1165

The Aachen Cathedral, frequently referred to as the "Imperial Cathedral" (in German: Kaiserdom) of Aachen, is the oldest cathedral in northern Europe. Charlemagne began the construction of the Palace Chapel in 786. When he died in 814, he was buried in his own cathedral, and his bones are still preserved in a special shrine. The cathedral obtained its present shape in the course of more than a millennium. The core of the Aachen cathedral is the Palace Chapel; being surprisingly small in comparison to the later additions, ...

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As a Crusader state Jerusalem was constantly in a state of war. Since Baldwin III's blunder by attacking allied Damascus during the Second Crusade in 1147, the northern frontier was exposed to Nur ad-Din, whose own power continued to grow from his bases in Mosul, Aleppo, and later Damascus when that city fell under his control. Jerusalem lost influence to Byzantium in northern Syria when the Empire imposed its suzerainty over the Principality of Antioch, although Byzantium was increa ...

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Amalric I of Jerusalem, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Youth, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Succession, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Conflicts with the Muslim states, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Invasions of Egypt, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Byzantine alliance, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Rise of Saladin, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Death, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Physical characteristics, Amalric I of Jerusalem - Sources

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Although principally a military and diplomatic agreement, the alliance also granted "dual citizenship" in both countries. Thus, its influence also extended into the lives of the Scottish population in a number of ways: including architecture, law, the Scots language and cuisine, due in part to the Scottish mercenaries participating in French armies. Scots also greatly enjoyed having their choice of France's finest wines. In 1326, Robert the Bruce renewed the alliance, with the Treaty of Corbeil. During the 14th and ...

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Auld Alliance, Auld Alliance - Wider influences, Auld Alliance - Relationship with France

Read more here: » Auld Alliance: Encyclopedia II - Auld Alliance - Wider influences

King Arthur - Literature. John Steinbeck's The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights is a traditional take in modern language. T.H. White's The Once and Future King cycle Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Idylls of the King Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Sidney Lanier's The Boy's King Arthur is a work based on Thomas Malory's, written in such a way to appeal to the boys of the 19th century. Marion Zimmer Brad ...

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King Arthur, King Arthur - The Arthur of history, King Arthur - Earliest traditions of Arthur, King Arthur - The Arthurian romance, King Arthur - Arthur's swords, King Arthur - Arthur in various media, King Arthur - Literature, King Arthur - Plays, King Arthur - Opera, King Arthur - Film, King Arthur - Television, King Arthur - Other media, King Arthur - Hidden Versions of the Arthur Legend in Other Works, King Arthur - Bibliography

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About this time Rhys came under pressure from Owain Gwynedd, who was seeking to take Ceredigion back. In response Rhys built Aberdyfi Castle. As ruler, he proceeded to challenge the new king of England, Henry II (reigned 1154–1189). Having successfully held out against Henry for a year or two, Rhys was forced to ask for terms and met the king in 1158. Rhys was stripped of Ceredigion and other territories whi ...

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Rhys ap Gruffydd, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Early life, Rhys ap Gruffydd - First battles, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Early reign, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Peace with King Henry, Rhys ap Gruffydd - Later reign and death, Rhys ap Gruffydd - External link

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While Baldwin of Boulogne and Tancred headed east from Asia Minor to set up the County of Edessa, the main army of the First Crusade continued south to besiege Antioch. Bohemund of Taranto led the siege, beginning in October, 1097. With over four hundred towers, the city was almost impenetrable. The siege lasted throughout the winter, with much suffering among the Crusaders, who were often forced to eat their own horses, or, as legend has it, the b ...

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Principality of Antioch, Principality of Antioch - Foundation, Principality of Antioch - Early history, Principality of Antioch - Antioch in the Byzantine Empire, Principality of Antioch - Fall of the Principality, Principality of Antioch - Geography and demographics, Principality of Antioch - Princes of Antioch 1098–1268, Principality of Antioch - Titular Princes of Antioch 1268–1457, Principality of Antioch - Family tree of the Princes of Antioch, Principality of Antioch - Vassals of Antioch, Principality of Antioch - Lords of Saone, Principality of Antioch - Great Officers of Antioch

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After his return to the Holy Land in 1165 he became canon of the cathedral at Acre, and in 1167 was appointed archdeacon of the cathedral of Tyre by King Amalric I. In 1168 he was sent on a diplomatic mission for Amalric to the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, to finalize the treaty made between the two rulers for a joint campaign against Egypt. In 1169 he visited Rome to answer accusations made against him by Frederick, the archbishop of Tyre; the charge is unknown but was perhaps related to William's rather large income as ...

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William of Tyre, William of Tyre - Early life, William of Tyre - Religious and political life in Jerusalem, William of Tyre - Works, William of Tyre - Sources

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In 1164, Bohemund and Raymond III of Tripoli marched out to relieve Harim, under siege from Nur ad-Din, but when Nur ad-Din retreated Bohemund led a charge against him. The ensuing battle was a disaster and both Bohemund and Raymond were taken prisoner. King Amalric I of Jerusalem hastened back from his invasion of Egypt to take control of the regency of Antioch; Bohemund was freed, for a large ransom, in 1165 with the intervention of Amalric and Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, his nominal overlord; Manuel was also his brother-in-law, a ...

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Bohemund III of Antioch, Bohemund III of Antioch - Early life, Bohemund III of Antioch - Prince of Antioch, Bohemund III of Antioch - Excommunication, Bohemund III of Antioch - Collapse of Jerusalem, Bohemund III of Antioch - Later life and death, Bohemund III of Antioch - Family and children, Bohemund III of Antioch - Sources

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The stories of St. Thomas proselytizing in India, which date back to at least the 3rd century, had obvious influence on the myth's development. Distorted reports of the Assyrian Church of the East's movements in Asia had a hand as well. This sect, called Nestorianism by Europeans who mistook it as adhering to the teachings of Nestorius, gained a wide following in the Eastern nations and engaged the Western imagination as an assemblage both exotic and familiarly Christian. Additionally, a kernel of the myth may have been drawn from Saint Iren ...

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Prester John, Prester John - Origin of the legend, Prester John - The Letter of Prester John, Prester John - Prester John and the Mongol Empire, Prester John - Prester John and Ethiopia, Prester John - The end of the legend

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He was the eldest son of Emperor Go-Sanjō 1074-1077 Imperial Prince Atsufumi (敦文親王) 1075-1105 Prince Kakugyō (覚行法親王) - Buddhist Priest 1076-1096 Imperial Princess ?? (媞子内親王), Empress Dowager Ikuyoshi (郁芳門院) 1076-1131 Imperial Princess ?? (善子内親王) - Rokkaku saigū (Imperial Princess serving at the Ise Shrine) 1078-1144 Imperial Princess ?? (令子内親王) - saigū 1079-1107 Imperial Princes Taruhito (善仁� ...

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Emperor Shirakawa, Emperor Shirakawa - Genealogy, Emperor Shirakawa - Consorts and Empresses, Emperor Shirakawa - Life, Emperor Shirakawa - Names, Emperor Shirakawa - Eras of his reign

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Mahoba was the capital of the Chandela Rajputs, who ruled Bundelkhand from the 10th to the 16th centuries. The Chandela king Vijaypal (1035-1045) built the Vijay-sagar reservoir, one of several artificial lakes in Mahoba created by the Chandela rulers. During the reign of king Paramardi (c. 1165-?), the Chauhan king Prithviraj III of Delhi and Ajmer captured Mahoba c. 1182, despite the resistance of his generals Allha & Udal. The Chandelas recaptured Mahoba a few years later, but the city was captured by the Muslim general Qutb-ud-din Ayba ...

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Mahoba, Mahoba - History, Mahoba - External link

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First documented in 1015, and endowed with city and market privileges in 1165, Leipzig has always been known as a place of commerce. The Leipzig Trade Fair became an event of international importance; especially as a point of contact to the East-European economic bloc (Comecon) of which East Germany was a member. The foundation of the University of Leipzig in 1409 initiated the city's development into a center of the publishing industry, and towards being a location of the German National Library (founded in 1912). Johann Sebastian Ba ...

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Leipzig, Leipzig - History, Leipzig - Quotations, Leipzig - Buildings, Leipzig - Twinning, Leipzig - Sights, Leipzig - Webcam, Leipzig - Events

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The Kingdom of Scotland was united in 843, by King Kenneth I of Scotland. Over the next 850 years it developed its own legal and educational systems, as it still does today, as well as a separate monetary and measures systems. At first the kingdom corresponded to north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde. Southwest Scotland remained under the control of the Strathclyde Britons. Southeast Scotland was under the control from around 638 of the proto-English kingdom of Bernicia, then of the Kingdom of Northumbria. This part of Scotland was contested f ...

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Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of Scotland - Government, Kingdom of Scotland - History, Kingdom of Scotland - Union with England

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The Kingdom of Scotland was united in 843, by King Kenneth I of Scotland. Over the next 850 years it developed its own legal and educational systems, as it still does today, as well as a seperate monetary and measures systems. At first the kingdom corresponded to north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde. Southwest Scotland remained under the control of the Strathclyde Britons. Southeast Scotland was under the control from around 638 of the proto-English kingdom of Bernicia, then of the Kingdom of Northumbria. This part of Scotland was contested f ...

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Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of Scotland - Government, Kingdom of Scotland - History, Kingdom of Scotland - Union with England

Read more here: » Kingdom of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Scotland - History

British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period. Roman conquest of Britain (43) British military history - Mediæval period. Viking invasions (793–1066) Raid on Lindisfarne (793) Campaign of Alfred the Great (871–899) Battle of Edington (878) Battle of Cannington (878) Battle of Stamford Bridge (1066) Norman Conquest of England (1066) - last successful invasion of the ...

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British military history, British military history - List of British military encounters, British military history - Prehistoric and ancient period, British military history - Mediæval period, British military history - Early Colonial period, British military history - Colonial Period, British military history - Modern Period, British military history - 21st century, British military history - List of fortifications in Britain, British military history - Roman & ancient, British military history - Mediæval, British military history - 1600s, British military history - Georgian & Victorian, British military history - World War II Stop Lines, British military history - List of British military institutions, British military history - List of British military alliances, British military history - Scottish military alliances, British military history - English military alliances, British military history - British military alliances

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The last years of Owain's life were spent in disputes with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, over the appointment of a new Bishop of Bangor. When the see became vacant Owain had his nominee, Arthur of Bardsey, elected. The archbishop refused to accept this, so Owain had Arthur consecrated in Ireland. The dispute continued, and the see remained officially vacant until well after Owain's death. He was also put under pressure by the Archbishop and the Pope to put aside his second wife, Cristin, who was his first cousin, this relation ...

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Owain Gwynedd, Owain Gwynedd - Early life, Owain Gwynedd - Accession to the throne and early campaigns, Owain Gwynedd - War with King Henry II, Owain Gwynedd - Disputes with the church and succession, Owain Gwynedd - Fiction

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Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty - 12th century. 1128 July 24 – Count Afonso Henriques defeats his mother, Theresa, Countess of Portugal, in the Battle of São Mamede and becomes sole ruler (Dux - Duke) after demandes for independence from the county's people, church and nobles. 1129 - April 6, Afonso Henriques proclaims himself Prince of Portugal. 1130 Prince Afonso Henriques invades Galicia. Prince Afonso Henriques' mother, Theresa, Countess ...

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Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty, Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty - First Dynasty: Burgundy, Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty - 12th century, Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty - 13th century, Timeline of Portuguese history First Dynasty - 14th century

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The fortifications (which had been improved by Vauban in the 17th century) were demolished during the last decade of the 19th century and boulevards and new thoroughfares made in their place. However, a section of the ramparts remain intact on the western side of the town, converted into a park known as the 'jardin public'. There are two harbours outside and one within the city. Saint-Omer has wide streets and sp ...

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Saint-Omer, Saint-Omer - Geography, Saint-Omer - Sights, Saint-Omer - Economy, Saint-Omer - Demographics, Saint-Omer - Nearby areas, Saint-Omer - History, Saint-Omer - Miscellaneous, Saint-Omer - Births, Saint-Omer - External link and reference

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Pisa - Ancient times. Pisa's origins are unknown. The city lies at the junction of two rivers, Arno and Auser (now disappeared) in the Tyrrhenian Sea forming a laguna area. The Pelasgi, the Greeks, the Etruscans and the Ligurians have variously been proposed as founders of the city. Archeological remains from the 5th century BC confirm the existence of a city at the sea, trading with Greeks and Gauls. The presence of an Etruscan necropolis was discovered during excavations in the Arena Garibaldi in 1991. A ...

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Pisa, Pisa - History, Pisa - Ancient times, Pisa - High Middles Ages, Pisa - 11th century, Pisa - 12th century, Pisa - 13th century, Pisa - Decline, Pisa - Landmarks, Pisa - Notable people associated with Pisa, Pisa - Sources

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Joan of England (October, 1165 – 4 September 1199) was the seventh child of King Henry II of England and his Queen consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Joan was a younger maternal half-sister of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. She was a younger sister of William, Count of Poitiers, Henry the Young King, Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany and Leonora of ...

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Joan of England, Joan of England - Queen Consort of Sicily, Joan of England - Joan Queen Consort of Scotland, Joan of England - Joan Lady of Wales died 1236, Joan of England - Joan of the Tower

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Such a large chunk of Tokimasa's life is under one chapter mainly because not much is known about Hojo Tokimasa's early life prior to Minamoto no Yoritomo's arrival to Izu. We do not have any information about his parents and early childhood, mainly because the concentration of culture was not in Izu, but rather in Kyoto. We do know that Hojo Tokimasa was born in 1138 into the influential Hojo clan in the province of Izu. In 1155, Hojo Tokimasa married Hojo no Maki, who became his official wife. Her maiden name is not known. Even the ...

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Hojo Tokimasa, Hojo Tokimasa - Background: The Hojo Clan, Hojo Tokimasa - Tokimasa's Life: Before the Call to Arms 1138-1180, Hojo Tokimasa - Tokimasa's Life: The Gempei War and its Aftermath 1180-1199, Hojo Tokimasa - Tokimasa's Life: Intrigues in the Shogual Court of Mianmoto no Yoriie 1199-1203, Hojo Tokimasa - Tokimasa's Life: Intrigues in the Shogunal Court of Minamoto no Sanetomo 1203-1205, Hojo Tokimasa - Tokimasa's Life: The Last Years 1205-1215, Hojo Tokimasa - For More Information

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