Altena-Mark 1160-1180 Eberhard I 1180-1198 Friedrich Mark 1198-1249 Adolf I 1249-1277 Engelbert I 1277-1308 Eberhard II 1308-1328 Engelbert II 1328-1347 Adolf II 1347-1391 Engelbert III 1391-1394 Adolf III 1394-1398 Dietrich Kleve-Mark 1398-1417 Adolf IV 1417-1461 Gerhard 1461-1481 Johann ISee also:

Mark county, Mark county - Rulers of Mark, Mark county - Coat of Arms

Read more here: » Mark county: Encyclopedia II - Mark county - Rulers of Mark

The crusade was endorsed by the Lateran Council of 1215, and he started preparations for the crusade to begin in 1217. To procure the means necessary for this colossal undertaking, the pope and the cardinals were to contribute the tenth part, and all other ecclesiastics the twentieth part, of their income for three years. Though the money thus collected was considerable, it was by no means sufficient for a general crusade as planned by Honorius. Far-reaching prospects seemed to open before him when he crowned Pierre de Courtenay (Apr., 1217) as Latin Emperor of Constantinople; but the new emperor was captur ...

See also:

Pope Honorius III, Pope Honorius III - Early Work, Pope Honorius III - Elected Pope, Pope Honorius III - Fifth Crusade, Pope Honorius III - Other Work, Pope Honorius III - Writings

Read more here: » Pope Honorius III: Encyclopedia II - Pope Honorius III - Fifth Crusade

The imperial crown was offered to, and refused by, Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice. The choice then lay between Baldwin and Boniface of Montferrat. Baldwin was elected on May 9, 1204, and crowned on May 16. He was young, gallant, pious, and virtuous, one of the few who interpreted and observed his crusading vows strictly; the most popular leader in the host. Baldwin's wife Marie, unaware of these events, had sailed to Acre. There she learned of her husband's election as emperor, but ...

See also:

Baldwin I of Constantinople, Baldwin I of Constantinople - Early life, Baldwin I of Constantinople - Count of Flanders and Hainaut, Baldwin I of Constantinople - Latin Emperor, Baldwin I of Constantinople - Children and Successors, Baldwin I of Constantinople - The False Baldwin

Read more here: » Baldwin I of Constantinople: Encyclopedia II - Baldwin I of Constantinople - Latin Emperor

Most academic scholars agree that Muhammad had not explicitly established how the Muslim community was to be governed after his death. Two questions faced these early Muslims: who was to succeed Muhammad, and what sort of authority he was to exercise. Caliph - Succession to Muhammad. Fred Donner, in his book The Early Islamic Conquests (1981), argues that the standard Arabian practice at the time was for the prominent men of a kinship group, or tribe, to gather after a leader's death and choose a le ...

See also:

Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Origins of the caliphate

Between 1030 and 1197 pagan Estonia was attacked no less than thirteen times by Russians and also by Sweden and Denmark. In addition to military campaigns there were also peaceful attempts by the western Christians to convert the Estonians, starting with missions despatched by Adalbert, Archbishop of Bremen from 1045-72. However these peaceful efforts seem to have had very limited success. Moving in the wake of German merchants who were now following the old trading routes of the Vikings, a monk named Meinhard landed at the mouth of the Daug ...

See also:

Northern Crusades, Northern Crusades - Subjugation of Livonians and Estonians, Northern Crusades - Teutonic Order, Northern Crusades - Selected Bibliography

Read more here: » Northern Crusades: Encyclopedia II - Northern Crusades - Subjugation of Livonians and Estonians

The Abbasid caliphs officially based their claim to the Caliphate on their descent from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (AD 566-652), one of the youngest uncles of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, by virtue of which descent they regarded themselves as the rightful heirs of Muhammad as opposed to the Umayyads. The Umayyads were descended from Umayya, and were a clan separate from Muhammad's in the Quraish tribe. The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their secularism, moral character and administration in gene ...

See also:

Abbasid, Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads, Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms, Abbasid - The Mamluks, Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid - The end of the caliphate, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs on behalf of Mamluk Sultans of Cairo, Abbasid - Notes, Abbasid - External link

Read more here: » Abbasid: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads

His first marriage was to Marie of Hohenstaufen (1201–1235, Leuven), daughter of Philip of Swabia, by whom he had six children: Henry III, Duke of Brabant (d. 1261) Philip, died young Matilda (1224 – September 29, 1288), married: in Compiègne June 14, 1237 to Robert I of Artois; before May 31, 1254 to Guy II of Châtillon, Count of Saint Pol. Beatrix (1225 – November 11, 1288), married: at Kreuzburg March 10, 1241 Heinrich Raspe Landgrave of Thuringia; ...

See also:

Henry II Duke of Brabant, Henry II Duke of Brabant - Family and children

Read more here: » Henry II Duke of Brabant: Encyclopedia II - Henry II Duke of Brabant - Family and children

The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims at the holy places. They received Papal orders for crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Latin Christianity. They were based at Acre (Akko). When the mission of the order in Palestine was nearing its end, the Teutonic Knights moved their headquarter to Venice and offered their services to Christian rulers confronted with hostile non-Christian neighbors. In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted their services and granted them the district of Burze ...

See also:

Teutonic Knights, Teutonic Knights - History, Teutonic Knights - Cultural references, Teutonic Knights - Grand Masters Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order 1198–present, Teutonic Knights - Coat of Arms Gallery, Teutonic Knights - Quotes, Teutonic Knights - Castles of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Seals and Coins

Read more here: » Teutonic Knights: Encyclopedia II - Teutonic Knights - History

According to recent research, Frederick of Isenberg was a leading figure in the opposition of Westphalian nobles to the aggressive power politics of the Archbishop of Cologne, Engelbert of Berg. In 1225 at the Nobles' Assembly in Soest, Count Frederick met his cousin Count Engelbert von Berg, Archbishop of Cologne, in order to bring about a peaceful agreement concerning the stewardship (Vogtei) of the Abbey of Essen, which Count Frederick, according to contemporary complaints, was abusing to his own benefit and to t ...

See also:

Frederick of Isenberg, Frederick of Isenberg - The killing, Frederick of Isenberg - The consequences, Frederick of Isenberg - Literature

Read more here: » Frederick of Isenberg: Encyclopedia II - Frederick of Isenberg - The killing

In 1830 the world's first steam-hauled passenger railway opened (the first true passenger railway was opened on Swansea Bay, South Wales on 25 March 1807), linking the town with the cathedral city of Canterbury. It was William James who produced the plans for a railway from Canterbury to Whitstable, six miles long, and it was built at a cost of £83,000 and opened on May 3, 1830. Trains were first operated by stationary winding ...

See also:

Whitstable, Whitstable - Whitstable Oyster Fisheries, Whitstable - The world's first steam-hauled passenger railway, Whitstable - The Great fire of Whitstable, Whitstable - Offshore developments, Whitstable - Famous People, Whitstable - Additional Information

Read more here: » Whitstable: Encyclopedia II - Whitstable - The world's first steam-hauled passenger railway

In June 1246 he married Matilda of Bethune (d. November 8, 1264), daughter of Robert VII, Lord of Bethune, and had the following children: Marie (d. 1297), married William of Jülich (d. 1278), married in 1285 Simon II de Chateauvillain (d. 1305), Lord of Bremur Robert III of Flanders (1249–1322) William (aft. 1249 – 1311), Lord of Dendermonde and Crevecouer, married in 1286 Alix of Beaumont and had issue John (1250 – October 4, 1290), Bishop of Metz and Liége Baldwin (1252–1296) ...

See also:

Guy of Dampierre, Guy of Dampierre - Family and Children, Guy of Dampierre - Life

Read more here: » Guy of Dampierre: Encyclopedia II - Guy of Dampierre - Family and Children

The first traces of human settlement in the region come from ca. 14-15,000 years ago. They are many traces of settlements made by the Lusatian culture (13th-5th century BC), including above-ground water housings and artificially created islands. In the early Middle Ages the area was inhabited by various Old Prussian tribes, such as the Pomesanians, Pogesanians, Warmians, Natangians, Bartians, Sambians, Nadrovians, Scalovians, Galindians and Sassinians. However, these tribes only began to coordinate after the 12th century when they were subje ...

See also:

Warmia, Warmia - History, Warmia - Major towns, Warmia - Famous Warmians

Read more here: » Warmia: Encyclopedia II - Warmia - History

Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy. The Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have been founded at the latest in 962 by Otto I the Great. Although some date the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire from the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans in 800, Charlemagne himself more typically used the title king of the Franks. This title also makes clearer that the Frankish Kingdom covered an area that included modern-day France and Ge ...

See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Chronology

The initial phase of German settlement began in the mid-12th century with colonists travelling to what would become the Altland or Hermannstadt Provinz (Sibiu County). Although the primary reason for Géza II's invitation was border defense with the Szeklers against invaders, Germans were also sought for their mining expertise and ability to develop the region's economy. Most colonists fro ...

See also:

Transylvanian Saxons, Transylvanian Saxons - Medieval settlements, Transylvanian Saxons - Medieval organization, Transylvanian Saxons - Legal organization, Transylvanian Saxons - Religious organizations, Transylvanian Saxons - Fortification of the towns, Transylvanian Saxons - Privileged class, Transylvanian Saxons - Loss of elite standing, Transylvanian Saxons - World War II and afterwards, Transylvanian Saxons - 20th century population figures

Read more here: » Transylvanian Saxons: Encyclopedia II - Transylvanian Saxons - Medieval settlements

Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. Also the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and it is possible that they feared ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Civilians, Genghis Khan - Property and cultural treasures, Genghis Khan - Division of Mongol Empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Military campaigns

Alfonso had already won many victories over the Moors. At the beginning of his reign the religious fervor which had sustained the Almoravide dynasty was rapidly subsiding; in Portugal independent Moorish chiefs ruled over cities and petty taifa states, ignoring the central government; in Africa the Almohades were destroying the remnants of the Almoravide power. Alphonso took advantage of these dissentions to invade Alentejo, reinforced by the Templars and ...

See also:

History of Portugal 1112-1279, History of Portugal 1112-1279 - Reconquista in Portugal, History of Portugal 1112-1279 - Alfonso II, History of Portugal 1112-1279 - Sancho II, History of Portugal 1112-1279 - Alfonso III

Read more here: » History of Portugal 1112-1279: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal 1112-1279 - Reconquista in Portugal

The Prussian junkers and generals dominated the conduct of World War I, so when it ended in defeat in 1918 they had to accept responsibility. The Prussian monarchy was overthrown along with all other German monarchies, and Germany became a republic. The Great Poland Uprising, and the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, recreated the Polish state and forced Germany to return territories annexed by Prussia during the Partitions of Poland, as well as parts of Upper Silesia inhabited by Poles. East Prussia found itself again cut off fr ...

See also:

Prussia, Prussia - Geography, Prussia - Early history, Prussia - Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia - Imperial Prussia, Prussia - The end of Prussia

Read more here: » Prussia: Encyclopedia II - Prussia - The end of Prussia

The following former queen consorts became queen mothers, though not all chose to use that style. Queen Alexandra (1844–1925) — widow of Edward VII and mother of George V. Queen Mary (1867–1953) — widow of George V and mother of kings Edward VIII and George VI. When her granddaughter Elizabeth II became monarch in 1952, Queen Mary became Queen Mother Dowager. However, on the death of her husband in 1936, she expressed a preference to continue to be referred to as 'Queen Mary'. That style was us ...

See also:

Queen Mother, Queen Mother - Recent British Queen Mothers, Queen Mother - Other Queen Mothers, Queen Mother - Exceptional cases, Queen Mother - Footnote

Read more here: » Queen Mother: Encyclopedia II - Queen Mother - Recent British Queen Mothers

Rakvere - Railroad. Passenger trains used to stop in Rakvere, but due to lack of passengers the trains no longer stopped there. For a few years only cargo trains stopped there and the railroad station was abandoned. But in recent years the Edelaraudtee passanger trains have once again started taking passengers to and from Rakvere. Now the town is planning to renovate the train station. There have been rumors that an electric railway line is going to be extended to Rakvere. Rakvere - Road. Rakvere has a supreme road vehicle system. There are bus stops where you need ...

See also:

Rakvere, Rakvere - Tarva Statue, Rakvere - Transportation, Rakvere - Railroad, Rakvere - Road, Rakvere - External link

Read more here: » Rakvere: Encyclopedia II - Rakvere - Transportation

Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire. Temujin, later to be more prominently known as Genghis Khan, was the first in the line of Yuan rulers. He was the son of Yesügei, the tribal chief of the Kiyad — a tribe in fractured Mongolia. His father was killed in his early life by a rival tribe, the Tartars — this rendered him chief of the Kiyad. Many in the tribe did not take well to a boy-ruler, abandoning him. He and his family were thus reduced to a state of abject poverty — however, at the age o ...

See also:

Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire, Yuan Dynasty - Aspirations to China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Conquest, Yuan Dynasty - Golden Age of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Establishment of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Early Rule, Yuan Dynasty - Impact, Yuan Dynasty - Downfall of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Civil Unrest, Yuan Dynasty - Loss of China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Yuan

Read more here: » Yuan Dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan

Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might ha ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Genetic, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Military campaigns

The 1550s and 1660s saw a resurgence of the Wokou tide. The period of greatest Wokou activity was during the Jiajing and Wanli eras, also some of the weakest in Ming history. To illustrate, in the period 1369 to 1466, the wokou raided Zhejiang 34 times, on average once every three years. By comparison, in the period 1523 to 1588, they made 66 raids, on average once a year. In contrast with previous Wokou, however, the pirate bands of the middle 16th century no longer consisted preponderantly of Japanese. Although Wokou remained the common label by which they were identified, most of these ban ...

See also:

Wokou, Wokou - Kamakura period, Wokou - Nanboku-cho period, Wokou - Ming Dynasty tribute system, Wokou - Later Wokou raids, Wokou - Zhu Wan, Wokou - Wang Zhi, Wokou - Decline of the Wokou

Read more here: » Wokou: Encyclopedia II - Wokou - Later Wokou raids