1166

Religious orders have played a significant role in Somali Islam. The rise of these orders (tarika, "way" or "path") was connected with the development of Sufism, a mystical current in Islam that began during the ninth and tenth centuries and reached its height during the twelfth and thirteenth. In Somalia Sufi orders appeared in towns during the fifteenth century and rapidly became a revitalizing force. Followers of Sufism seek a closer personal relationship to God through special spiritual disciplines. Escape from self is facilitated by pov ...

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Islam in Somalia, Islam in Somalia - Religious Orders and the Cult of the Saints, Islam in Somalia - Folk Islam and Indigenous Ritual, Islam in Somalia - Islam in the Colonial Era and After, Islam in Somalia - Rising Islamism

Read more here: » Islam in Somalia: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Somalia - Religious Orders and the Cult of the Saints

Feudalism in 12th century England was among the better structured and established in Europe at the time. However, it could be structurally complex, which is illustrated by the example of the barony of Stafford as described in a survey of knight's fees called The Black Book Exchequer (A.D 1166). Feudalism is the exchange of land for military service, thus everything was based on what was called the knight's fee, which was the amount of money and/or military service a fief was required to pay to support one knight. Thus, either a fief could provide the service of a knight, or a ...

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Examples of feudalism, Examples of feudalism - Pakistan and India, Examples of feudalism - China, Examples of feudalism - Japan, Examples of feudalism - 12th century England, Examples of feudalism - Scotland, Examples of feudalism - Sweden, Examples of feudalism - Modern England, Examples of feudalism - Sark, Examples of feudalism - Great Lakes, Examples of feudalism - Pronoia

Read more here: » Examples of feudalism: Encyclopedia II - Examples of feudalism - 12th century England

As a Crusader state Jerusalem was constantly in a state of war. Since Baldwin III's blunder by attacking allied Damascus during the Second Crusade in 1147, the northern frontier was exposed to Nur ad-Din, whose own power continued to grow from his bases in Mosul, Aleppo, and later Damascus when that city fell under his control. Jerusalem lost influence to Byzantium in northern Syria when the Empire imposed its suzerainty over the Principality of Antioch, although Byzantium was increa ...

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Amalric I of Jerusalem, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Youth, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Succession, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Conflicts with the Muslim states, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Invasions of Egypt, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Byzantine alliance, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Rise of Saladin, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Death, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Physical characteristics, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Sources

Read more here: » Amalric I of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Amalric I of Jerusalem - Conflicts with the Muslim states

Seventy-nine is the 22nd prime number. The next is eighty-three. Seventy-nine is a permutable prime, with ninety-seven. 79 is a Kynea number. 79 is a strictly non-palindromic number. 79 is the smallest number that can't be represented as a sum of fewer than 19 fourth powers. ...

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79 number, 79 number - In mathematics, 79 number - In science, 79 number - In other fields

Read more here: » 79 number: Encyclopedia II - 79 number - In mathematics

In 1164, Bohemund and Raymond III of Tripoli marched out to relieve Harim, under siege from Nur ad-Din, but when Nur ad-Din retreated Bohemund led a charge against him. The ensuing battle was a disaster and both Bohemund and Raymond were taken prisoner. King Amalric I of Jerusalem hastened back from his invasion of Egypt to take control of the regency of Antioch; Bohemund was freed, for a large ransom, in 1165 with the intervention of Amalric and Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, his nominal overlord; Manuel was also his brother-in-law, a ...

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Bohemund III of Antioch, Bohemund III of Antioch - Early life, Bohemund III of Antioch - Prince of Antioch, Bohemund III of Antioch - Excommunication, Bohemund III of Antioch - Collapse of Jerusalem, Bohemund III of Antioch - Later life and death, Bohemund III of Antioch - Family and children, Bohemund III of Antioch - Sources

Read more here: » Bohemund III of Antioch: Encyclopedia II - Bohemund III of Antioch - Prince of Antioch

"The Charter of Kulin" is a symbolic "birth certificate" of Bosnian statehood, as it is the first written document that talks of Bosnian borders (between the rivers of Drina, Sava and Una) and of the elements of the Bosnian state: its ruler, throne and political organization. The Charter was a trade agreement between Bosnia and republic of Dubrovnik. Kulin died in 1204. His policy was not successfully cont ...

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Ban Kulin, Ban Kulin - The Charter

Read more here: » Ban Kulin: Encyclopedia II - Ban Kulin - The Charter

Henry II inherited the throne of a troubled kingdom. The Crusades were in full swing at the time, a military endeavour that kept noble landowners away from their castles for years at a time. Unoccupied and unclaimed land invited squatters; since there was no central recording office for real property in England at the time, and sorting out who owned what fief was entrusted to human memory, dispute ...

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Assize of Clarendon, Assize of Clarendon - Problems addressed by the Assize, Assize of Clarendon - The Assizes, Assize of Clarendon - Effects of the Assize

Read more here: » Assize of Clarendon: Encyclopedia II - Assize of Clarendon - Problems addressed by the Assize

The Courts of Assize, or Assizes, were periodic criminal courts held around England and Wales until 1972, when together with the Quarter Sessions they were abolished by the Courts Act 1971 and replaced by a single permanent Crown Court. The Assizes heard the most serious cases, which were committed to it by the Quarter Sessions (local county courts held four times a year), while the more minor offences were dealt with summarily by Justices of the Peace in p ...

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Assize Court, Assize Court - France, Assize Court - England and Wales, Assize Court - History, Assize Court - Republic of Ireland

Read more here: » Assize Court: Encyclopedia II - Assize Court - England and Wales

It was a literal tithe of 10%, on revenues and movable properties. The tithe was assessed by dioceses, rather than by shires, and local sheriffs had no role in collection of the tithe. The money was collected instead by the local priest or bishop, the dean of the local church, the local baron, and a sergeant of the king, as well as, notably, a Knight Templar and a Knight Hospitaller, whose orders were especially concerned with the defense of the Holy Land. Assessments were made by oaths in rural areas, and by a jury in urban areas. Certain i ...

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Saladin tithe, Saladin tithe - Background, Saladin tithe - Collection of the tithe, Saladin tithe - Aftermath

Read more here: » Saladin tithe: Encyclopedia II - Saladin tithe - Collection of the tithe

Germany's 1949 constitution, the Basic Law (Grundgesetz), invests the Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) with central executive authority. For that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "chancellor democracy". The Federal Government (Bundesregierung) consists of the chancellor and his or her cabinet ministers. The chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and from his or her status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the B ...

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Chancellor of Germany, Chancellor of Germany - Bundeskanzler North German Confederation 1867-1871, Chancellor of Germany - Reichskanzler 1871-1945, Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the German Empire 1871-1919, Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the Weimar Republic 1919-1933, Chancellor of Germany - Chancellors of the Third Reich 1933-1945, Chancellor of Germany - Bundeskanzler since 1949, Chancellor of Germany - Appointment mechanism, Chancellor of Germany - Votes of no-confidence, Chancellor of Germany - The chancellor's role, Chancellor of Germany - List of Chancellors since 1949

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Stefan Nemanja was born in today's Montenegro. His rise to power began somewhere around 1166 when he rebelled against his older brother Tihomir who was the Byzantine vassal. In 1170 Nemanja defeated Tihomir at battle of Pantino. In 1172 he submitted to Emperor Manuel and was taken to Constantinople as prisoner. On his return he acted loyally towards Byzantine Empire. This however did not last following the death of Manuel in 1180, after which he took advantage of the Byzantine Empire internal problems and a more favorable internationa ...

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Stefan Nemanja, Stefan Nemanja - Stefan Nemanja 1166-1199, Stefan Nemanja - Abdication & Later Life, Stefan Nemanja - Marriage & Descendants, Stefan Nemanja - Source

Read more here: » Stefan Nemanja: Encyclopedia II - Stefan Nemanja - Stefan Nemanja 1166-1199

The origin of the name is uncertain, in old maps and books Tadley can be found spelled as Taddanleage, Tederlei, Titherley, Tudurley, Tadel and Taddeley. As with many other rural British communities, it is assumed that the village began as a clearing in the dense forest which at one time covered the greater part of England. In Old English, Tadde means 'Toad' or 'Frog' and ley being 'a clearing in the woods', so it possibly means a clearing in the woods with frogs. Most sources, however, say that the name means "woodland cle ...

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Tadley, Tadley - History, Tadley - Location, Tadley - Local Government, Tadley - Education, Tadley - Sources

Read more here: » Tadley: Encyclopedia II - Tadley - History

According to John of Ibelin, it was one of the four major Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. John, writing in the 13th century, called it a lordship, but it may have been treated as a principality in the 12th century. It was established after the expedition of Baldwin I, but due to the relative size and inaccessibility of the area, the lords of Oultrejordain tended to claim some independence from the kingdom. With its mostly undefined borders, it was one of the largest seigneuries. Baldwin I may have given it away to Roman of Le Puy in 111 ...

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Oultrejordain, Oultrejordain - Geography and demography, Oultrejordain - Crusader Lordship of Oultrejordain, Oultrejordain - Lords of Oultrejordain, Oultrejordain - Sub-vassals, Oultrejordain - Sources

Read more here: » Oultrejordain: Encyclopedia II - Oultrejordain - Crusader Lordship of Oultrejordain

Duklja - Early. De Administrando Imperio from the 10th century mentions it in the story of the province of Dalmatia: Now, the said Croatia and the rest of the Slavonic regions are situated thus: Diocleia is neighbour to the forts of Dyrrachium, I mean, to Elissus and to Helcynium and Antibari, and comes up as far as Decatera, and on the side of the mountain country it is neighbour to Serbia. It was one of the four southern Dalmatian Slavic principalities (Sclavinias), other three being Zachlumia, Trav ...

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Duklja, Duklja - Name, Duklja - History, Duklja - Early, Duklja - High Voislav Golden Age, Duklja - Late Rascian, Duklja - List of rulers, Duklja - Chronology, Duklja - People Religion and Culture

Read more here: » Duklja: Encyclopedia II - Duklja - History

The autochthonous peoples of Sicily, long absorbed into the population, were tribes known to Greek writers as the Elymians, the Sicani and the Siculi or Siceli. Of these, the last were clearly the latest to arrive on this land and were related to other tribes of southern Italy, such as the Italoi of Calabria, the Oenotrians, Chones, and Leuterni (or Leutarni), the Opicans, and the Ausones. Sicily was colonized by Phoenicians and Punic settlers from Carthage and by Greeks, starting in the 8th century BC. The most important colon ...

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Sicily, Sicily - Towns and Cities, Sicily - Flag, Sicily - Arts, Sicily - History, Sicily - Sicilian people, Sicily - Sicilian language, Sicily - List of Sicilians, Sicily - List of Sicilian-Americans, Sicily - Notes

Read more here: » Sicily: Encyclopedia II - Sicily - History

See also The Serbia Series: See also: List of Serbian monarchs, History of Yugoslavia, History of Serbia and Montenegro History of Serbia - Medieval Serbia 7th – 14th century. Main article: History of Medieval Serbia The Serbs entered their present territory early in the 7th century, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations: Raška Bosnia Duklja/Zeta Zahum ...

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History of Serbia, History of Serbia - History, History of Serbia - Medieval Serbia 7th – 14th century, History of Serbia - Turkish conquest, History of Serbia - Modern Serbia, History of Serbia - The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, History of Serbia - Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Read more here: » History of Serbia: Encyclopedia II - History of Serbia - History

It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the Euphrates and the Nile to make a common front against the crusaders. In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a younger brother, Qutb ad-Din, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as overlord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under one man. Damascus was all that remained as an obstacle to the unification of Syria. After the failure of the Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din had renewed his treaty with the crusaders, and after his d ...

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Nur ad-Din, Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders, Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom, Nur ad-Din - The problem of Egypt, Nur ad-Din - Death and succession, Nur ad-Din - Legacy, Nur ad-Din - Sources

Read more here: » Nur ad-Din: Encyclopedia II - Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom

The fact that Sicily is the largest island in the middle of the Mediterranean and that virtually all the peoples of the Mediterranean (and beyond) have passed through her, be that as friend or foe, over the millennia, ensures that the Sicilian language is both rich and varied in its influences. The language has inherited vocabulary and/or grammatical forms from all of the following: Greek, Latin, Arabic, French, Lombard, Provençal, German, Catalan, Spanish and of course Italian, not to mention prehistoric influences from the earliest settle ...

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Sicilian language, Sicilian language - Ethnologue report on Sicilian, Sicilian language - Alternate names, Sicilian language - Dialects of Sicilian, Sicilian language - Other observations, Sicilian language - Early influences, Sicilian language - Pre-classical period, Sicilian language - Greek influences, Sicilian language - Arab period, Sicilian language - Linguistic development from the middle ages, Sicilian language - Norman French influence, Sicilian language - Other Gallic influences, Sicilian language - Sicilian School of Poetry, Sicilian language - Catalan influence, Sicilian language - Spanish period to the modern age, Sicilian language - Distinguishing features of Sicilian, Sicilian language - Gender and the formation of plurals, Sicilian language - Omission of initial Latin i, Sicilian language - Verb to have, Sicilian language - Unique sounds, Sicilian language - Gemination and contractions, Sicilian language - Language situation today

Read more here: » Sicilian language: Encyclopedia II - Sicilian language - Early influences

In the Middle Ages, the domain of the Serbs included six territories, roughly sorted by importance: Rascia (Raška) Bosnia (Bosna) Doclea / Zeta Zahumlje / Hum Travunia (Travunja, Terbounia) Pagania / Neretvia / Frontier (Paganija, Neretva, Narenta, Krajina, Meranija) Different dynasties sometimes arose from different regions, and this list concentrates on those rulers whose fam ...

See also:

List of Serbian monarchs, List of Serbian monarchs - Rulers of medieval Serbian states, List of Serbian monarchs - Earliest rulers, List of Serbian monarchs - Vlastimirovići, List of Serbian monarchs - Vojislavljevići, List of Serbian monarchs - Vojislavljevići/Uroševići, List of Serbian monarchs - Nemanjići, List of Serbian monarchs - Lazarevići, List of Serbian monarchs - Brankovići, List of Serbian monarchs - Rulers of modern Serbian states, List of Serbian monarchs - Rebel leader, List of Serbian monarchs - Princes of Serbia 1815-1882, List of Serbian monarchs - Kings of Serbia 1882-1918, List of Serbian monarchs - Sources

Read more here: » List of Serbian monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Serbian monarchs - Rulers of medieval Serbian states

See also The Serbia Series: See also: List of Serbian monarchs, History of Yugoslavia, History of Serbia and Montenegro History of Serbia - Medieval Serbia 7th – 14th century. Main articles: History of Medieval Serbia, and [[]], and See also:

History of Serbia, History of Serbia - History, History of Serbia - Medieval Serbia 7th – 14th century, History of Serbia - Turkish conquest, History of Serbia - Modern Serbia, History of Serbia - The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, History of Serbia - Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Read more here: » History of Serbia: Encyclopedia II - History of Serbia - History

The Japanese calendars prior to 1873 were derived from the Chinese. Japan adopted the Chinese calendar in 645. To convert a Japanese year to a Western year, find the first year of the nengō (=era name, see list below). When found, subtract 1, and add the number of the Japanese year. For example, the 23rd year of the Showa Era (Showa 23) would be 1948 ... 1926 − 1 = 1925, then 1925 + 23 = 1948. 645 大化 Taika 650 白雉 Hakuchi (era) 686 朱鳥 Shuchō 701 ...

See also:

Japanese era name, Japanese era name - Overview, Japanese era name - Historical nengō, Japanese era name - Nengō in Modern Japan, Japanese era name - Conversion table from nengō to Gregorian calendar years, Japanese era name - Unofficial nengō system 私年号

Read more here: » Japanese era name: Encyclopedia II - Japanese era name - Conversion table from nengō to Gregorian calendar years