and children

Read more here: » Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor - Life

The celebrated Neolithic culture of Hemudu has been discovered to have inhabited this area as far back as seven thousand years ago, when rice was first cultivated in southeastern China. The city of Hangzhou was founded about 2,200 years ago during the Qin Dynasty, it is listed as one of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China, but the city wall was not constructed until the Sui Dynasty (591). It was the capital of the Wuyue Kingdom for more than 200 years, during the Fiv ...

See also:

Hangzhou, Hangzhou - Geography, Hangzhou - History, Hangzhou - Sights, Hangzhou - Economy, Hangzhou - Climate, Hangzhou - Transportation, Hangzhou - Colleges and universities, Hangzhou - Astronomical phenomena, Hangzhou - Quotes

Read more here: » Hangzhou: Encyclopedia II - Hangzhou - History

The military campaigns of the Crusade can be divided into a number of periods, the first from 1209 to 1215 was a series of great success for the crusaders in Languedoc. The captured lands however were largely lost between 1215 and 1225 in a series of revolts and reverses. The situation turned again following the intervention of the French king, Louis VIII, in 1226. He died in November of that year, but the efforts continued under Louis IX; the area was reconquered by 1229 and main protagonists made peace. From 1233 the efforts of the Inquisi ...

See also:

Albigensian Crusade, Albigensian Crusade - Origin, Albigensian Crusade - Crusades, Albigensian Crusade - Initial success 1209 to 1215, Albigensian Crusade - Revolts and reverses 1216 to 1225, Albigensian Crusade - French King intervenes, Albigensian Crusade - Inquisition

Read more here: » Albigensian Crusade: Encyclopedia II - Albigensian Crusade - Crusades

In 1205, after the death of his father, Roman Mstyslavych, the ruler of Galicia and Volhynia, the boyars of Galicia forced the four-year-old Danylo into exile with his mother Anna (probably of Greek extraction) and brother Vasylko. After the boyars proclaimed one of their own as prince in 1213, the Poles and Hungarians invaded the principality, ostensibly to support the claims of young Danylo and Vasylko, and divided it between themselves. In 1219 he renounced his claims to Halych in ...

See also:

Danylo of Halych, Danylo of Halych - Biography, Danylo of Halych - Family, Danylo of Halych - Mother, Danylo of Halych - Father, Danylo of Halych - Wives, Danylo of Halych - Brother, Danylo of Halych - Sisters, Danylo of Halych - Sons, Danylo of Halych - Daughters

Read more here: » Danylo of Halych: Encyclopedia II - Danylo of Halych - Biography

The satires were meant to mock and lampoon the Church. For example at St. Remy the goliards went to mass in procession each trailing a herring on a string along the ground, the game being to step on the herring in front and avoid your own herring from being trod upon. In some districts there was the celebration of the ass, when an ass dressed in a silly costume was led to the chancel rail where a cantor chanted a song in praise of the ass. When he paused the audience would respond: "He Haw, Sire Ass, He ...

See also:

Goliard, Goliard - Etymology, Goliard - Satirical poets, Goliard - Significance

Read more here: » Goliard: Encyclopedia II - Goliard - Satirical poets