1266 - Europe. February 26 - In the Battle of Benevento, an army led by Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples. October - In England, the Second Barons' War winds down as supporters of the slain rebel leader Simon de Montfort make an offer of peace to the king in the Dictum of Kenilworth; after slight modifications to the peace settlement, it ...

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1266, 1266 - Events, 1266 - Europe, 1266 - Asia, 1266 - Births, 1266 - Deaths

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1279 - Europe. March 5 - Lithuanian forces led by Traidenis defeat the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Aizkraukle. The first of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed under king Edward I of England, which prevents land from passing into possession of the church. The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is begun; it lasts until 1280. Al-Razi's important medical writings are translated into Latin by Faraj ben Salim some 350 years after Al-Razi's death. The Royal Mint of England moves i ...

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1279, 1279 - Events, 1279 - Europe, 1279 - Asia, 1279 - Births, 1279 - Deaths

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This peculiar style of inlaid ornamental mosaic was introduced into the decorative art of Europe by a marble-worker named Laurentius, a native of Anagni. Laurentius acquired his craft from Greek masters and for a time followed their method of work. However, early in his career, he freed himself from Byzantine traditions and influences, and worked along original lines and evolved a new style of decorative mosaic, vigorous in colour and design. He invariably employed this in conjunction with plain or sculptured marble surfaces, as a decorative ...

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Cosmatesque, Cosmatesque - The style, Cosmatesque - The works, Cosmatesque - Early history

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In the year 1200, he became Crown Prince. He became emperor after Emperor Go-Toba pressured Emperor Tsuchimikado into abdicating. It is said that Juntoku had a violent disposition, the opposite of the mild Tsuchimikado. In actuality, Emperor Go-Toba ruled as cloistered emperor. In 1221, he was forced to abdicate for participating in Go-Toba's attempt to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu (the Jōkyū War). After the Jōkyū Incident, he was sent into exile ...

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Emperor Juntoku, Emperor Juntoku - Genealogy, Emperor Juntoku - Life, Emperor Juntoku - Names, Emperor Juntoku - Eras of his reign

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Notre Dame de Paris - The Western Façade. The Western Façade of the cathedral is the single most well-known feature. It is divided into three distinct levels, a holdover from Romanesque architecture. The image to the right indicates some of the west front's most significant features. The South Tower houses the cathedral's famous bell, "Emmanuel". The bell is Notre-Dame's oldest, having been recast in 1631. The Galerie des Chimères, or Grand Gallery, connects the two t ...

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Notre Dame de Paris, Notre Dame de Paris - Innovations, Notre Dame de Paris - Features, Notre Dame de Paris - The Western Façade, Notre Dame de Paris - The north and south rose windows, Notre Dame de Paris - Art inside the cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris - Statistics, Notre Dame de Paris - Site history, Notre Dame de Paris - Construction, Notre Dame de Paris - Timeline of construction, Notre Dame de Paris - Alterations vandalism and restorations, Notre Dame de Paris - Significant events at Notre Dame, Notre Dame de Paris - Miscellaneous trivia, Notre Dame de Paris - Notre Dame de Paris in the media

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Franciscan - Dissentions during the life of Francis. The controversy about poverty which extends through the first three centuries of Franciscan history began in the lifetime of the founder. The ascetic brothers Matthew of Narni and Gregory of Naples, to whom Francis had entrusted the direction of the order during his absence, carried through at a chapter which they held certain stricter regulations in regard to fasting and the reception of alms, which really departed from the spirit of the original rule. It did ...

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Franciscan, Franciscan - The beginning of the brotherhood, Franciscan - Work and extension of the brotherhood, Franciscan - The last years of Francis, Franciscan - The three rules of the order and the testament of Saint Francis, Franciscan - The first rule, Franciscan - The rule of 1221, Franciscan - The later rule, Franciscan - The Testament, Franciscan - Development of the order after the death of Francis, Franciscan - Dissentions during the life of Francis, Franciscan - Development to 1239. The laxer party, Franciscan - To 1274. Bonaventure, Franciscan - To 1300. Continued dissensions, Franciscan - Temporary success of the stricter party. Persecution, Franciscan - Renewed controversy on the question of poverty, Franciscan - Separate congregations, Franciscan - Unsuccessful attempts to unite the order, Franciscan - Spread of the order in modern times, Franciscan - Distinguished names, Franciscan - The Clarisses or Poor Clares, Franciscan - The third order, Franciscan - Origin and rule, Franciscan - Books

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There has been a settlement at Perth since prehistoric times, with evidence of a hut, a midden and a basic canoe dated to around 7000 BC. The Roman name for a nearby fortification was Bertha; the name derives from a Pictish word for wood or copse. Perth Scotland - Seat of Power. Perth came to prominence in the history of Scotland when, in 846 when Kenneth mac Alpin, the first king of Alba established his seat of power at Scone two miles northeast, calling the Government and Court of Sc ...

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Perth Scotland, Perth Scotland - History, Perth Scotland - Seat of Power, Perth Scotland - Internal and external strife, Perth Scotland - Murder of King James, Perth Scotland - The Reformation, Perth Scotland - Cromwell and the Jacobites, Perth Scotland - Growth and modernisation, Perth Scotland - Transport, Perth Scotland - Car, Perth Scotland - Rail, Perth Scotland - Bus, Perth Scotland - Air, Perth Scotland - Politics, Perth Scotland - Economy, Perth Scotland - Sport, Perth Scotland - Art and music, Perth Scotland - Tourism, Perth Scotland - City status

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When Buddhism was introduced to Korea in the 4th century CE, the Korean peninsula was politically subdivided into three kingdoms: Goguryeo in the north, Baekje in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast. Korean Buddhism - Goguryeo. In 372 the Chinese monk Sundo (順道, or Shundao in Chinese) was sent by the Former Qin ruler Fujian (符堅) to the court of the King Sosurim (小獸林) of Goguryeo. He brought Chinese texts and statues with him and the Goguryeo royalty and their subjects auickly accepted h ...

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Korean Buddhism, Korean Buddhism - Historical overview of the development of Korean Buddhism, Korean Buddhism - Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms, Korean Buddhism - Goguryeo, Korean Buddhism - Baekje, Korean Buddhism - Kaya, Korean Buddhism - Silla, Korean Buddhism - Buddhism in the Unified Silla period 668-918, Korean Buddhism - Buddhism as state religion in the Goryeo period 918-1392, Korean Buddhism - Suppression under the Joseon dynasty 1392-1910, Korean Buddhism - Buddhism during the Japanese occupation 1910-1945, Korean Buddhism - Buddhism and Westernization 1945-present, Korean Buddhism - Looking Ahead

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In 1198, he became emperor upon the abdication of Emperor Go-Toba, who continued to rule in actual fact as cloistered emperor. However, in 1210, Go-Toba persuaded him to abdicate in favor of his younger brother, who became Emperor Juntoku. In Kyōto, Minamoto no Michichika took power as steward, and in Kamakura, in 1199, upon the death of Minamoto no Yoritomo, Hōjō Tokimasa began to rule as Gokenin. ...

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Emperor Tsuchimikado, Emperor Tsuchimikado - Genealogy, Emperor Tsuchimikado - Life, Emperor Tsuchimikado - Eras of his reign

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Although Viterbo is very ancient, its precise origins are unknown. According to the notorious forger, Annio of Viterbo, it originated as an Etruscan town called Surrena. Under the baneful effects of local boosterism, this fabrication continues to be credited in certain quarters; but it has been demonstrated to be sheer invention, designed to endow his native town with an antiquity it did not possess. At any rate, on the present site of Viterbo, or nearby, there was a little Roman colony (Vicus Elbii); whether this is the same centre referred to as Vetus Urbs ("Old City ...

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Viterbo, Viterbo - History, Viterbo - Landmarks, Viterbo - Patron Saints, Viterbo - La Macchina di Santa Rosa, Viterbo - Stampate

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The Punjab presented a picture of chaos and confusion when Ranjit Singh took the control of Sukerchakias misal. The edifice of Ahmad Shah's empire in India had crumbled. Afghanistan was dismembered. Peshawar and Kashmir though under the suzerainty of Afghanistan had attained de facto independence. The Barakzais were now masters of these lands. Attock was ruled by Wazrikhels and Jhang lay at the feet of Sials. The Pathans ruled Kasur. Multa ...

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History of the Punjab, History of the Punjab - Introduction, History of the Punjab - Indo-Aryans, History of the Punjab - Vedic Punjab, History of the Punjab - Epic Punjab, History of the Punjab - Paninian Punjab, History of the Punjab - Persian Domination, History of the Punjab - Alexander's Invasion and the Indo-Greek kingdoms, History of the Punjab - Sakas Kushanas and Hephthalites, History of the Punjab - Muslim invasions and the Shahi Kingdom, History of the Punjab - The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal empire, History of the Punjab - The Rise of Sikh Power, History of the Punjab - The British in Punjab, History of the Punjab - The Punjab of India and Pakistan, History of the Punjab - Punjab History Timeline

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Gratian's sources were Roman law, the Bible, papal bulls, the acts of church councils and synods, and other collections of laws. The publication of his Decretum had a profound effect: it allowed canon law to be taught and learned in a scientific manner, especially at the famous law school at the University of Bologna. It was occasionally claimed that Gratian did not use Burchard of Worms' Decretorum Libri XX, but this does not appear to be true. Gratian systematically mentions a number of other collections, but Burchard's name ...

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Decretum Gratiani, Decretum Gratiani - Sources, Decretum Gratiani - Development, Decretum Gratiani - Effect, Decretum Gratiani - Sources

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Patan is an ancient fortified town, founded in 746 by Vanraj Chavda, the most prominent king of the Chavda Kingdom. He named the city Anhilpur Patan after his close friend and Prime Minister Anhil. The city was also known as Anhilwara in the Middle Ages. Patan enjoyed a privileged status of capital of Gujarat, for about 600 years from 746 to 1411. The major Rajput clans of Chavdas (746-942), Solankis (942-1244) and Vaghelas (1244-1304) ruled the Hindu Kingdom of Gujarat from Patan. Patan was the home of the great scholar and author Hemachandra, a J ...

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Patan Gujarat, Patan Gujarat - History, Patan Gujarat - Current

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First historical mentions of the city of Požega are found in Gesta Hungarorum by an anonymous notary of Bela III (1172-1196) where he reports conquest of three fortifications in Slavonia - as the area between rivers Danube and Sutla was called then: Zagreb, Vlco (Vukovar) and Posega. The fortress of Požega, an elongated hexagonal fortification located on a hill in the present-day city center, was probably built during the 11th century, although the first documents clearly mentioning Požega county dates from 1210, while the city of Požega was documented for the first time in a charte ...

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Požega, Požega - History, Požega - Economy, Požega - Festivities and Events, Požega - Sports and recreation, Požega - Famous people from Požega

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Delhi Sultanate - Slave Dynasty 1206 - 1290. Qutb-ud-din Aybak (1206 - 1210) Aram Shah (1210 - 1211) Shams ud din Iltutmish (1211 - 1236) Rukn ud din Firuz (1236) Raziyyat ud din Sultana (1236 - 1240) Muiz ud din Bahram (1240 - 1242) Ala ud din Masud (1242 - 1246) Nasir ud din Mahmud (1246 - 1266) Ghiyas ud din Balban (1266 - 128 ...

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Delhi Sultanate, Delhi Sultanate - Sultans of Delhi, Delhi Sultanate - Slave Dynasty 1206 - 1290, Delhi Sultanate - Khilji Khalji Dynasty 1290 - 1321, Delhi Sultanate - Tughlaq Dynasty 1321 - 1398, Delhi Sultanate - Lodi Dynasty, Delhi Sultanate - Sayyid Syed Dynasty 1414 - 1451, Delhi Sultanate - Lodhi Lodi Dynasty 1451 - 1526, Delhi Sultanate - Suri Dynasty 1540 - 1555, Delhi Sultanate - Literature

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The Despotate was founded in by Michael I Ducas, cousin of the Byzantine emperors Isaac II Angelus and Alexius III. At first Michael allied with Boniface of Montferrat, but then went to Epirus, where he considered himself the Byzantine governor of the old province of Nicopolis and revolted against Boniface. Epirus soon became the new home of many Greek refugees from Constantinople, Thessaly, and the Peloponnese, and Michael was described as a second Noah, rescuing men from the Latin flood. John Camaterus, the Patriarch of Constantinople, did ...

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Despotate of Epirus, Despotate of Epirus - Foundation, Despotate of Epirus - Conflict with Nicaea and Bulgaria, Despotate of Epirus - Nicaean and Byzantine suzerainty, Despotate of Epirus - Italian invasions, Despotate of Epirus - Collapse of the despotate, Despotate of Epirus - Despots of Epirus, Despotate of Epirus - Ducas dynasty, Despotate of Epirus - Orsini dynasty, Despotate of Epirus - Nemanjić dynasty, Despotate of Epirus - External link

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Starting with his native Ghowr, a miniscule Afghan principality, Muhammad Ghori managed, by dint of murauding excursions of surpassing barbarity, to establish control over most of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkestan, and northern India. He however seems to have had no notion of establishing an administration or creating a state, plunder being his principal motivation. Qutb-ud-din rose through the ranks to become Muhammad's most trusted general; his greatest military successes occurred while he was still a subordin ...

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Qutb-ud-din Aybak, Qutb-ud-din Aybak - Early years, Qutb-ud-din Aybak - Career, Qutb-ud-din Aybak - Founding of the Delhi Sultanate, Qutb-ud-din Aybak - Death and succession

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Lordships in the Kingdom of Jerusalem were usually hereditary, in principle, but in practice the circumstances were such that their holders did not form long uninterrupted lines of inheritance, which was contrary to the usual patterns of succession in Europe. Firstly, in the early years of the kingdom, lords sought out their own territories, and lordships changed hands often. Secondly, the average lifespan of male lords in Palestine was rather low, due to the constant state of warfare and violence, which led to inheritances by females and/or ...

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Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

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Between the Convent of Mount Anville, above Dundrum, and the broad high road which leads to the village of Stillorgan, rises the wooded hill of Mount Merrion, the centre of the landscape over Dublin Bay, which gradually becomes defined as the opalescent mists of the Irish sunrise fade away. It is a landscape known to every visitor to Ireland who has stood on deck as the Holyhead mail steamer passes the Kish lightship. Around the wood some 300 acres (1.2 km²) of the richest grazing land in County Dublin slope gently to the high stone ...

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Mount Merrion, Mount Merrion - Mount Merrion House, Mount Merrion - Deer Park, Mount Merrion - Mount Merrion the Old, Mount Merrion - Recent history

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The Kakhaberisdze dynasty Rati Baghvashi (early 11th century) Kakhaber (I) (died 1088) Niania (1088-1120) 1120-1175 – unknown dukes Kakhaber (II) (1175-1210) 1210-1245 – unknown dukes Kakhaber (III) (1245-1278) The Tcharelidze dynasty Aghbugha (14??-14??) George I (14??-14??) Tsatsi (14??-14??) Kveli (14??-14??)See also:

Racha, Racha - History, Racha - Eristavi‘s of Racha

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Tamar was an elder daughter of the Georgian King Giorgi III (1156-1184) and his wife Gurandukht, daughter of King Khuddan of Ossetia. Giorgi declared Tamar co-ruler and heir apparent to forestall any dispute after his death in 1178. Tamar succeeded on her father’s death in 1184. With Tamar’s ascent to the throne, a part of nobles led by Minister of Finances (mechrurchletukhutsesi) Qutlu Arslan demanded that the power of monarchs should be limited by a legislature, or karavi. In retaliation of the Queen’s refusal and arrest of Qu ...

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Tamar of Georgia, Tamar of Georgia - Life, Tamar of Georgia - Issues, Tamar of Georgia - Tamar’s Grave, Tamar of Georgia - Tamar in Georgian Literature and Art, Tamar of Georgia - Title

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Starting with his native Ghowr, a minuscule Afghan principality, Muhammad Ghori managed, by dint of murauding excursions of surpassing barbarity, to establish control over most of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkestan, and northern India. He however seems to have had no notion of establishing an administration or creating a state, plunder being his principal motivation. Qutb-ud-din rose through the ranks to become Muhammad's most trusted general; his greatest military successes occurred while he was still a subordin ...

See also:

Qutb-ud-din Aybak, Qutb-ud-din Aybak - Early years, Qutb-ud-din Aybak - Career, Qutb-ud-din Aybak - Founding of the Delhi Sultanate, Qutb-ud-din Aybak - Death and succession

Read more here: » Qutb-ud-din Aybak: Encyclopedia II - Qutb-ud-din Aybak - Career