1229

Synod - Catholic and Orthodox usage. In the Catholic and Orthodox churches, synods are composed of bishops. Under the Catholic Church the synod was originally mandated by the second Vatican Council's decree on the Bishops' Pastoral Office in the Church (n.5) The Pope serves as its president, determines its agenda, and can grant it deliberative power, if he so chooses ...

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Synod, Synod - Uses in different Communions, Synod - Catholic and Orthodox usage, Synod - Anglican usage, Synod - Lutheran usage, Synod - Presbyterian usage, Synod - Reformed usage, Synod - Some notable synods

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With the increasing professionalization of society during the 12th and 13th centuries, a similar demand grew for professional clergy. Prior to the 12th century, the intellectual life of Europe had been relegated to monasteries, which were mostly concerned with the study of the liturgy and prayer; very few monasteries could boast true intellectuals. Following the Gregorian Reform's emphasis on canon law and the study of the sacraments, bishops formed cathedral schools to train the clergy in canon law, but also in the more secular aspects of c ...

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Medieval university, Medieval university - Origins, Medieval university - Characteristics, Medieval university - List of medieval universities

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Jerusalem came to be known as Outremer, the French word for "overseas." As new generations grew up in the kingdom, they began to think of themselves as native, rather than immigrants. Thus, in many senses, they behaved and thought more like "orientals" (Syrians) than like Western-Europeans of their day. They often learned to speak Greek, Arabic, and other eastern languages, and married Greeks or Armenians: as the chronicler Fulcher of Chartres wr ...

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Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Foundation and early history, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Mid-12th century, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Disaster and recovery, Kingdom of Jerusalem - The later kingdom, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Arms of Kingdom of Jerusalem

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List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts. Piast Dynasty 9th cent. — Siemowit (disputable) 9th-10th cent. — Lestko (disputable) 10th cent. — Siemomysł (disputable) 960?-992 — Mieszko I (Duke) 992-1025 — Bolesław I the Brave (King in 1025) 1025-1031 — Mieszko II Lambert (1st reign, as King) 1031-1032 — Bezprym 1032-1034 — Mieszko II Lambert (2nd reign, as Duke) 1039-1058 — Kazimierz I the RestorerSee also:

List of Polish monarchs, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Fragmentation, List of Polish monarchs - Late Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons, List of Polish monarchs - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, List of Polish monarchs - Partitions 1795-1918, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, List of Polish monarchs - Duchy of Warsaw, List of Polish monarchs - Congress Kingdom, List of Polish monarchs - Grand Duchy of Poznań

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The Japanese calendars prior to 1873 were derived from the Chinese. Japan adopted the Chinese calendar in 645. To convert a Japanese year to a Western year, find the first year of the nengō (=era name, see list below). When found, subtract 1, and add the number of the Japanese year. For example, the 23rd year of the Showa Era (Showa 23) would be 1948 ... 1926 − 1 = 1925, then 1925 + 23 = 1948. 645 大化 Taika 650 白雉 Hakuchi (era) 686 朱鳥 Shuchō 701 ...

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Japanese era name, Japanese era name - Overview, Japanese era name - Historical nengō, Japanese era name - Nengō in Modern Japan, Japanese era name - Conversion table from nengō to Gregorian calendar years, Japanese era name - Unofficial nengō system 私年号

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The Roman Catholic Church was founded on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, also known as Jesus Christ. Jesus, himself, was a carpenter from the region of Galilee and practiced as a member of the Jewish faith. Roman Catholicism, therefore, considers itself to be a successor religion to Judaism with the Christian God and the God of the Jews seen as one and the same. The development of the religion which would eventually become Christianity began for Jesus at a young age. Church tradition holds that, sometime in his early teens, Jesus ...

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History of the Roman Catholic Church, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Prologue: the ministry of Jesus of Nazareth c 4 BC – 33 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Early Catholic Church 34 AD – 313 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Roman Empire 313 AD – 476 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Dark Ages 476 AD – 850 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Middle Ages 800 AD – 1499 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Renaissance 1500 AD – 1629 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Church of the Age of Reason 1630 AD – 1799 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 19th Century Catholic Church 1800 AD – 1899 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 20th Century Catholic Church 1901 AD – 2000 AD, History of the Roman Catholic Church - 21st Century Catholic Church 2001 AD – PRESENT, History of the Roman Catholic Church - Key Dates

Read more here: » History of the Roman Catholic Church: Encyclopedia II - History of the Roman Catholic Church - Prologue: the ministry of Jesus of Nazareth c 4 BC – 33 AD

Swedish influence in Finland was considerable in pre-Christian times. The Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in commerce and plundering. Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden did or did not began in approximately 1154 with the introduction of Christianity by a Crusade and an expedition by a svea (Uplandic) nobleman Eric Jedvardson, later known as Saint Eric who became King Eric IX of Sweden. In 1362 Finnish representatives received for the first time entitlement to participate in the election of the Swedish king, whereby ...

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List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers in Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of the Palatinate, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland

Read more here: » List of Finnish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers in Finland

The Mongols under Kublai who fully conquered China had theoretical suzerainty over the entire Mongol Empire, but this became nominal even during Kubilai's reign itself. Sechen Khan (Khubilai) (1280-1294) Öljeyitü Khan (Temür) (1295-1307) Külüg Khan (Khayishan) (1307-1311) Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada) (1311-1320) Gegeen Khan (Sidibala) (1320-1323) Yesün Temür Khan (1323-1328) Ragibagh Khan (1328) Khutughtu Khan (Khoshila) (1328-1329) Jayaatu Khan (Tugh Temür) (1328-1329) and (1329-1332) Rinchinbal Khan (1332-1333)See also:

List of Mongol Khans, List of Mongol Khans - Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire, List of Mongol Khans - Yuan Dynasty, List of Mongol Khans - Il Khanate, List of Mongol Khans - Golden Horde, List of Mongol Khans - Chagatai Khanate, List of Mongol Khans - Successors to the Yüan in Mongolia Northern Yuan, List of Mongol Khans - Outer Mongolia

Read more here: » List of Mongol Khans: Encyclopedia II - List of Mongol Khans - Yuan Dynasty

Mikhail was the only known son of Vsevolod IV of Kiev by a Polish princess. From 1216 he was a prince of Pereyaslav. In 1223 he participated in the fateful Battle of the Kalka River, where his uncle died, leaving Chernigov to him. In 1225 and 1229 he was documented as the prince of Novgorod. From 1229 to 1332 he feuded with Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and in 1235 he conspired with Bela IV of Hungary and took Galich (modern Halych) from his brother-in-law Daniel. Two years later, ...

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Mikhail of Chernihiv, Mikhail of Chernihiv - Life, Mikhail of Chernihiv - Progeny

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The name of the town comes from Latin castrum, and means "fortified place". Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît, which is believed to have been founded in AD 647, possibly on the site of an old Roman fort (castrum). Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church, built in the 9th century, was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent, the renowned martyr of Spain. It was a place of some importance as early as the 12th century ...

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Castres, Castres - Demographics, Castres - Geography, Castres - Administration, Castres - History, Castres - Economy, Castres - Famous people, Castres - Monuments and museums, Castres - Sports

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For lists of the prehistoric kings of Sweden see Mythological kings of Sweden Semi-legendary kings of Sweden List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Munsö or Uppsala. c. 970- c. 995 : Eric the Victorius (Erik Segersäll) c. 995- c. 1022 : Olof the Treasurer (Olof Skötkonung) c. 1022-1050 : Anund Jacob (Anund Jakob) - and in South Canut ...

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List of Swedish monarchs, List of Swedish monarchs - Monarchs Regents and Viceroys of Sweden, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Munsö or Uppsala, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Stenkil, List of Swedish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Erik, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Bjällbo, List of Swedish monarchs - Regents of the Kalmar Union and Viceroys Riksföreståndare, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Wittelsbach Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Bernadotte

Read more here: » List of Swedish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Swedish monarchs - Monarchs Regents and Viceroys of Sweden

According to some historians, over 80% of the country's population was killed during the invasion. The remaining population mostly relocated to the northern areas (territories of modern Chuvashia and Tatarstan). Some autonomous duchies appeared in those areas. The steppe areas of Volga Bulgaria were settled by nomadic Kipchaks and Mongols, and the agricultural development suffered a severe decline. Over time, the cities of Volga Bulgaria were rebuilt and became trade and craft centers of the Golden Horde. Some Bulgarians, primarily ma ...

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Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - The Mongol campaigns, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Population transfer, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Rebellions, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Impact on the region, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Ethnolinguistic impact, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Aftermath, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Sources

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Foligno seems to have been founded by Umbrians in the pre-Roman period (probably 8th century BC). It was conquered by the Romans after the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC, receiving the name of Fulginiae from the ancient cult of the goddess Fulginia. In the classic Roman age the city acquired importance as a Statio principalis of road traffic along the ancient Via Flaminia. The city began to decay in the late Roman Empire years: after the fall of the latter, Fulginiae became part of the Duchy of Spoleto, and was sacked by the Sara ...

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Foligno, Foligno - History, Foligno - Monuments art and folklore, Foligno - Quarters, Foligno - External links

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Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad emirs. Khalid ibn al-Walid (635-636) Abu Ubaid (636-637) Amr ibn al-Aas (637-640) Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan (640) Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (640-661) Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty ruling in Damascus. Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan (661-680) Yazid I ibn Muawiyah (680-683) Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683-684) Marwan I ibn Hakam (684-685) Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705)See also:

Rulers of Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Canaanite, Rulers of Damascus - Aram Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Period of non-independence, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty ruling in Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Abbasid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Fatimid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Seljuk emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Burid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Zengid atabegs, Rulers of Damascus - Ayyubid sultans, Rulers of Damascus - Mameluk Bahrid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Ottoman walis, Rulers of Damascus - Hashemite kingdom, Rulers of Damascus - Capital of Syria

Read more here: » Rulers of Damascus: Encyclopedia II - Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty

Shortly after Prince Edward's birth, however, there was a falling out. Simon de Montfort owed a great sum of money to Thomas II of Savoy, the uncle of Henry's queen, and named Henry as security for his repayment. King Henry had evidently not been told of this, and when he discovered that Montfort had used his name, he was enraged. On August 9, 1239 Henry confronted Montfort, called him an excommunicant and threatened to imprison him in the Tower of London. "You seduced my sister," King Henry said, "and when I discovered this, I gave her to y ...

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Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Family roots, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Royal marriage, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Crusade and turning against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - War against the king, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Death, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - Sources, Simon de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester - External link

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According to John of Ibelin, it was one of the four major Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. John, writing in the 13th century, called it a lordship, but it may have been treated as a principality in the 12th century. It was established after the expedition of Baldwin I, but due to the relative size and inaccessibility of the area, the lords of Oultrejordain tended to claim some independence from the kingdom. With its mostly undefined borders, it was one of the largest seigneuries. Baldwin I may have given it away to Roman of Le Puy in 111 ...

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Oultrejordain, Oultrejordain - Geography and demography, Oultrejordain - Crusader Lordship of Oultrejordain, Oultrejordain - Lords of Oultrejordain, Oultrejordain - Sub-vassals, Oultrejordain - Sources

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At the age of six, Otto was married with Agnes of Palatinate, and with this marriage, he inherited Palatinate. Her grandfathers were Duke Henry the Lion and the Hohenstaufen Conrad. Otto's descendents kept it as a Wittelsbach possesion until 1918. Otto acquired the rich regions of Bogen in 1240, and Andechs and Ortenburg in 1248. After a dispute with emperor Frederick II was ended, he joined the Hohenstaufen party in 1241. His daughter, Elizabeth, was married to Frederick's ...

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Otto II Wittelsbach Duke of Bavaria, Otto II Wittelsbach Duke of Bavaria - Life, Otto II Wittelsbach Duke of Bavaria - Family and children

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The economy of the NFR was mainly based on farming and cattle breeding. Hunting, beekeeping, and fishing were also widely spread. In most of the regions of the republic, these different "industries" were combined with farming. They used to mine iron on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. Staraya Russa and other localities of the NFR were known for their saltworks. Flax and hop cultivation were also of significant importance. Countryside products, such as furs, beeswax, honey, fish, lard, flax, and hop, were sold on the market and exported to other Russian cities or abroad. The Novgorodian merchants tra ...

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Novgorod Republic, Novgorod Republic - Internal organization, Novgorod Republic - Economy, Novgorod Republic - Foreign relations, Novgorod Republic - The Fall of the Republic

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In March 1229, on Shrove Tuesday, Paris's pre-Lenten carnival began. This was similar to a Mardi Gras where one wore masks and generally let loose. The students often drank heavily and were rowdy, and in the suburban quarter of Saint Marcel a dispute broke out between a band of students and a tavern proprietor over a bill which led to a physical fight. The students were beaten up and thrown into the streets. The next day, seeking revenge, the students returned in larger numbers armed with wooden clubs, broke into the tavern, beat the offenders and destroyed the establishment. Other shops we ...

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University of Paris strike of 1229, University of Paris strike of 1229 - Background, University of Paris strike of 1229 - The riot, University of Paris strike of 1229 - The strike, University of Paris strike of 1229 - Bibliography

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The formation of the University of Toulouse was imposed on Count Raymond VII as a part of the Treaty of Paris in 1229 ending the crusade against the Albigensians. As he was suspected of sympathizing with the heretics, Raymond VII had to finance the teaching of theology. Other faculties (law, medicine) were added later. Initially, the University was located in the center of the city, together with ...

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University of Toulouse, University of Toulouse - History, University of Toulouse - The University today, University of Toulouse - Present and past faculty include

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Wismar is said to have received civic rights in 1229, and came into the possession of Mecklenburg in 1301. In 1259 it had entered a pact with Lübeck and Rostock, intended to defend against the numerous Baltic sea pirates, which developed into the Hanseatic League. During the 13th and 14th centuries it was a flourishing Hanseatic town, with important woollen factories. Though a plague carried off 10,000 of the inhabitants in 1376, the town seems to have remained tolerably prosperous until the 16th century. W ...

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Wismar, Wismar - History, Wismar - Under Swedish Rule, Wismar - Sights

Read more here: » Wismar: Encyclopedia II - Wismar - History