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1164 | A Wisdom Archive on 1164 | | 1164 A selection of articles related to 1164 | |
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1164
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 1164 | | | |  1164: Encyclopedia II - Gamla Uppsala - ArchaeologyPeople have been buried in Gamla Uppsala for 2000 years, since the area rose above water. Originally there were between 2000 and 3000 mounds in the area but most have become farmland, gardens and quarries. Today only 250 barrows remain.
In the parish there are more than 1000 preserved archaeological remains, but many more have been removed by agriculture. There are cairns of splintered stone that reveal that the area was settled during the Nordic Bronze Age, but most of the grave fie ...
See also:Gamla Uppsala, Gamla Uppsala - Geographical description, Gamla Uppsala - History, Gamla Uppsala - Archaeology, Gamla Uppsala - The Royal Mounds, Gamla Uppsala - An old controversy and its solution, Gamla Uppsala - Etymology, Gamla Uppsala - The Church, Gamla Uppsala - Source Read more here: » Gamla Uppsala: Encyclopedia II - Gamla Uppsala - Archaeology |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders See also: Jihad
Nur ad-Din was the second son of Imad ad-Din Zengi, the atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul, who was a devoted enemy of the crusader presence in Syria. After the assassination of his father, Nur ad-Din and his older brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi I divided the kingdom amongst themselves, with Nur ad-Din governing Aleppo and Saif ad-Din establishing himself in Mosul. The border between the two new kingdoms was formed by the Nahr al-Khabur river. Almost as soon as he began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality o ...
See also:Nur ad-Din, Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders, Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom, Nur ad-Din - The problem of Egypt, Nur ad-Din - Death and succession, Nur ad-Din - Legacy, Nur ad-Din - Sources Read more here: » Nur ad-Din: Encyclopedia II - Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - Thomas Becket - Becket leaves England Becket denied the right of the assembly to judge him, appealed to the Pope, and, asserting that his life was too valuable to the Church to be risked, went into voluntary exile on November 2, embarking in a fishing-boat which landed him in France. He went to Sens, where Pope Alexander was, while envoys from the king hastened to work against him, requesting that a legate should be sent to England with plenary authority to settle the dispute. Alexander declined, and when, the next day, Becket arrived and gave him a full account of the proceedings, h ...
See also:Thomas Becket, Thomas Becket - Life before his consecration, Thomas Becket - Archbishop 1162, Thomas Becket - The constitutions of Clarendon, Thomas Becket - Becket leaves England, Thomas Becket - Assassination, Thomas Becket - Aftermath and cultural references, Thomas Becket - Trivia, Thomas Becket - Note Read more here: » Thomas Becket: Encyclopedia II - Thomas Becket - Becket leaves England |
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| | | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - History of the Peerage - Feudal Origins The Peerage may trace its origins as far back as the Anglo-Saxon times. Saxon Kings did not rule alone, but were aided by an aristocracy. Generally, the sons and brothers of the King were at the top of the aristocratic social class. They were followed by earldormen, each of whom had a seat in a council called the Witenagemot and was the chief officer of a shire. In some cases, the office of earldorman became hereditary. Meanwhile, the Witenagemot also included the archbishops and bishops of the Catholic Church, each of whom exercised spiritu ...
See also:History of the Peerage, History of the Peerage - Feudal Origins, History of the Peerage - Plantagenet and Tudor Monarchs, History of the Peerage - Stuart Monarchs, History of the Peerage - Hanoverian Monarchs, History of the Peerage - Windsor Monarchs Read more here: » History of the Peerage: Encyclopedia II - History of the Peerage - Feudal Origins |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - Third Crusade - Aftermath Richard was captured by Duke Leopold, whose pride had been wounded when Richard tore his standard from the walls of Acre. It took a ransom of 150,000 marks for Richard to be released. Richard returned to England in 1194 and died of an arrow wound in 1199 at the age of 42.
Shortly after Richard's departure, Saladin died, leaving behind only one piece of gold and 47 pieces of silver; he had given the rest away to his poor subjects.
The failure of the Third Crusade would lead to the call for a Fourth Crusade six years later.
Accounts of events surrounding the Third Crusade were written b ...
See also:Third Crusade, Third Crusade - Background, Third Crusade - Muslim unification, Third Crusade - Saladin's conquests, Third Crusade - Fall of the Latin Kingdom, Third Crusade - Preparations, Third Crusade - Barbarossa's crusade, Third Crusade - Richard's departure, Third Crusade - Battle of Acre, Third Crusade - Battle of Arsuf, Third Crusade - Crusade's end, Third Crusade - Aftermath, Third Crusade - Sources Read more here: » Third Crusade: Encyclopedia II - Third Crusade - Aftermath |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - Knight - Early heavy cavalry The origin of heavily armoured cavalry (Cataphractes) lies in Sassanid Persia, and medieval chivalry absorbed many Persian traditions in the course of the Perso-Byzantine wars. For example, Ammianus Marcellinus, a Roman general and historian, who served in the army of Constantius II in Gaul and Persia, fought against the Persians under Julian the Apostate and took part in the retreat of his successor, Jovian. He describes the Persian knight as:
"All their companies clad in iron, and all parts of their bodies were co ...
See also:Knight, Knight - History, Knight - Early heavy cavalry, Knight - Becoming a Knight, Knight - Knighthood and the Feudal system, Knight - Chivalric code, Knight - Military-monastic orders, Knight - Honorific orders, Knight - Literature Read more here: » Knight: Encyclopedia II - Knight - Early heavy cavalry |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - Knight - Knighthood and the Feudal system Knighthood was closely connected with the feudal system. Originating largely in what later became known as France, this was a social organization in which warfare and the protection of the common people became the specialised skill of a select group. Instead of having them paid in cash — of which everyone, even the monarch, was short — they were paid in land. These rather extensive pieces of land were the fiefs. Though a fief did not have to be land — it could be any payment — it is generally thought of as the land that the knights w ...
See also:Knight, Knight - History, Knight - Early heavy cavalry, Knight - Becoming a Knight, Knight - Knighthood and the Feudal system, Knight - Chivalric code, Knight - Military-monastic orders, Knight - Honorific orders, Knight - Literature Read more here: » Knight: Encyclopedia II - Knight - Knighthood and the Feudal system |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - Knight - History The word knight derives from Old English cniht, meaning page boy, or servant (as is still the case in the cognate Dutch and German knecht), or simply boy. Knighthood, as Old English cnihthad, had the meaning of adolescence, i.e. the period between childhood and manhood. The sense of (adult) lieutenant of a king or other superior dates to ca. 1100. From the time of Henry III, a knight bachelor was a member of the lower nobility, preceded by the knight banneret, a commander of ten or more lances who could lea ...
See also:Knight, Knight - History, Knight - Early heavy cavalry, Knight - Becoming a Knight, Knight - Knighthood and the Feudal system, Knight - Chivalric code, Knight - Military-monastic orders, Knight - Honorific orders, Knight - Literature Read more here: » Knight: Encyclopedia II - Knight - History |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - History of early Arab Egypt - Period of Burji Mamelukes The Burji dynasty (1382-1517) proved especially turbulent, with political power-plays designating short-lived sultans. During the Burji dynasty, the Mamluks fought Timur Lenk and conquered Cyprus. Constant bickering contributed to the inability of the Ottomans to challenge them.
The Ottoman Sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluks and captured Cairo on January 20, 1517, transferring the center of power to Istanbul. However, the Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as the Egyptian ru ...
See also:History of early Arab Egypt, History of early Arab Egypt - The Arab Conquest of Egypt, History of early Arab Egypt - The Fatimid Period, History of early Arab Egypt - Ayyubid Period, History of early Arab Egypt - Bahri Mameluk dynasty, History of early Arab Egypt - Period of Burji Mamelukes Read more here: » History of early Arab Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of early Arab Egypt - Period of Burji Mamelukes |
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| | | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - Knight - Military-monastic orders Other orders were established in the Iberian peninsula in imitation of the orders in the Holy Land, in Avis in 1143, in Alcantara in 1156, in Calatrava in 1158, in Santiago in 1164.
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See also:Knight, Knight - History, Knight - Early heavy cavalry, Knight - Becoming a Knight, Knight - Knighthood and the Feudal system, Knight - Chivalric code, Knight - Military-monastic orders, Knight - Honorific orders, Knight - Literature Read more here: » Knight: Encyclopedia II - Knight - Military-monastic orders |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - Knight - Honorific orders From roughly 1560, purely honorific orders were established, designed as a way to confer prestige and distinction, unrelated to military service or chivalry in the more narrow sense. Such orders were particularly popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, and knighthood continues to be conferred in various countries:
The United Kingdom (see British honours system) and some Commonwealth countries;
Most European countries, such as The Netherlands (see below).
Malaysia — see Malay titles;
Thailand ...
See also:Knight, Knight - History, Knight - Early heavy cavalry, Knight - Becoming a Knight, Knight - Knighthood and the Feudal system, Knight - Chivalric code, Knight - Military-monastic orders, Knight - Honorific orders, Knight - Literature Read more here: » Knight: Encyclopedia II - Knight - Honorific orders |
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| | | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - Vladimir - Sightseeings Modern Vladimir is a part of the Golden ring of the ancient Russian cities and a significant tourist center. Its three chief monuments, inscribed by UNESCO on the World Heritage List, are the following:
The magnificent five-domed Assumption Cathedral was designed as a sepulchre of grand princes and dedicated to the holy icon Theotokos of Vladimir, which had been brought to the city by Andrew the Pious. The cathedral was constructed in 1158–1160, expanded in 1185–1189, and painted by the great Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chyorny ...
See also:Vladimir, Vladimir - History, Vladimir - Foundation date controversy, Vladimir - Golden Age, Vladimir - Decline, Vladimir - Sightseeings, Vladimir - Sister cities Read more here: » Vladimir: Encyclopedia II - Vladimir - Sightseeings |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - List of rulers of Bosnia - Modern times 1920-1941 Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, after 1929 called the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
1941-1945 Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the Nazi puppet state of Croatia
1945-1992 People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, after 1953 the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugosla ...
See also:List of rulers of Bosnia, List of rulers of Bosnia - Early history, List of rulers of Bosnia - Emergence of native Bosnian bans, List of rulers of Bosnia - Bosnian kingdom, List of rulers of Bosnia - Turkish occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Austrian occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Modern times, List of rulers of Bosnia - Related articles, List of rulers of Bosnia - External link Read more here: » List of rulers of Bosnia: Encyclopedia II - List of rulers of Bosnia - Modern times |
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| | | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - List of rulers of Bosnia - Turkish occupation 1463 Turkish Conquest (see List of Ottoman Sultans). King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary took control of some northern Bosnian territory after the Turkish conquest, and a Hungarian Ban ruled parts of northern Bosnia (after 1471 the Banate became the Kingdom of Bosnia) until 1527, after the Turkish defeat of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács in 1526.
Bosnia was set up as a Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest, part of the Eyalet of Rumelia. Separate Sanjaks were established in Zvornik (1460's) and Herzegovina (1470). In 1580 th ...
See also:List of rulers of Bosnia, List of rulers of Bosnia - Early history, List of rulers of Bosnia - Emergence of native Bosnian bans, List of rulers of Bosnia - Bosnian kingdom, List of rulers of Bosnia - Turkish occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Austrian occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Modern times, List of rulers of Bosnia - Related articles, List of rulers of Bosnia - External link Read more here: » List of rulers of Bosnia: Encyclopedia II - List of rulers of Bosnia - Turkish occupation |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - History of early Arab Egypt - Ayyubid Period Main article: Ayyubid dynasty
Saladin was confirmed as Nureddin's deputy in Egypt, and on the death of Nureddin on April 12, 1174 he took the title sultan. During his reign Damascus, rather than Cairo, was the major city of the empire. Nevertheless he fortified Cairo, which became the political centre of Egypt. It was in 1183 that Saladin's rule over Egypt and North Syria was consolidated. Much of Saladin's time was spent in Syria, where he fought the Crusader ...
See also:History of early Arab Egypt, History of early Arab Egypt - The Arab Conquest of Egypt, History of early Arab Egypt - The Fatimid Period, History of early Arab Egypt - Ayyubid Period, History of early Arab Egypt - Bahri Mameluk dynasty, History of early Arab Egypt - Period of Burji Mamelukes Read more here: » History of early Arab Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of early Arab Egypt - Ayyubid Period |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - History of early Arab Egypt - The Arab Conquest of Egypt Main article: Islamic conquest of Egypt
In 639 an army of some 4,000 men was sent against Egypt by the second caliph, Umar, under the command of Amr ibn al-As. This army was joined by another 12,000 men in 640 and defeated a Byzantine army at the battle of Heliopolis. Amr next proceeded in the direction of Alexandria, which was surrendered to him by a treaty signed on November 8, 641.
Alexandria was regained for the Byzantine Empire in 645 but was retaken by Amr in 646. In 654 an invasion fleet sent by Constans II was repulsed. From that time no seri ...
See also:History of early Arab Egypt, History of early Arab Egypt - The Arab Conquest of Egypt, History of early Arab Egypt - The Fatimid Period, History of early Arab Egypt - Ayyubid Period, History of early Arab Egypt - Bahri Mameluk dynasty, History of early Arab Egypt - Period of Burji Mamelukes Read more here: » History of early Arab Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of early Arab Egypt - The Arab Conquest of Egypt |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - Bologna - The University The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest existing university in Europe, and was an important center of European intellectual life during the Middle Ages, attracting scholars from throughout Christendom. A unique heritage of medieval art, exemplified by the illuminated manuscripts and jurists' tombs produced in the city from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century, provide a cultural backdrop to the renown of the medieval institution. The Studium, as it was originally known, began as a loosely organized teaching system with e ...
See also:Bologna, Bologna - History, Bologna - Overview, Bologna - Transport, Bologna - Demographics, Bologna - Cuisine, Bologna - The University, Bologna - Famous residents Read more here: » Bologna: Encyclopedia II - Bologna - The University |
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| | | | | 1164: Encyclopedia II - Cologne - The Coat of Arms of Cologne The three crowns symbolise the Magi or Three Kings whose bones are said to be kept in a golden sarcophagus in the Cathedral (see Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral). In 1164, Cologne's archbishop Rainald of Dassel brought the relics to the city, making it a major pilgrimage destination. This led to the design of the current cathedral as the predecessor was considered too small to accommodate the pilgrims.
The eleven flames are a reminder of the Britannic princess St. Ursula and her legendary 11,000 virgin companions who we ...
See also:Cologne, Cologne - Geography, Cologne - The Coat of Arms of Cologne, Cologne - History, Cologne - Sister cities, Cologne - Buildings and places of interest in Cologne, Cologne - Legalities, Cologne - Born in Cologne Read more here: » Cologne: Encyclopedia II - Cologne - The Coat of Arms of Cologne |
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