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There is much confusion among the masses as to the origins of the tallit. In actuality, the actual four-cornered garment began with no relevence whatsoever to Jewish practice. Beginning when Moses received the Torah on Mount Sinai, the Jewish People were commanded to place tzitzis on the corners of their four-cornered garments. (Numbers 15:37-41 and Commandment 376 out of 613 in the Sefer HaChinuch ISBN: 0-87306-605-7). The purpose of such a commandment, as given by the verses in Numbers, is so that the Jews should glance at the strin ...

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Tallit, Tallit - Terminology, Tallit - Historical origin, Tallit - Kinds of tallit, Tallit - Tallit gadol, Tallit - Tallit katan, Tallit - Description of tallit gadol, Tallit - Blessings, Tallit - When putting on a Talit Katan, Tallit - For putting on a Tallit Gadol, Tallit - Use, Tallit - Obligation for men, Tallit - Views on use by women, Tallit - Order of putting on tallit and tefillin, Tallit - Weddings, Tallit - Burial

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List of Bulgarian monarchs - Legendary rulers. Avitokhol (Attila) (153–453) (according to history, (445–453) Ernakh (453–603) (according to history, (453–503) over Utiguri List of Bulgarian monarchs - Historical persons. Gostun (603–605) over Kutriguri (?–740, 803–997) At times, the reign in the Bulgar lands was split. Kubrat (605–665) over Onogunduri Batbayan (665–668) over Onogunduri Asparukh (668–701) over Utiguri Tervel (701 ...

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List of Bulgarian monarchs, List of Bulgarian monarchs - List of Bulgarian rulers, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Legendary rulers, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Historical persons, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Byzantine rule, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Ottoman rule

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History of astrology - Western astrology's Babylonian origins. The history of western astrology can now be traced back to ancient Babylonia, and indeed to the earliest phases of Babylonian history, i.e. to about 3000 B.C. In Babylonia as well as in Assyria as a direct offshoot of Babylonian culture (or as we might also term it "Euphratean" culture), astrology takes its place in the official cult as one of the two chief means at the disposal of the priests (who were called bare or "inspectors") for ascertaining the will and intention of the gods, the other being through the inspection of ...

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History of astrology, History of astrology - Overview, History of astrology - History, History of astrology - Western astrology's Babylonian origins, History of astrology - The spread of astrology from Babylonia, History of astrology - Greek and Egyptian contributions to astrology, History of astrology - Medieval and Renaissance astrology, History of astrology - Astrology's 20th century expansion, History of astrology - Astrology in the Jewish community, History of astrology - Noted predictions, History of astrology - Historical proponents of astrology, History of astrology - Historical opponents of astrology, History of astrology - Other miscellany

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In 56 BC the area was conquered by the Romans under Julius Caesar. The Venetian notables were killed or sold off as slaves. The Romans called the district Armorica (a Latinisation of a Celtic word meaning "coastal region"), part of the Gallia Lugdunensis province. The modern département of Côtes-d'Armor has taken up the ancient name. After the reforms of Diocletian, it was part of the dioceses Galliarum. The uprising of the Bagaudae in the 3rd century led to unrest and depopulation, numerous villages were destro ...

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History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

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Immediately the chief concern in the kingdom was checking Saladin's advance. In 1187 Guy attempted to relieve Saladin's siege of Tiberias, against the advice of Raymond III; Guy's army was surrounded and cut off from a supply of water, and on July 4 the army of Jerusalem was completely destroyed at the Battle of Hattin. Guy was one of the very few captives spared by the Saracens after the battle, al ...

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Guy of Lusignan, Guy of Lusignan - Arrival in Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan - King-Consort of Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan - Fall of Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan - Lord of Cyprus, Guy of Lusignan - Sources

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Edward was a son of Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale and Marjorie of Carrick, 3rd Countess of Carrick. His date of birth is unknown, but as the second of five brothers it was probably not long after his older brother was born in 1274. The Irish medievalist Seán Duffy suggests that he was probably fostered in Ireland as a child. This was a common Scottish and Irish cultural practice, and would tie in with, an ...

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Edward Bruce, Edward Bruce - Early Life, Edward Bruce - Fathering an illegitimate son, Edward Bruce - High King of Ireland, Edward Bruce - Historical Background, Edward Bruce - Invitation to the throne, Edward Bruce - Famine, Edward Bruce - Marriage, Edward Bruce - Death at the Battle Faughart, Edward Bruce - Historical aftermath, Edward Bruce - Sources

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The westernmost extensions of the Villeneuve-Saint-Germain culture, based on a linearbandkeramic tradition are found in eastern Brittany (Le Haut Meé). The use of schist from the eastern edge of the Breton Massif for bracelets in settlements in the Paris Bassin attests to widespread trade. A bracelet of polished stone found in a grave in the VSG-settlement of Jablines Les-Longues-Raies was made of amphibolite from the island of Groix in southern Morbihan, ...

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History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

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The best-known mesolithic sites from Brittany are the cemeteries on the islands of Hoëdic (10 graves) and Téviec (9 graves) in Morbihan. The collective graves are placed in shell middens without any particular order. Some graves show evidence of postmortal manipulations of the bones. There are single burials and empty graves (cenotaphs) as well. The graves are covered with stones, a hearth or antlers forming a sort of dome. Rich funeral gifts, flint tools, engraved bones, shell ornaments and ochre demonstrate the affluence of these hunter- ...

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History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

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A variety of tribes are mentioned in Roman sources, like the Veneti, Armoricani, Osismii, Namnetes and Coriosolites. Strabo and Poseidonius describe the Armoricani as belonging to the Belgae. Armorican gold coins have been widely exported and are even found in the Rhineland. Salterns are widespread in Northern Armorica, for example at Trégor, Ebihens and Enez Vihan near Pleumeur-Bodou (Côtes-d'Armor) and the island of Yoc'h ...

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History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

Read more here: » History of Brittany: Encyclopedia II - History of Brittany - Iron Age

County of Tripoli - Lordship of Gibelet. The ancient city of Byblos became the seat of the lordship of the Genovese family of Embriaco, by the name of Gibelet or Jebail (some of whom also assumed the surname of Ibelin). The Lords of Gibelet were vassals of the Count of Tripoli, but enjoyed a brief existence as Mameluke vassals even after the fall of Tripoli proper. Their southern neighbor was the Lordship of Beirut in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. County of Tripoli - Lordship of Botron. The Lords ...

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County of Tripoli, County of Tripoli - History, County of Tripoli - Vassals of Tripoli, County of Tripoli - Lordship of Gibelet, County of Tripoli - Lordship of Botron, County of Tripoli - Counts of Tripoli 1102-1289, County of Tripoli - Titular Counts of Tripoli, County of Tripoli - Great Officers of Tripoli

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In 1191, Guy left Acre with a small fleet and landed at Limassol. He was seeking support from Richard Lionheart, whose vassal he had previously been in France. He swore fealty to King Richard, and attended the marriage ceremony of Richard and Berengaria of Navarre. He participated in the campaign against Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus, and so impressed Richard that Guy became Richard's candidate for King of Jerusalem. King Philip II of France supported instead Conrad of Montferrat, who was chosen king of Jerusalem in 1192 by right of his wi ...

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Guy of Lusignan, Guy of Lusignan - Arrival in Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan - King-Consort of Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan - Fall of Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan - Lord of Cyprus, Guy of Lusignan - Sources

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"Doclea" was the name of the region during the early period of the Roman Empire. It is believed to originate from the name of an early Illyrian tribe. The Romans "hyper-corrected" to "Dioclea" wrongly guessing that an "I" had been lost due to vulgar speech patterns. "Duklja" is the later Slavic version of that word. The relationship between the names of Duklja and Zeta is somewhat unclear, as the two terms overlap. Duklja was mostly referenced as the littoral area between the Bay of Kotor and the Skadar Lake, while Zeta refers to the ...

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Duklja, Duklja - Name, Duklja - History, Duklja - Early, Duklja - High Voislav Golden Age, Duklja - Late Rascian, Duklja - List of rulers, Duklja - Chronology, Duklja - People Religion and Culture

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Conrad was the second son of Marquess William V of Montferrat, "the Elder", and his wife Judith of Babenberg. He was a first cousin of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, Louis VII of France and Leopold V of Austria. In his teens, Conrad served at the court of his maternal uncle, Conrad, Bishop of Passau, later Archbishop of Salzburg. (He may have been named after him, or after another maternal uncle, Conrad III of Germany.) He seems to have been well-educated, and was regarded as intelligent and cultured, fluent in several languages. Retur ...

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Conrad of Montferrat, Conrad of Montferrat - Early life, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad in the Byzantine Empire, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad and the crusader states, Conrad of Montferrat - Conflict with Guy of Lusignan, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad as King of Jerusalem, Conrad of Montferrat - Family, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad in fiction and film, Conrad of Montferrat - Sources

Read more here: » Conrad of Montferrat: Encyclopedia II - Conrad of Montferrat - Early life

Ruaidri was once more recalled to be king, though only briefly and ended his days as a monk at Cong. Cathal Carragh killed Connor mac Cormac later the same year "in revenge of the death of his father." Cathal would become a King of Connacht, with opposition, before his death in 1202. The ultimate winner for the kingship was Conchobar's uncle, Cathal Crobdearg, who was his ultimate successor. Of Conchobar's remaining known children, Mathghamhain was killed in 1196, as was Muirchertach in 1204, and Donnchadh in 1207; Tadhg was re ...

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Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Early Life, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Wars against the Normans and Irish, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - King of Connacht, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Assassination, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Successors and Descendants, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Family Tree Simplified, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Sources

Read more here: » Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair: Encyclopedia II - Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Successors and Descendants

This successful first act was denied a sequel when in 1189 Conchobar was killed by Manus mac Flann O Finaghty, Aodh mac Brian (his first cousin), Muircheartach mac Cathal mac Dermot mac Tadhg, and Giolla na Naomh O Mulvihill of the Tuathas. His murders were described as "a party of his own people and tribes", though the real culprit seems to have being that other contender for the kingship of Connaucht, Connor mac Cormac. In the same sentence he was correctly described as the "King of all ...

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Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Early Life, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Wars against the Normans and Irish, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - King of Connacht, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Assassination, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Successors and Descendants, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Family Tree Simplified, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Sources

Read more here: » Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair: Encyclopedia II - Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Assassination

In 1186 warfare finally erupted between father and son, and "by the contests between both the Connacians were destroyed." At length, "by the advice of the Sil-Murray" Ruaidri was allowed to return, " a triocha-ched of land was given to him." Conchobar immediately began establishing his rule, bringing the troublesome Ui Maine under firm control by killing their king, Murrough mac Teige O Cellaig. The following year he returned to Lenister and along with Melaghlin Beg O Melaghlin burned and demolished the castle of ...

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Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Early Life, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Wars against the Normans and Irish, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - King of Connacht, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Assassination, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Successors and Descendants, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Family Tree Simplified, Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - Sources

Read more here: » Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair: Encyclopedia II - Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobhair - King of Connacht

In 1179, following the family's alliance with Manuel I Comnenos, Conrad led an army against Frederick Barbarossa's forces, then commanded by the imperial Chancellor, Archbishop Christian von Mainz. He defeated them at Camerino in September, taking the Chancellor hostage. (He had previously been a hostage of the Chancellor.) He went to Constantinople to be thanked by the Emperor, returning to Italy shortly after Manuel's death in 1180. Nicetas Choniates describes him at this time (in his mid-thirties) as "of beautiful appearance, comely in the springtime of life, exceptional and peerless in cou ...

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Conrad of Montferrat, Conrad of Montferrat - Early life, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad in the Byzantine Empire, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad and the crusader states, Conrad of Montferrat - Conflict with Guy of Lusignan, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad as King of Jerusalem, Conrad of Montferrat - Family, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad in fiction and film, Conrad of Montferrat - Sources

Read more here: » Conrad of Montferrat: Encyclopedia II - Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad in the Byzantine Empire

The Monferrine court was Occitan in its literary culture, and provided patronage to numerous troubadors. Bertran de Born and Peirol mention Conrad in songs composed at the time of the Third Crusade. He was seen as a heroic figure, the noble defender of Tyre - the "Marqués valens e pros" ("the valiant and worthy Marquess") as Peirol called him. However, subsequently, the long-term prejudice of popular English-language writing towards Richard I and his "Lionheart" myth has affected portrayals of Conrad in English-language ...

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Conrad of Montferrat, Conrad of Montferrat - Early life, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad in the Byzantine Empire, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad and the crusader states, Conrad of Montferrat - Conflict with Guy of Lusignan, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad as King of Jerusalem, Conrad of Montferrat - Family, Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad in fiction and film, Conrad of Montferrat - Sources

Read more here: » Conrad of Montferrat: Encyclopedia II - Conrad of Montferrat - Conrad in fiction and film

Engelbert was born in 1185 or 1186, younger son of Count Engelbert I of Berg (d 1189) and his wife Margarete of Guelders at Schloss Burg, Burg an der Wupper. He was educated at the Cathedral School in Cologne. From 1198 (at the age of 12 or 13) he held the office of Provost of St George in Cologne and from 1199 to 1216 he also held the office of cathedral provost at Cologne Cathedral. He further acquired at various times a number of other provostships: in St Severin in Cologne, Aachen, Deventer and Zutphen. Although in 1203 he was elected ...

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Engelbert II of Berg, Engelbert II of Berg - Early Life, Engelbert II of Berg - Archbishop of Cologne and after, Engelbert II of Berg - Death, Engelbert II of Berg - Veneration, Engelbert II of Berg - Literature

Read more here: » Engelbert II of Berg: Encyclopedia II - Engelbert II of Berg - Early Life

Around 500 AD, the Roman troops were withdrawing. Some British authors (Nennius, Gildas) mention Britons fleeing to Armorica to escape the invading Anglo-Saxons and Scoti. These Britons gave the region its current name and contributed to the Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish. (Brittany used to be known in English as Little Britain to distinguish it from Great Britain - the street in London called Little Britain w ...

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History of Brittany, History of Brittany - Palaeolithic, History of Brittany - Mesolithic, History of Brittany - Neolithic, History of Brittany - Bronze age, History of Brittany - Iron Age, History of Brittany - Roman rule, History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Middle Ages, History of Brittany - Early modern Brittany, History of Brittany - Modern Times, History of Brittany - Notes, History of Brittany - Sources

Read more here: » History of Brittany: Encyclopedia II - History of Brittany - Early Middle Ages

Duke of Brittany - Kings of the Bretons. Nominoe (r.841-851), as a missus dominicus of the Emperor Louis the Pious, a count of Vannes (Gwened) and a duke (dux) of Brittany Erispoe (r.851-857), as a duke, then a king of Brittany Saloman (or Salaün) (r.857-874), as a duke, then a king of Brittany Pasquitan of Vannes (or Paskweten) (r.874-877), ruling Brittany with Gurvand Gurvand of Rennes (r.874-877), ruling Brittany with Pasquitan Jud ...

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Duke of Brittany, Duke of Brittany - Duchy of Brittany, Duke of Brittany - Kings and Dukes of Brittany, Duke of Brittany - Kings of the Bretons, Duke of Brittany - House of Nantes/Naoned, Duke of Brittany - House of Rennes/Roazhon, Duke of Brittany - House of Cornouaille/Kernev, Duke of Brittany - House of Anjou, Duke of Brittany - House of Dreux, Duke of Brittany - House of Montfort, Duke of Brittany - External link

Read more here: » Duke of Brittany: Encyclopedia II - Duke of Brittany - Kings and Dukes of Brittany