Jinul (1158 – 1210) was a Korean monk of the Goryeo period, who is considered to be the most influential figure in the formation of Korean Seon Buddhism. He was born at a time when the sangha was in a state of crisis, both in terms of its external reputation as well as on internal issues of doctrine. Deeply disturbed at the degree of corruption that had crept into the sangha, Jinul sought to establish a new movement within Korean Seon which he called the "samadhi and prajna society" (hanja: 定慧社, 정혜사, Jeo ...

Read more here: » Jinul: Encyclopedia - Jinul

For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. 1288 - Events. June 5 - John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in the Battle of Worringen — one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages — thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. August 8 - Pope Nicholas IV proc ...

Including:

• 1288 - Events
• 1288 - Births
• 1288 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1288: Encyclopedia - 1288

1125 - Events. May 23 - Lothair of Saxony becomes Holy Roman Emperor on the death of Henry V. War ends between Toulouse and Provence. The castle of Nassau is built. Albert of Aix begins his Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis. Magnus the Strong becomes ruler of Sweden. June 11 - The Crusaders defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Azaz. 1125 - Births. Renaud de Courtenay, Anglo-Norman nobleman (died 119 ...

Including:

• 1125 - Events
• 1125 - Births
• 1125 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1125: Encyclopedia - 1125

By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politically into a shifting hierarchy of petty kingdoms and over-kingdoms. Power was concentrated into the hands of a few regional dynasties contending against each other for control of the whole island. The Northern Uí Néill ruled much of what is now Ulster. Their kinsmen, the Southern Uí Néill, were Kings of Brega (Meath). The kingship of Leinster was held by the dynamic Ui Cheinnselaigh dynasty. A new kingdom rose between Leinster and Munster, Osraige, ruled by the family of Mac Giolla Phádrai ...

See also:

Norman Ireland, Norman Ireland - The Coming of the Normans 1167-1185, Norman Ireland - The Papal Bull and Henry's invasion, Norman Ireland - The Lordship of Ireland 1185-1254, Norman Ireland - Invasion contained, Norman Ireland - Gaelic Resurgence Norman Decline 1254-1536

Read more here: » Norman Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Norman Ireland - The Coming of the Normans 1167-1185

Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. Also the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and it is possible that they feared ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Civilians, Genghis Khan - Property and cultural treasures, Genghis Khan - Division of Mongol Empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Military campaigns

Joan of England (October, 1165 – 4 September 1199) was the seventh child of King Henry II of England and his Queen consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Joan was a younger maternal half-sister of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. She was a younger sister of William, Count of Poitiers, Henry the Young King, Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany and Leonora of ...

See also:

Joan of England, Joan of England - Queen Consort of Sicily, Joan of England - Joan Queen Consort of Scotland, Joan of England - Joan Lady of Wales died 1236, Joan of England - Joan of the Tower

Read more here: » Joan of England: Encyclopedia II - Joan of England - Queen Consort of Sicily

Makuria - Origins. The origins of Makuria are uncertain. Ptolemy mentions a Nubian people known as the Makkourae, who might be ancestors to the Makurians[5]. The kingdom is believed to have formed in the 4th or 5th century. The first recorded mention of it is in a work by the 6th-century John of Ephesus, who decries its hostility to Monophysite missionaries traveling to Alodia. Soon after John of Biclarum wrote approvingly of Makuria's a ...

See also:

Makuria, Makuria - Sources, Makuria - History, Makuria - Origins, Makuria - Height, Makuria - Decline, Makuria - Economy, Makuria - Government, Makuria - Religion, Makuria - Culture, Makuria - Rulers, Makuria - Notes

Read more here: » Makuria: Encyclopedia II - Makuria - History

List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule. All Persian provinces fell under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867. Umayyad dynasty, 661–750 Abbasid dynasty, 750–867 divided, 867–1029 List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872. Taher ebne Hosein ebne Mos'ab, Emir 821–822 Talhat ebne Taher, 822–828 Abdollah ebne Taher, 828–844See also:

List of kings of Persia, List of kings of Persia - Early realms in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Elamite Kingdom 3000–660 BC, List of kings of Persia - Jiroft Kingdom c. 2500 BC, List of kings of Persia - Empire of Medians and Persians, List of kings of Persia - Median Dynasty 728–550 BC, List of kings of Persia - Achaemenid dynasty 550–330 BC, List of kings of Persia - Hellenistic rulers, List of kings of Persia - Argead Dynasty 330–310 BC, List of kings of Persia - Seleucid dynasty 305–164 BC, List of kings of Persia - Parthian dynasty Arsacid dynasty 247 BC – AD 224, List of kings of Persia - Sassanid dynasty AD 224–651, List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule, List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872, List of kings of Persia - Alavids 864–928, List of kings of Persia - Ziyarids 928–1043, List of kings of Persia - Buyyids 932–1056, List of kings of Persia - Saffarids in Seistan and beyond 861–1002, List of kings of Persia - Samanids Proto-Tajiks 892–998, List of kings of Persia - Ghaznavids 997–1186, List of kings of Persia - Seljuk Turks 1029–1194, List of kings of Persia - Khwarazmids 1096–1230, List of kings of Persia - Ilkhans 1256–1380, List of kings of Persia - Muzaffarid Dynasty 1314–1393, List of kings of Persia - Timurid dynasty 1380–1507, List of kings of Persia - Shahs of modern Iran, List of kings of Persia - Safavid dynasty 1502–1736, List of kings of Persia - Afsharid dynasty 1736–1749, List of kings of Persia - Zand dynasty 1750–1794, List of kings of Persia - Qajar dynasty 1796–1925, List of kings of Persia - Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979

Read more here: » List of kings of Persia: Encyclopedia II - List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran

In early February 1177 John de Courcy, a knight from Somerset who had come over with Henry II in 1171, left Dublin with 22 horsemen in chain mail and about 300 soldiers. The expedition marched through Meath and the plain of Muirhevna, where Irish allies joined it. Then de Courcy led his men beyond the furthest limits of Norman territory over the Moyry Pass into Ulster. Turning east from Glen Righe, they reached Lecale in under four days. In front of Down, the capital of the kingd ...

See also:

John de Courcy, John de Courcy - Biography, John de Courcy - Defeat by Hugh de Lacy, John de Courcy - Champion of Britain, John de Courcy - Description by contemporaries, John de Courcy - Literary references

Read more here: » John de Courcy: Encyclopedia II - John de Courcy - Biography

Yuánguāng(元光) Yuánshuò (元朔) Yuánshòu (元狩) Yuándǐng (元鼎) Yuánfēng (元封) Tàichū (太初) Tiānhàn (天漢) Tàishǐ (太始) Zhēnghé (征和) 134 BC – 129 BC 128 BC – 123 BC 122 BC – 117 BC 116 BC – 111 BC 110 BC – 105 BC 104 BC – 101 BC 100 BC – 97 BC 96 BC – 93 BC 92 BC – 89 BC Yuánfèng (元鳳) 80 BC – 75 BC Dìjié (地節) Yuánkāng (元康) Shénjué (神 ...

See also:

Table of Chinese monarchs, Table of Chinese monarchs - Xia Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Shang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Zhou Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Qin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Han Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Three Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Jin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sixteen Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sovereignties established by Wu Hu, Table of Chinese monarchs - Northern and Southern Dynasties, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sui Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Tang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Liao Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Song Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Western Xia, Table of Chinese monarchs - Jin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Yuan Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Ming dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Shun Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Southern Ming Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Qing dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Taiping Rebellion, Table of Chinese monarchs - Yuan Shikai's Chinese Empire

Read more here: » Table of Chinese monarchs: Encyclopedia II - Table of Chinese monarchs - Han Dynasty

Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might ha ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Genetic, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Military campaigns

The area has been inhabited since the ancient times – archaeological findings date back to the Neolithic, proving human presence for over 70.000 years. Its first known dwellers were the Cotinus, one of the Celt tribes. The area has been occupied by Hungarians during the "Conquest" in the late 9th century. It was named after the Miskóc clan and was first mentioned by this name around 1210. The Miskóc clan lost their power when King Charles I centralized his power by ...

See also:

Miskolc, Miskolc - Geography, Miskolc - Demographics, Miskolc - History, Miskolc - Historical population, Miskolc - Economy, Miskolc - City parts of Miskolc, Miskolc - Avas, Miskolc - Belváros Downtown, Miskolc - Diósgyőr, Miskolc - Egyetemváros University Town, Miskolc - Hejőcsaba and Görömböly, Miskolc - Lillafüred, Miskolc - Martintelep, Miskolc - Miskolctapolca, Miskolc - Alsóhámor Bükkszentlászló Felsőhámor Ómassa Szirma, Miskolc - Tourist sights, Miskolc - Downtown, Miskolc - Diósgyőr, Miskolc - Lillafüred, Miskolc - Miskolctapolca, Miskolc - Near to the city, Miskolc - Public transport, Miskolc - Famous people, Miskolc - Born in Miskolc, Miskolc - Lived in Miskolc, Miskolc - Twin towns of Miskolc

Read more here: » Miskolc: Encyclopedia II - Miskolc - History

List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts. Piast Dynasty 9th cent. — Siemowit (disputable) 9th-10th cent. — Lestko (disputable) 10th cent. — Siemomysł (disputable) 960?-992 — Mieszko I (Duke) 992-1025 — Bolesław I the Brave (King in 1025) 1025-1031 — Mieszko II Lambert (1st reign, as King) 1031-1032 — Bezprym 1032-1034 — Mieszko II Lambert (2nd reign, as Duke) 1039-1058 — Kazimierz I the RestorerSee also:

List of Polish monarchs, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Fragmentation, List of Polish monarchs - Late Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons, List of Polish monarchs - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, List of Polish monarchs - Partitions 1795-1918, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, List of Polish monarchs - Duchy of Warsaw, List of Polish monarchs - Congress Kingdom, List of Polish monarchs - Grand Duchy of Poznań

Read more here: » List of Polish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts

He consolidated this conquest in 1205 by marrying Joan, illegitimate daughter of King John of England. He had previously been negotiating with Pope Innocent III for leave to marry his uncle Rhodri's widow, daughter of Reginald, king of the Isle of Man. However this proposal was dropped when a more advantageous marriage was offered. His main rival in Wales was Gwenwynwyn ab Owain of Powys. When Gwenwynwyn fell out with King John in 1208, Llywelyn took advantage of the situation to annex southern Powys and northern Ceredigion. In 1210 h ...

See also:

Llywelyn the Great, Llywelyn the Great - Early Life, Llywelyn the Great - Consolidation, Llywelyn the Great - Later reign, Llywelyn the Great - Marital problems, Llywelyn the Great - The Succession, Llywelyn the Great - Death and aftermath

Read more here: » Llywelyn the Great: Encyclopedia II - Llywelyn the Great - Consolidation

The present-day Maundy ceremony has evolved over the centuries and bears little relationship to the original rites to which it owes its origins. A fundamental aspect of the original Maundy service was the washing of the feet of the poor, which has its origins in Jesus' washing of the feet of the Disciples at the Last Supper. In early ceremonies, senior clergymen would wash the feet of lower clergy, while in other ceremonies, the was ...

See also:

Maundy money, Maundy money - History of the Maundy ceremony, Maundy money - Maundy coinage, Maundy money - Availability of the coins, Maundy money - Coin obverses

Read more here: » Maundy money: Encyclopedia II - Maundy money - History of the Maundy ceremony

Conchobar Maenmaige took his nickname from the territory of Maenmaigh (the plain surrounding Loughrea to the west, north and north-east) where he had being fostered as a child. The ruling dynasty of Maenmaigh were the Hy Fiachrach Fionn, who consisted of the families of O Neachtain and O Mulally. Conchobar was apparently the eldest of at least eight sons of Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair. He first comes to notice in 1163 when his father was already King of Connacht. Niall mac Muircheartach Ua Lochlainn, son of the High King ha ...

See also:

Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Early Life, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Wars against the Normans and Irish, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - King of Connacht, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Assassination, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Successors and Descendants, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Family Tree Simplified, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Sources

Read more here: » Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair: Encyclopedia II - Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Early Life

Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might ha ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Modern Descendents, Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Military campaigns

Savelli studied at the University of Paris, during which time he held a prebend and a canonry at the cathedral of Châlons-sur-Marne. Later he obtained the benefice of rector at the church of Berton, in the Diocese of Norwich, in England, a nation he never visited. In 1261 he was created Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin by Pope Urban IV, who also appointed him papal prefect in Tuscany and captain of the papal army. Cardinal Savelli pursued a diplomatic career. Pope Clement IV sent him and three other cardinals to invest Char ...

See also:

Pope Honorius IV, Pope Honorius IV - Early career, Pope Honorius IV - Elected Pope, Pope Honorius IV - Sicilian Conflict, Pope Honorius IV - Rome, Pope Honorius IV - Empire, Pope Honorius IV - Other Work, Pope Honorius IV - External link

Read more here: » Pope Honorius IV: Encyclopedia II - Pope Honorius IV - Early career

Coal was a major import into Dundrum, where the East Downshire Steamship Company was based. Dundrum ceased to be a commercial port in 1984. The SS Great Britain, one of the first iron ships and designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was on its way from Liverpool to New York in 1846, when it ran aground during bad weather in Dundrum Bay. The captain, James Hosken, miscalculated the steamer's speed and did not recognise St John's Point lighthouse. It took a year to re-float the ship but it continued in use for many years before being installed as a visitor att ...

See also:

Dundrum County Down, Dundrum County Down - History, Dundrum County Down - Places of Interest, Dundrum County Down - People, Dundrum County Down - 2001 Census, Dundrum County Down - The Troubles

Read more here: » Dundrum County Down: Encyclopedia II - Dundrum County Down - History

The Latin population of the kingdom was always small; although a steady stream of settlers and new crusaders continually arrived, most of those who fought in the First Crusade simply went home. The Latins were little more than a superstrate over the native Muslim and Syrian population. But Jerusalem came to be known as Outremer, the French word for "overseas," and as new generations grew up in the kingdom, they also began to think of themselves as native easterners, rather than immigrants. Thus, in many senses, they behaved and thought more ...

See also:

Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Foundation and early history, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Demographics, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Economy, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Government and legal system, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Jerusalem in the mid-12th century, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Disaster and recovery, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, Kingdom of Jerusalem - The Kingdom of Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Arms of Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Primary sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Secondary sources

Read more here: » Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom

The Italian city states, especially Genoa, Pisa, and Venice, had been interested in the islands of the Aegean long before the Fourth Crusade. There were Italian trading colonies in Constantinople and Italian pirates frequently attacked settlements in the Aegean in the 12th century. After the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, in which the Venetians played a major role, Venetian interests in the Aegean could be more thoroughly realized. The Duchy of the Archipelago was created in 1207 by Marco Sanudo, a participant in the Crusad ...

See also:

Duchy of the Archipelago, Duchy of the Archipelago - Background and foundation, Duchy of the Archipelago - Administration and economics, Duchy of the Archipelago - Later history, Duchy of the Archipelago - Collapse and Ottoman conquest, Duchy of the Archipelago - Other Venetian territories in the Aegean, Duchy of the Archipelago - Dukes of the Archipelago, Duchy of the Archipelago - Sanudo dynasty, Duchy of the Archipelago - Crispo dynasty, Duchy of the Archipelago - Pretenders of the Duchy of the Archipelago Naxos Islands

Read more here: » Duchy of the Archipelago: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of the Archipelago - Background and foundation