The Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229) was a brutal 20-year military campaign initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the religion practiced by the Cathars of Languedoc, which the Roman Catholic hierarchy considered heretical. It is historically significant for a number of reasons: the violence inflicted was extreme even by medieval standards; the church offered legally sanctioned dominion over conquered lands to northern French nobles and the King of France, acting as essentially Catholic mercenaries, who then nearly doubled ...

Including:

Albigensian Crusade - Origin Albigensian Crusade - Crusades
Albigensian Crusade - Initial success 1209 to 1215 Albigensian Crusade - Revolts and reverses 1216 to 1225 Albigensian Crusade - French King intervenes
Albigensian Crusade - Inquisition

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The Organon is the name given by Aristotle's followers, the Peripatetics, for the standard collection of six of his works on logic. The system of logic described in two of these works, namely On Interpretation and the Prior Analytics, often called Aristotelian logic, is discussed in the article on term logic. Organon - Constitution of the texts. The order of the works is not chronological (which is now hard to determine), but was deliberately chosen by the Peripatetics to constitute a well-structured ...

Including:

Organon - Constitution of the texts
Organon - Categories Organon - On Interpretation Organon - Prior Analytics Organon - Posterior Analytics Organon - Topics Organon - On Sophistical Refutations
Organon - The influence of the Organon Organon - Notes

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Boleslaus the Chaste or the Shy (Polish: Bolesław Wstydliwy) (21 June 1226 O.S. – 7 December 1279 O.S.) was the son of Leszek the White. Several years after the death of Henry the Pious at the battle of Legnica (1241), he became king in Kraków, and thereby the predominant prince of the deeply partitioned Poland. He was married to Kinga or Cunegunda, daughter of the Hungarian king Béla IV. According to medieval chronicles the marriage was never consummated. Kinga, being extremely pious, was averse to fulfillin ...

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Basel (English traditionally: Basle [bɑːl], German: Basel ['ba:zəl], French: Bâle [bɑl], Italian: Basilea [bazi'leːa]) is Switzerland's third most populous city (166,563 inhabitants (2004); 690,000 inhabitants in the conurbation stretching across the immediate cantonal and national boundaries made Basel Switzerl ...

Including:

Basel - Transportation Basel - Industry and trade Basel - History and science Basel - Quarters Basel - Architecture Basel - Education Basel - Politics Basel - People from Basel Basel - Sport Basel - Culture
Basel - Museums
Basel - Chronological table

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Gregory Bar-Hebraeus, Bar Ebroyo or Abulfaragus, (1226 - 1286) was a maphrian or catholicos of the Syriac Orthodox Church in the 13th century, and (in Dr. W. Wright's words) one of the most learned and versatile men that Syria ever produced. Perhaps no more industrious compiler of knowledge ever lived. Simple and uncritical in his modes of thought, and apparently devoid of any striking originality, he collected in his numerous and elaborate treatises the results of such research in theology, philosop ...

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Bar-Hebraeus - Family and origin Bar-Hebraeus - Life and work Bar-Hebraeus - Writings

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Valdemar II (1170–1241), called Valdemar the Conqueror or Valdemar the Victorious, was the King of Denmark from 1202 until 1241. He was the second son of King Valdemar I and Sophia of Polotsk, a Varangian princess. In 1202, Valdemar II succeeded his childless elder brother Canute VI after serving him for years. He is counted among the greatest of Danish (medieval) kings. In 1204 he secured the recognition of Norway as kingdom. In the 1210s he began to expand the Danish influence in the crusade against the last r ...

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Whitstable is a town in Kent, England with a population of 30,000. It is a seaside resort, situated on the North Sea coast, facing Essex across the Thames Estuary and the Isle of Sheppey across The Swale. It is technically within the city limits of Canterbury six miles inland. The town was recorded in the Domesday Book (1086) as 'Witenestaple' and held three manors. The one at Seasalter included eight fisheries, Northwood supplied seven saltworks, and at Swalecliffe pigs were kept using pannage. The ancient town continues ...

Including:

Whitstable - Whitstable Oyster Fisheries Whitstable - The world's first steam-hauled passenger railway Whitstable - The Great fire of Whitstable Whitstable - Offshore developments Whitstable - Famous People Whitstable - Additional Information

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For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. 1288 - Events. June 5 - John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in the Battle of Worringen — one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages — thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. August 8 - Pope Nicholas IV proc ...

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1288 - Events 1288 - Births 1288 - Deaths

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Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s - 1220s - 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s Years: 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 See also: 1222 state leaders 1222 - Events. Foundation of the University of Padua Completion of the Cistercian convent in Alcobaca, Portugal Eric XI becomes King of Sweden Premysl Ottokar I reunites Bohemia and Moravia ...

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1222 - Events 1222 - Births 1222 - Deaths

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1187 - Events. May 1 - Battle of Cresson - Saladin defeats the crusaders July 4 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin. September 20 - October 2 - Siege of Jerusalem - Saladin captures Jerusalem. October 29 - Pope Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi, proposing the Third Crusade. Alexis Branas attempts to seize Constantinople in defiance of his master Isaac II Angelus. Cathedral of St. Jacob consecrated in Szc ...

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1187 - Events 1187 - Births 1187 - Deaths

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December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 24 days remaining. December 7 - Events. 1732 - The Royal Opera House opens at Covent Garden, London. 1776 - Marquis de Lafayette attempts to enter the American military as a major general. 1787 - Delaware becomes the first state to ratify the United States Constitution. 1815 - Michel Ney, Marshal of France, is executed by firing squad, after havin ...

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December 7 - Events December 7 - Births December 7 - Deaths December 7 - Holidays and observances

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Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسيّون Abbāsīyūn) was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Islamic empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs. It seized power in 750, when it finally defeated the Umayyads in battle, and flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army they had created, the Mamluks. Their rule was finally ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conquerer, sacked Baghdad. While they con ...

Including:

Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms Abbasid - The Mamluks Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty Abbasid - The end of the caliphate Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo Abbasid - Notes Abbasid - External link

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Saadi or Sadi (سعدی in Persian) (English name: Mushrif-ud-Din Abdullah) (1184 - 1283/1291?) was an Persian poet, a native of Shiraz, Persia. He wrote "The Orchard" (Bustan) in 1257,"The Rose Garden" (Golistan) in 1258. There is also a Divan, or collection of his poetry. There is some discrepancy about the date of his death, but he may have died a centenarian. When he was very young, Saadi left Shiraz for Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic ...

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Saadi - References used

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November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. November 8 - Events. 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great pomp as would befit a returning god. 1520 - Stockholm Bloodbath begins: A successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces results in the execution of around 100 persons. 1576 - Eighty Years' War: Pacification of Ghent - The States ...

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November 8 - Events November 8 - Births November 8 - Deaths

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1181 - Events. Jayavarman VII assumes control of the Khmer kingdom. The word Albigensians first used by chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois to describe the inhabitants of Albi, France. September 1 - Lucius III becomes Pope. Chinese and Japanese astronomers observe what has since come to be understood as a supernova. One of only eight supernovae in the Milky Way observed in recorded history, it appeared in the constellation Cassiopeia and was visible in the night sky for about ...

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1181 - Events 1181 - Births 1181 - Deaths

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1176 - Events. May 22 - Murder attempt by the Hashshashin on Saladin near Aleppo Raynald of Chatillon released from prison in Aleppo May 29 - Frederick Barbarossa is defeated in the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League leading to the pactum Anagninum (the Agreement of Anagni) September 17 - Seljuk Turks defeat Manuel I Comnenus at the Battle of Myriokephalon Construction begins on the London Bridge Cathedral in Sens installs first "horologe" Ab ...

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1176 - Events 1176 - Births 1176 - Deaths

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Much of what we know of Louis' life comes from Jean de Joinville's famous biography of Louis, Life of Saint Louis. Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counselor to the king, and also participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis' life that ended with his canonization in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII. Louis was eleven years old when his father died in 1226. He was crowned king the same year in the cathedral at Reims. Because of Louis' youth, his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled France as regent until 1234, when Louis was deemed of age to rule himself. She continued as an important counsellor to the ...

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Louis IX of France, Louis IX of France - Life, Louis IX of France - Patron of arts and arbiter of Europe, Louis IX of France - Religious zeal, Louis IX of France - Veneration as a saint, Louis IX of France - Children, Louis IX of France - Places named after Saint Louis, Louis IX of France - Bibliography

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(Constantinople retaken in 1261; Patriarchate now titular only) Peter Correr (1286-1302) Leonard Faliero (1302- c. 1305) Nicholas of Thebes (c. 1308- c. 1331) Cardinalis (1332-1335) Gozio Battaglia (1335-1339) Roland of Ast (1339) Henry of Ast (1339-1345) Stephen of Pinu (1346) William (1346-1364) Patriarch Peter Thomas (1364-1366) Patriarch Paul of Thebes (1366-1370) Hugolin Malabranca (1371- c. 1375) James d'Itri (1376-1 ...

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Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople - List of Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople - Sources

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From Mannerism onward there are more and more art movements representing tides of opinion pushing in various different directions, causing art philosophy over the centuries from about the 16th century onward to gradually fragment into the characteristic isms of Modern art. The work of Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio sometimes simply called Caravaggio (1571-1610) stands on its own as one of the most original and influential artists who ever lived. He did something completely contraversial and new. He painted figu ...

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Art of Italy, Art of Italy - The Etruscans, Art of Italy - The Roman Period, Art of Italy - Byzantine Period, Art of Italy - Gothic Period, Art of Italy - The Renaissance, Art of Italy - Mannerism, Art of Italy - Modernity, Art of Italy - Baroque, Art of Italy - Rococo, Art of Italy - Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, Art of Italy - Expressionism, Art of Italy - Cubism Futurism and Dada, Art of Italy - Metaphysical painting and Surrealism, Art of Italy - Classical Modernism of the 20th Century, Art of Italy - Modernists: see also:, Art of Italy - Post-Modern Italian art

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Over the course of the preceding centuries, Capetians would spread throughout Europe, ruling every form of provincial unit from kingdoms to manors. Besides being the most numerous royal family in Europe, it also is one of the most incestual, especially in the Spanish Monarchy. Salic Law, reestablished during the Hundred Years' War from an ancient French tradition, caused the French monarchy to permit only direct male descendents of Hugh to succeed to the throne of France. This did not effect monarchies not under that law such as Portugal, Sp ...

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House of Capet, House of Capet - The early dynasty, House of Capet - Origin of the name, House of Capet - Capets through history, House of Capet - Capetians and their domains, House of Capet - The Capet dynasty today, House of Capet - Current countries under Capetian leadership:, House of Capet - Current Capetian Pretenders

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Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might ha ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Modern Descendents, Genghis Khan - Notes

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