There are no fixed or universally agreed dates for the beginning or the end of the Ancient Greek period. In common usage it refers to all Greek history before the Roman Empire, but historians use the term more precisely. Some writers include the periods of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, while others argue that these civilizations were so different from later Greek cultures that they should be classed separately. Traditionally, the Ancient Greek period was taken to begin with the date of the first Olympic Games in 776 B ...

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History of Greece, History of Greece - Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece, History of Greece - Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age, History of Greece - Greek Dark Ages, History of Greece - Ancient Greece, History of Greece - Hellenistic Greece, History of Greece - Roman Period, History of Greece - Medieval Greece, History of Greece - Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece, History of Greece - Creation of the Modern Greek State

Read more here: » History of Greece: Encyclopedia II - History of Greece - Ancient Greece

Initially the Ji family was able to control the country firmly. In 771 BC, after King You had replaced his queen with a concubine Baosi, the capital was sacked by the joint force of the queen's father, who was the powerful Marquess of Shen, and the barbarians. The queen's son Ji Yijiu was proclaimed the new king by the nobles from the states of Zheng, Lü, Qin and the Marquess of Shen. The capital was moved eas ...

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Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Dynasty - Mandate of Heaven, Zhou Dynasty - Fengjian, Zhou Dynasty - Western and Eastern Zhou, Zhou Dynasty - Decline, Zhou Dynasty - Agriculture, Zhou Dynasty - Zhou dynasty kings, Zhou Dynasty - External link

Read more here: » Zhou Dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Zhou Dynasty - Western and Eastern Zhou

The use of the syllabary system of the Minoans, the so-called Linear scripts, fell into sharp decline in favour of a new alphabet system, adopted from the Semitic Phoenicians to write not only the Greek language, but also other languages in the Eastern Mediterranean at the time. Before this turbulent time, Myceneans were writing their Greek language in Linear B but after the Dark Ages when history was being recorded once again, we find this new alphabet, the more familiar alpha-beta-gamma. The early Etruscans must have also ben ...

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Greek Dark Ages, Greek Dark Ages - The rise of a new writing system, Greek Dark Ages - Mediterranean warfare and the Sea Peoples

Read more here: » Greek Dark Ages: Encyclopedia II - Greek Dark Ages - The rise of a new writing system

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Historically, Xi'an has been one of the most important cities in the world. The culture of Xi'an is inherited from the traditions of one of the world's earliest civilizations. The Guanzhong Ren (关中人/關中人) were the cultural antecedent of Xi'anese, their cultural features are drawn from the Ten Specialities of Guanzhong Ren (关中十大怪/關中十大怪). Another major part of this culture is Eight Great Sights of Chang'an (长安八景/長安八景); st ...

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Xi'an, Xi'an - History, Xi'an - Geography, Xi'an - Demographics, Xi'an - Culture, Xi'an - Sights, Xi'an - Economy, Xi'an - Public Transportation, Xi'an - Miscellaneous, Xi'an - Colleges and universities, Xi'an - Additional Images, Xi'an - Bell and Drum Towers, Xi'an - Big Wild Goose Pagoda

Read more here: » Xi'an: Encyclopedia II - Xi'an - Culture

Historically, Xi'an has been one of the most important cities in the world. The culture of Xi'an is inherited from the traditions of one of the world's earliest civilizations. The Guanzhong Ren (关中人/關中人) were the cultural antecedent of Xi'anese, their cultural features are drawn from the Ten Specialities of Guanzhong Ren (关中十大怪/關中十大怪). Another major part of this culture is Eight Great Sights of Chang'an (长安八景/長安八景); st ...

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Xi'an, Xi'an - History, Xi'an - Geography, Xi'an - Demographics, Xi'an - Culture, Xi'an - Sights, Xi'an - Economy, Xi'an - Public Transportation, Xi'an - Miscellaneous, Xi'an - Colleges and universities, Xi'an - Additional Images, Xi'an - Bell and Drum Towers, Xi'an - Great Goose Pagoda

Read more here: » Xi'an: Encyclopedia II - Xi'an - Culture

The city is nested between a flood plain created by 8 surrounding rivers and streams, most of which have been too polluted to be used as sources of fresh water. Xi'an borders the northern foot of the Qinling Mountain Ranges to the south, and the banks of Wei River to the north. The city covers approximately 16,808 km² of urban area. ...

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Xi'an, Xi'an - History, Xi'an - Geography, Xi'an - Demographics, Xi'an - Culture, Xi'an - Sights, Xi'an - Economy, Xi'an - Public Transportation, Xi'an - Miscellaneous, Xi'an - Colleges and universities, Xi'an - Additional Images, Xi'an - Bell and Drum Towers, Xi'an - Big Wild Goose Pagoda

Read more here: » Xi'an: Encyclopedia II - Xi'an - Geography

Han Chinese clothing - GuanHat. Han Chinese clothing - Shiwu decoration. ...

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Han Chinese clothing, Han Chinese clothing - History of Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - The disappearance of Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Today, Han Chinese clothing - Description of Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Headwear, Han Chinese clothing - Decoration, Han Chinese clothing - Yi衣 Shang裳, Han Chinese clothing - Variations of Hanfu in different occasions, Han Chinese clothing - Ordinary Life, Han Chinese clothing - Ceremony, Han Chinese clothing - Variations of Hanfu in different dynasties, Han Chinese clothing - Men's Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Women's Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Chinese culture, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and I Ching, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Lyrics, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Dance, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Poetry, Han Chinese clothing - The Influences Of Hanfu on non-Chinese nations and states, Han Chinese clothing - Korean Hanbok the Korean traditional dress, Han Chinese clothing - Kimono the Japanese traditional dress, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu And Arts, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and the modern media, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu accessories and related garments, Han Chinese clothing - GuanHat, Han Chinese clothing - Shiwu decoration

Read more here: » Han Chinese clothing: Encyclopedia II - Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu accessories and related garments

Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and I Ching. According to the I Ching, an ancient work on divination, the Yellow Emperor made Hanfu in analogy to I Ching's two trigrams, the Force (☰ 乾 qián) and the Field (☷ 坤 kūn), which refer to Heaven (天) and Earth (地) respectively. The upper part of Hanfu, Yi, represents Heaven, while the lower part Shang is a representation of Earth. In view of this, one of the philosophical meanings of Hanfu is that the human being (the microcosm) is a representation of the Universe at large (the macrocosm). ...

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Han Chinese clothing, Han Chinese clothing - History of Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - The disappearance of Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Today, Han Chinese clothing - Description of Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Headwear, Han Chinese clothing - Decoration, Han Chinese clothing - Yi衣 Shang裳, Han Chinese clothing - Variations of Hanfu in different occasions, Han Chinese clothing - Ordinary Life, Han Chinese clothing - Ceremony, Han Chinese clothing - Variations of Hanfu in different dynasties, Han Chinese clothing - Men's Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Women's Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Chinese culture, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and I Ching, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Lyrics, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Dance, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Poetry, Han Chinese clothing - The Influences Of Hanfu on non-Chinese nations and states, Han Chinese clothing - Korean Hanbok the Korean traditional dress, Han Chinese clothing - Kimono the Japanese traditional dress, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu And Arts, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and the modern media, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu accessories and related garments, Han Chinese clothing - GuanHat, Han Chinese clothing - Shiwu decoration

Read more here: » Han Chinese clothing: Encyclopedia II - Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Chinese culture

Xiaowen (孝文帝) (467 - 499) was the king of the Northern Wei dynasty of Xianbei Kingdom from 471 to 499. (In other words, his nation was non-Chinese before he implimented his sinicization policy). Xiaowen implemented a drastic policy of sinicization, intending to centralize the government and make the multi-ethnic society more easy to govern. These policies included changing artistic styles to reflect Chinese taste and forcing the population to speak the language and to wear Han Chinese clothing. He forced the Xia ...

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Han Chinese clothing, Han Chinese clothing - History of Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - The disappearance of Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Today, Han Chinese clothing - Description of Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Headwear, Han Chinese clothing - Decoration, Han Chinese clothing - Yi衣 Shang裳, Han Chinese clothing - Variations of Hanfu in different occasions, Han Chinese clothing - Ordinary Life, Han Chinese clothing - Ceremony, Han Chinese clothing - Variations of Hanfu in different dynasties, Han Chinese clothing - Men's Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Women's Hanfu, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Chinese culture, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and I Ching, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Lyrics, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Dance, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and Poetry, Han Chinese clothing - The Influences Of Hanfu on non-Chinese nations and states, Han Chinese clothing - Korean Hanbok the Korean traditional dress, Han Chinese clothing - Kimono the Japanese traditional dress, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu And Arts, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu and the modern media, Han Chinese clothing - Hanfu accessories and related garments, Han Chinese clothing - GuanHat, Han Chinese clothing - Shiwu decoration

Read more here: » Han Chinese clothing: Encyclopedia II - Han Chinese clothing - The Influences Of Hanfu on non-Chinese nations and states

Writing - Creativity. In order to write a creative essay or short story, there are several tools that you can employ: dialogue (conversation and your thoughts) sensory imagery (the five senses and your feelings) dialect concrete details (as opposed to abstract ideas) literary devices (such as similes, metaphors, personification, hyperbole, and understatement) Writing - Autho ...

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Writing, Writing - Methods for recording information, Writing - Tools, Writing - Writing in Historical Cultures, Writing - Mesopotamia, Writing - Egypt, Writing - Phoenician writing system and descendents, Writing - China, Writing - Indus Valley, Writing - Elsewhere, Writing - Creation of text or information, Writing - Creativity, Writing - Author, Writing - Critiques

Read more here: » Writing: Encyclopedia II - Writing - Creation of text or information

The city is nested between a flood plain created by 8 surrounding rivers and streams, most of which have been too polluted to be used as sources of fresh water. Xi'an borders the northern foot of the Qinling Mountain Ranges to the south, and the banks of Wei River to the north. The city covers approximately 16,808 km² of urban area. ...

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Xi'an, Xi'an - History, Xi'an - Geography, Xi'an - Demographics, Xi'an - Culture, Xi'an - Sights, Xi'an - Economy, Xi'an - Public Transportation, Xi'an - Miscellaneous, Xi'an - Colleges and universities, Xi'an - Additional Images, Xi'an - Bell and Drum Towers, Xi'an - Great Goose Pagoda

Read more here: » Xi'an: Encyclopedia II - Xi'an - Geography

Today there is a Turkish town called Truva in the vicinity of the archaeological site, but this town has grown up recently to service the tourist trade. The archaeological site is officially called Troy by the Turkish government and appears as such on many maps. A large number of tourists visit the site each year, mostly coming from Istanbul by bus or by ferry via Çanakkale. The visitor sees a highly commercialised site, with a large wooden horse built as a playground for children, then shops and a museum. The archaeological site its ...

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Troy, Troy - Legendary Troy, Troy - Homeric Troy, Troy - Archaeological Troy, Troy - Troy I–V, Troy - Troy VI, Troy - Troy VII, Troy - Troy IX, Troy - Excavation campaigns, Troy - Schliemann, Troy - Dörpfeld Blegen, Troy - Korfmann, Troy - Hittite evidence, Troy - Homeric Ilion and historical Wilusa, Troy - Status of the Iliad, Troy - The Iliad as essentially legendary, Troy - The Iliad as essentially historical, Troy - Tourism, Troy - Troy in later legend

Read more here: » Troy: Encyclopedia II - Troy - Tourism

The events described in Homer's Iliad, even if based on historical events that preceded its composition by some 450 years, will never be completely identifiable with historical or archaeological facts, even if there was a Bronze Age city on the site now called Troy, and even if that city was destroyed by fire or war at about the same time as the time postulated for the Trojan War. No text or artifact has been found on site itself which clearly identifies the Bronze Age site. This is probably due to the planification of the form ...

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Troy, Troy - Legendary Troy, Troy - Homeric Troy, Troy - Archaeological Troy, Troy - Troy I–V, Troy - Troy VI, Troy - Troy VII, Troy - Troy IX, Troy - Excavation campaigns, Troy - Schliemann, Troy - Dörpfeld Blegen, Troy - Korfmann, Troy - Hittite evidence, Troy - Homeric Ilion and historical Wilusa, Troy - Status of the Iliad, Troy - The Iliad as essentially legendary, Troy - The Iliad as essentially historical, Troy - Tourism, Troy - Troy in later legend

Read more here: » Troy: Encyclopedia II - Troy - Homeric Ilion and historical Wilusa

Traditional Chinese law - Early development. The laws of the aristocratic societies of early China put substantial emphasis on maintaining the distinct ranks and orders among the nobles, in addition to controlling the populace. As a result, li (禮), meaning ritual and etiquette, governed the conduct of the nobles whilst xing (刑), rules of punishment, governed the commoners and slaves. The early rulers of the Zhou Dynasty issued or enforced laws that already exemplified the values of a primogenitu ...

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Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - History

In contrast to the Legalists, the Confucian view of law was always centred on morality. Xun Zi, an early Confucian thinker, saw the necessity for legislation, but emphasized equally the importance of virtue on the part of the legislator and judiciary. There was a conviction that maintenance of the Confucian moral prescriptions through the apparatus of the state was essential for the preservation of a civilised society. Encouragement of the virtue of filial piety helped to strength ...

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Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law

Equality before law was never officially accepted as a legal principle and as a legal practice. For example, the system of exemption of eight categories or persons from criminal prosecution (ba yi) and the system of exemption from punishment by giving up official positions (guandang) are formally recognised legal device. Unlike in the West, where secular and religious powers co-existed and fostered a tradition of plurality, the traditional Chinese legal system, as a tool of the sovereign, has never encountered strong cou ...

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Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. Main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production (the renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou). Zhejiang is also a producer of silk, for which it i ...

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Zhejiang, Zhejiang - History, Zhejiang - Geography, Zhejiang - Administrative divisions, Zhejiang - Economy, Zhejiang - Demographics, Zhejiang - Culture, Zhejiang - Famous people, Zhejiang - Stereotypes, Zhejiang - Tourism, Zhejiang - Miscellaneous topics, Zhejiang - Colleges and universities

Read more here: » Zhejiang: Encyclopedia II - Zhejiang - Economy

Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260 Xianxi (咸熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257 Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263 Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263 Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231 Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238 Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252 Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252 Wufeng ( ...

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Table of Chinese monarchs, Table of Chinese monarchs - Xia Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Shang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Zhou Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Qin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Han Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Three Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Jin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sixteen Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sovereignties established by Wu Hu, Table of Chinese monarchs - Northern and Southern Dynasties, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sui Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Tang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Liao Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Song Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Western Xia,