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Historians are divided over whether or not Rosamund's relationship with the King produced children. The question is complicated by the difficulty of separating the facts of Rosamund's life from the profusion of legends surrounding it. Many historians have concluded that Rosamund most likely bore Henry a single child, but cannot identify it or even provide a specific date of birth. Some modern writers, including Alison Weir, are of the opinion that Rosamund had no children; but whether this means she never gave birth or merely that ...

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Rosamund Clifford, Rosamund Clifford - Children?, Rosamund Clifford - Other stories, Rosamund Clifford - Death and thereafter

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After the murder of his cousin Charles the Good in 1127, Thierry claimed the county of Flanders as grandson of Robert I, but William Clito became count instead with the support of King Louis VI of France. William's politics and attitude towards the autonomy of Flanders made him unpopular, and by the end of the year Bruges, Gand, Lille, and Saint-Omer recognized Thierry as a rival count. Thierry's supporters came from the Imperial faction of Flanders, and upon his arrival he engaged in battle against William. Louis VI had the Archbishop of Re ...

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Thierry Count of Flanders, Thierry Count of Flanders - Life, Thierry Count of Flanders - Family, Thierry Count of Flanders - Sources

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Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty - 12th century. 1128 July 24 – Count Afonso Henriques defeats his mother, Theresa, Countess of Portugal, in the Battle of São Mamede and becomes sole ruler (Dux - Duke) after demandes for independence from the county's people, church and nobles. 1129 - April 6, Afonso Henriques proclaims himself Prince of Portugal. 1130 Prince Afonso Henriques invades Galicia. Prince Afonso Henriques' mother, Theresa, Countess ...

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Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty, Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty - First Dynasty: Burgundy, Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty - 12th century, Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty - 13th century, Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty - 14th century

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Germany's 1949 constitution, the Basic Law (Grundgesetz), invests the Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) with central executive authority. For that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "chancellor democracy". The Federal Government (Bundesregierung) consists of the chancellor and his or her cabinet ministers. The chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and from his or her status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the B ...

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Chancellor of Germany, Chancellor of Germany - Bundeskanzler North German Confederation 1867-1871, Chancellor of Germany - Reichskanzler 1871-1945, Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the German Empire 1871-1919, Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the Weimar Republic 1919-1933, Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the Nazi Era 1933-1945, Chancellor of Germany - Bundeskanzler since 1949, Chancellor of Germany - Appointment mechanism, Chancellor of Germany - Votes of no-confidence, Chancellor of Germany - The chancellor's role, Chancellor of Germany - List of Chancellors since 1949

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At first, in order to plead the benefit of clergy, one had to appear before the court tonsured and otherwise wearing ecclesiastical dress. Over time, this proof of clergy-hood was replaced by a literacy test: a defendant demonstrated their clerical status by reading from the Bible. This opened the door to secular, but nonetheless literate defendants also claiming the benefit of clergy, and in 1351 under Edward III this loophole was formalized in statute, and the benefit of cle ...

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Benefit of clergy, Benefit of clergy - Origin, Benefit of clergy - The Miserere, Benefit of clergy - Tudor-era reforms, Benefit of clergy - Later development

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Lordships in the Kingdom of Jerusalem were usually hereditary, in principle, but in practice the circumstances were such that their holders did not form long uninterrupted lines of inheritance, which was contrary to the usual patterns of succession in Europe. Firstly, in the early years of the kingdom, lords sought out their own territories, and lordships changed hands often. Secondly, the average lifespan of male lords in Palestine was rather low, due to the constant state of warfare and violence, which led to inheritances by females and/or ...

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Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

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In 1166, Ireland's new High King and Mac Murchada's only ally Muirchertach Ua Lochlainn had fallen, and a large coalition led by Tigernán Ua Ruairc (now Mac Murchada's arch enemy) marched on Leinster. Ua Ruairc and his allies took Leinster with ease, and Mac Murchada and his wife barely escaped with their lives. Mac Murchada escaped to England where he formed an alliance with King Henry II who helped him organize a mercenary army of Norman and Welsh soldiers to invade Ireland. Among them were Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, alias Strongbow, who ...

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Dermot MacMurrough, Dermot MacMurrough - Early Life and Family, Dermot MacMurrough - King of Leinster, Dermot MacMurrough - Exile Return and Death, Dermot MacMurrough - Death and Descendants, Dermot MacMurrough - Sources, Dermot MacMurrough - Source for Genealogy

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Divisions of Islam - Sunni. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam - the Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama'ah. According to Sunni thought, Muhammad died without appointing a successor to lead the Muslim community. After an initial period of confusion, a group of his most prominent companions gathered and elected Abu Bakr, the Prophet's close friend and father-in-law, as the first Caliph. Sunnis initially believed that the position of Caliph should be democratically chosen, but after the first four R ...

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Divisions of Islam, Divisions of Islam - Major Denominations, Divisions of Islam - Sunni, Divisions of Islam - Shi'a, Divisions of Islam - Sufi, Divisions of Islam - Sunni schools of thought, Divisions of Islam - Hanafi, Divisions of Islam - Hanbali, Divisions of Islam - Maliki, Divisions of Islam - Shafi'i, Divisions of Islam - Kalam Schools, Divisions of Islam - Ash'ari, Divisions of Islam - Jabriyya, Divisions of Islam - Maturidi, Divisions of Islam - Murjite, Divisions of Islam - Mu'tazili, Divisions of Islam - Qadiriyyah, Divisions of Islam - Shi'a Sects, Divisions of Islam - Jafari, Divisions of Islam - Ismailiyah, Divisions of Islam - Zaiddiyah, Divisions of Islam - Alawi, Divisions of Islam - Alevi, Divisions of Islam - Kharijite Sects, Divisions of Islam - Sufri, Divisions of Islam - Azraqi, Divisions of Islam - Ibadi, Divisions of Islam - Other sects, Divisions of Islam - Zikri, Divisions of Islam - Ahmadiyyah, Divisions of Islam - Moorish Science, Divisions of Islam - Nation of Islam, Divisions of Islam - Submitters, Divisions of Islam - Other movements within sects, Divisions of Islam - Salafism, Divisions of Islam - Wahhabism, Divisions of Islam - Deobandi, Divisions of Islam - Liberals, Divisions of Islam - Islamism, Divisions of Islam - Tablighi Jama'at, Divisions of Islam - Related Faiths, Divisions of Islam - Yazidi, Divisions of Islam - Druze, Divisions of Islam - Bábism, Divisions of Islam - Bahá'í, Divisions of Islam - Five Percenters

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After Richard's death, John did not gain immediate universal recognition as king. Some regarded his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany, the posthumous son of John's brother Geoffrey, as the rightful heir. Arthur vied with his uncle John for the throne, and enjoyed the support of King Philip II of France. The conflict between Arthur and King John had fatal consequences. The war upset the barons of Poitou enough for them to seek redress from the King of France, who was King John's feudal overlord with respect to certain terrorities on the Contin ...

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John of England, John of England - Early years, John of England - Reign, John of England - Death, John of England - Alleged illiteracy, John of England - Notes, John of England - Depictions in fiction, John of England - Trivia, John of England - External link

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He was born on 5 March 1133 at Le Mans to the Empress Matilda and her second husband, Geoffrey the Fair, Count of Anjou. Brought up in Anjou, he visited England in 1149 to help his mother in her disputed claim to the English throne. Prior to coming to the throne he already controlled Normandy and Anjou on the continent; his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine on 18 May 1152 added her holdings to his, including Touraine, Aquitaine, and Gascony. He thus effectively became more powerful than the king of France — with an empire (the Ang ...

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Henry II of England, Henry II of England - Biography, Henry II of England - Appearance, Henry II of England - Fiction, Henry II of England - Coat of arms

Read more here: » Henry II of England: Encyclopedia II - Henry II of England - Biography

(Italicized names are of titular princes.) Tancred, Prince of Galilee (1099–1101) Hugh of St. Omer (1105–?) Gervaise de Bazoches Joscelin I of Courtenay Tancred, Prince of Galilee (1109–1112) Renier Brus Elinard de Bures Simon Guarmond Walter I Brisebarre Hugh of Tiberias Raymond III of Tripoli (1152–1187) and his wife Eschiva de Bures William Fulk Eudes of Montbeliard See also:

Principality of Galilee, Principality of Galilee - Princes of Galilee, Principality of Galilee - Lordship of Beirut, Principality of Galilee - Lordship of Nazareth, Principality of Galilee - Lordship of Haifa, Principality of Galilee - Sources

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See also The Serbia Series: See also: List of Serbian monarchs, History of Yugoslavia, History of Serbia and Montenegro History of Serbia - Medieval Serbia 7th – 14th century. The Serbs entered their present territory early in the 7th century, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations: Raška Bosnia Duklja/Zeta Zahum ...

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History of Serbia, History of Serbia - History, History of Serbia - Medieval Serbia 7th – 14th century, History of Serbia - Turkish conquest, History of Serbia - Modern Serbia, History of Serbia - The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, History of Serbia - Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

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A curious legend supposed to explain the origin of this pilgrimage has given rise to controversies between critical and traditional schools, especially in recent times. According to the latter, Rocamadour is named after the founder of the ancient sanctuary, St. Amadour, who was Zacheus the tax collector of Jericho mentioned in Luke 19:1-10 , husband of St. Veronica, who wiped Jesus' face on the way to Calvary. Driven out of Palestine by persecution, St. Amadour and Veronica embarked in a frail skiff and, guided by an angel, landed on the coa ...

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Rocamadour, Rocamadour - Geography, Rocamadour - Sights, Rocamadour - Pilgrimage, Rocamadour - Trivia, Rocamadour - External link and references

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Alternative Health Dictionary , Hinduism Dictionary , Spiritual Dictionary, Sanskrit Dictionary , Parapsychology Dictionary, Paganism Dictionary,
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"Doclea" was the name of the region during the early period of the Roman Empire. It is believed to originate from the name of an early Illyrian tribe. The Romans "hyper-corrected" to "Dioclea" wrongly guessing that an "I" had been lost due to vulgar speech patterns. "Duklja" is the later Slavic version of that word. The relationship between the names of Duklja and Zeta is somewhat unclear, as the two terms overlap. Duklja was mostly referenced as the littoral area between the Bay of Kotor and the Skadar Lake, while Zeta refers to the ...

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Duklja, Duklja - Name, Duklja - History, Duklja - Early, Duklja - High Voislav Golden Age, Duklja - Late Rascian, Duklja - List of rulers, Duklja - Chronology, Duklja - People Religion and Culture

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Because Muslims believe that their faith was revealed in its complete form to the Prophet Muhammad, it has been difficult to adapt Islam to the social, economic, and political changes that began with the expansion of colonial rule in the late nineteenth century. Some modifications have occurred, however. One response was to stress a return to orthodox Muslim traditions and to oppose Westernization totally. The Sufi brotherhoods were at the forefront of this movement, personified in Somalia by Muhammad Abdille Hasan in the early 1900s. Generally ...

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Islam in Somalia, Islam in Somalia - Religious Orders and the Cult of the Saints, Islam in Somalia - Folk Islam and Indigenous Ritual, Islam in Somalia - Islam in the Colonial Era and After, Islam in Somalia - Rising Islamism

Read more here: » Islam in Somalia: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Somalia - Islam in the Colonial Era and After

According to William of Tyre, although Nur ad-Din was “a mighty persecutor of the Christian name and faith,” he was also “a just prince, valiant and wise, and according to the traditions of his race, a religious man.” Nur ad-Din was especially religious after his illness and his pilgrimage. He considered the crusaders foreigners in Muslim territory, who had come to Outremer to plunder the land and profane its sacred places. Nevertheless, he was tolerant of the Christians who lived under his authority, aside from the Armenians of Edes ...

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Nur ad-Din, Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders, Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom, Nur ad-Din - The problem of Egypt, Nur ad-Din - Death and succession, Nur ad-Din - Legacy, Nur ad-Din - Sources

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The inhabitants of Tours (Tourangeaux) are renowned for speaking the purest form of French in the entire country. The pronunciation of Touraine is widely regarded as the most perfect pronunciation of the French language, devoid of any accent (in opposition to most other regions of France, including Paris). In front of the cathedral in the city of Tours, is a huge cedar tree plant by Napolean him self. ...

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Tours, Tours - History, Tours - Cathedral of Tours, Tours - Language, Tours - City, Tours - Transportation, Tours - Miscellaneous, Tours - Births

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During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in the north, fighting the Ortoqids, and in 1170 he had to settle a dispute between his nephews when his brother Qutb ad-Din died. After conquering Egypt, Nur ad-Din believed that he had accomplished his goal of uniting the Muslim states, but Saladin did not wish to be subject to his authority. He did not participate in the invasions led by Nur ad-Din against Jerusalem in 1171 and 1173, hoping that the crusader kingdom would act as a buffer state between Egypt and Syria. Nur ad-Din realized that he had created a dangerous opponent in Saladin, and the two rulers assembled the ...

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Nur ad-Din, Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders, Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom, Nur ad-Din - The problem of Egypt, Nur ad-Din - Death and succession, Nur ad-Din - Legacy, Nur ad-Din - Sources

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Henry therefore founded a number of assizes. One was the assize of novel disseisin, which in Law French meant something close to the "assize of recent dispossession". Those who had been recently put out of their lands could recover the beneficial use of them by resort to this assize, which led to a then innovative method of trial. Twelve "sword-girt" knights of the locality were summoned to determine, upon their own knowledge, who was entitled to the property. This innovative method of proceeding, the origin of the civil petit jury at common law, was aimed at the chaos introd ...

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Assize of Clarendon, Assize of Clarendon - Problems addressed by the Assize, Assize of Clarendon - The Assizes, Assize of Clarendon - Effects of the Assize

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Main article: Indian feudalism The Zamindari System is often referred to as a feudal-like system. Originally the Zamindari System was introduced in the pre-colonial period to collect taxes from peasants, and it continued during colonial British rule. After independence Zamindari was abolished in India and East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh), but it is still present day in Pakistan. In modern times historians have become very reluctant to classify other societies into European models and today it is rare for Zamindari to be d ...

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Examples of feudalism, Examples of feudalism - Pakistan and India, Examples of feudalism - China, Examples of feudalism - Japan, Examples of feudalism - 12th century England, Examples of feudalism - Scotland, Examples of feudalism - Sweden, Examples of feudalism - Modern England, Examples of feudalism - Sark, Examples of feudalism - Great Lakes, Examples of feudalism - Pronoia

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Main article: County of Jaffa and Ascalon Jaffa, on the Mediterranean coast, was fortified after the First Crusade, and was a separate county until the revolt of Hugh II of Le Puiset in 1134. Afterwards, it was usually held directly by the royal family or one of their relatives. After 1153 it was the double County of Jaffa and Ascalon, when the Egyptian fortress of Ascalon was conquered. It passed in and out of direct royal control, and became titular after the fall of Acre in 1291. A number of seigneuries were vassals to the Count of Jaffa:

Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

Read more here: » Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon