1164

He was born on 5 March 1133 at Le Mans to the Empress Matilda and her second husband, Geoffrey the Fair, Count of Anjou. Brought up in Anjou, he visited England in 1149 to help his mother in her disputed claim to the English throne. Prior to coming to the throne he already controlled Normandy and Anjou on the continent; his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine on 18 May 1152 added her holdings to his, including Touraine, Aquitaine, and Gascony. He thus effectively became more powerful than the king of France — with an empire (the Ang ...

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Henry II of England, Henry II of England - Biography, Henry II of England - Appearance, Henry II of England - Fiction, Henry II of England - Coat of arms

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Main article: History of Cologne Cologne became a city in 50 A.D. In 310 Constantine built a bridge over the Rhine at Cologne. Cologne had a bishop as early as 313, and, in 785, became the seat of an archbishop. The Archbishop of Cologne was one of the seven Electors of the Holy Roman Empire. He ruled a large area as a secular lord in the Middle Ages, but in 1288 he was defeated by the Cologne citizens and forced to move to Bonn. Cologne was a member of the Hanseatic League, but became a free city officially in 1475. Interestin ...

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Cologne, Cologne - Geography, Cologne - The Coat of Arms of Cologne, Cologne - History, Cologne - Sister cities, Cologne - Buildings and places of interest in Cologne, Cologne - Legalities, Cologne - Born in Cologne

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The Royal mounds (Swedish Kungshögarna) is the name for the three large barrows which are located in Gamla Uppsala. They are dated to the 5th and 6th centuries. As Sweden's oldest national symbols they are even depicted on the covers of books about the Swedish national identity. In the 6th century, Gamla Uppsala was the location of royal burials. The location was chosen carefully and in order to make them majestic, they were constructed on top of the ridge. They were built as symbols the divine origins and powers of the ...

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Gamla Uppsala, Gamla Uppsala - Geographical description, Gamla Uppsala - History, Gamla Uppsala - Archaeology, Gamla Uppsala - The Royal Mounds, Gamla Uppsala - An old controversy and its solution, Gamla Uppsala - Etymology, Gamla Uppsala - The Church, Gamla Uppsala - Source

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Lordships in the Kingdom of Jerusalem were usually hereditary, in principle, but in practice the circumstances were such that their holders did not form long uninterrupted lines of inheritance, which was contrary to the usual patterns of succession in Europe. Firstly, in the early years of the kingdom, lords sought out their own territories, and lordships changed hands often. Secondly, the average lifespan of male lords in Palestine was rather low, due to the constant state of warfare and violence, which led to inheritances by females and/or ...

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Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

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During the High Middle Ages, it was technically possible for every free man to become a knight, but the process of becoming (and the equipping of) a knight was very expensive; thus it was more likely that a knight would come from a noble (or wealthy) family. They went through a long process to become a knight involving three stages: start as a page, moving on to be a personal squire, and after they have p ...

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Knight, Knight - History, Knight - Early heavy cavalry, Knight - Becoming a Knight, Knight - Knighthood and the Feudal system, Knight - Chivalric code, Knight - Military-monastic orders, Knight - Honorific orders, Knight - Literature

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After the murder of his cousin Charles the Good in 1127, Thierry claimed the county of Flanders as grandson of Robert I, but William Clito became count instead with the support of King Louis VI of France. William's politics and attitude towards the autonomy of Flanders made him unpopular, and by the end of the year Bruges, Gand, Lille, and Saint-Omer recognized Thierry as a rival count. Thierry's supporters came from the Imperial faction of Flanders, and upon his arrival he engaged in battle against William. Louis VI had the Archbishop of Re ...

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Thierry Count of Flanders, Thierry Count of Flanders - Life, Thierry Count of Flanders - Family, Thierry Count of Flanders - Sources

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Some breakaway Catholics today, called sedevacantists, claim the current Popes are heretics for various reforms which sedevacantists see as innovations in the practices of Roman Catholic Church which were adopted during the reigns of Pope John XXIII and Pope Paul VI, including aspects of the Second Vatican Council. Chief among these criticized reforms is the replacing of the Tridentine Latin Mass with the Novus Ordo Missae. Many sedevacanists also object to the celebration of the Mass in the vernacular, despite the fact that various provisio ...

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Antipope, Antipope - List of antipopes, Antipope - Sedevacantist antipopes, Antipope - Antipopes of the 20th-21st centuries, Antipope - Sources an References

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1353 (1357?) - 1391 (Ban 1353-1377, King 1377-1391) Tvrtko I of Kotroman (born 1338?, died 1391) Nephew of Stephen Kotromanić. Crowned himself 'King of Serbs and Bosnia' in 1377. 1391 - 1395 Stephen (Stjepan) Dabiša (died 1395) Illegitimate son of Ninoslav Kotromanić, a son of Kotroman. 1395 - 1398 Jelena Gruba, widow of Stephen Dabisa 1398 - 1404, 1409 - 1418 King Ostoja Kotromanić (died 1418) Son of Tvrtko Kotromanić. Power struggles with ...

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List of rulers of Bosnia, List of rulers of Bosnia - Early history, List of rulers of Bosnia - Emergence of native Bosnian bans, List of rulers of Bosnia - Bosnian kingdom, List of rulers of Bosnia - Turkish occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Austrian occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Modern times, List of rulers of Bosnia - Related articles, List of rulers of Bosnia - External link

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According to the saga, Sverre was born in 1151 to Gunnhild and her husband Unås, a comb maker from the Faeroes. When Sverre was five, the family moved to the Faeroes where Sverre was raised in the household of Unås’ brother Roe, bishop of the Faeroes on Kirkjubøargarður in Kirkjubøur. It was here that Sverre studied for the priesthood and was ordained. The priest school of Kirkjubøur must have been of a high standard, for Sverre was later described as very well educated. The legend says, that he was hidden in a cave a bit outside of the village. This cave exists really and gave the mountain Sverrihola (303 m, "Sverre's ...

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Sverre of Norway, Sverre of Norway - Early life, Sverre of Norway - The veracity of Sverre’s claim, Sverre of Norway - Norway in 1176, Sverre of Norway - Sverre meets the Birkebeiners, Sverre of Norway - Rise to power, Sverre of Norway - Difficult years, Sverre of Norway - Victory over the Heklungs, Sverre of Norway - Troubled reign, Sverre of Norway - Kuvlungs and Øyskjeggs, Sverre of Norway - Sverre and the Church, Sverre of Norway - The Bagler war, Sverre of Norway - Notes

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Thomas Becket was born in London sometime between 1115 and 1120, though most authorities agree that he was born on December 21, 1118 at Cheapside, to Gilbert of Thierceville, Normandy, France and Rosea or Matilda of Caen. His parents were of the upper-middle class near Rouen, and Thomas never knew hardship as a child. One of Thomas's father's rich friends, Richer de Laigle, saw something in Thomas. He often invited Thomas to his estate on the coast of France. There, Thomas learned to ride a horse, hunt, behave, and engage in popular sports s ...

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Thomas Becket, Thomas Becket - Life before his consecration, Thomas Becket - Archbishop 1162, Thomas Becket - The constitutions of Clarendon, Thomas Becket - Becket leaves England, Thomas Becket - Assassination, Thomas Becket - Aftermath and cultural references, Thomas Becket - Trivia

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Somerled Rex Insularum. Somerled (English) - Sumarlidi (Norse) - Somhairle (Scottish) Somerled first appears in historical chronicles in the year 1140 as the regulus, or King, of Kintyre ( Cinn Tìre ) when he marries Raghnailt the daughter of the King of Man. 1143 saw the deaths of two kings: David I of Scotland and Amhlaibh of Man. There was much confusion and discord as a result and Somerled took his chance - making offensive moves against both Scotland and Man under his brother in law Goraidh mac ...

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Somerled, Somerled - Somhairle Mòr mac Gille Brìghde, Somerled - Legacy

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(Italicized names are of titular princes.) Tancred, Prince of Galilee (1099–1101) Hugh of St. Omer (1105–?) Gervaise de Bazoches Joscelin I of Courtenay Tancred, Prince of Galilee (1109–1112) Renier Brus Elinard de Bures Simon Guarmond Walter I Brisebarre Hugh of Tiberias Raymond III of Tripoli (1152–1187) and his wife Eschiva de Bures William Fulk Eudes of Montbeliard See also:

Principality of Galilee, Principality of Galilee - Princes of Galilee, Principality of Galilee - Lordship of Beirut, Principality of Galilee - Lordship of Nazareth, Principality of Galilee - Lordship of Haifa, Principality of Galilee - Sources

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Baron - The British Isles. In the British peerage system, barons come after viscounts. A female of baronial rank has the honorific baroness. A baron may hold a barony (plural baronies). William the Conqueror introduced "baron" as a rank into England to distinguish the men who had pledged their loyalty to him (see Feudalism). Previously, in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England, the king's companions held the title of earls and in Scotland, the title of thane. All who held their bar ...

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Baron, Baron - Western European feudal titles, Baron - The British Isles, Baron - Germany, Baron - In other languages, Baron - Elsewhere

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The founders of the Song dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials. Regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials. This system of civilian rule led to a greater concentration of power in the emperor and his palace bureaucracy than had been achieved in the previous dynasties. The Song dynasty is notable for the development of cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade, industry, and maritime commerce. The lan ...

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Song Dynasty, Song Dynasty - Arts culture and economy, Song Dynasty - Fall of the Southern Song, Song Dynasty - Song dynasty emperors, Song Dynasty - Bei Northern Song dynasty 960- 1127, Song Dynasty - Nan Southern Song dynasty 1127- 1279

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Alternative Health Dictionary , Hinduism Dictionary , Spiritual Dictionary, Sanskrit Dictionary , Parapsychology Dictionary, Paganism Dictionary,
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Main article: County of Jaffa and Ascalon Jaffa, on the Mediterranean coast, was fortified after the First Crusade, and was a separate county until the revolt of Hugh II of Le Puiset in 1134. Afterwards, it was usually held directly by the royal family or one of their relatives. After 1153 it was the double County of Jaffa and Ascalon, when the Egyptian fortress of Ascalon was conquered. It passed in and out of direct royal control, and became titular after the fall of Acre in 1291. A number of seigneuries were vassals to the Count of Jaffa:

Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

Read more here: » Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon

Mikhail of Tver, who ascended the throne of Vladimir in 1305, was one of the most beloved of medieval Russian rulers. His policy of open conflict with the Golden Horde led to his assassination there in 1318. His son Alexander "the Terrible Eyes" succeeded him, and, concluding an alliance with the mighty Lithuania, managed to rise Tver's prestige even higher. Exasperated by Alexander's influence, prince Yury of Moscow engineered his murder by the Mongols in 1327. On hearing the news of this crime, the city revolted against the Horde. T ...

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Tver, Tver - Medieval origins, Tver - Grand princedom, Tver - Later history

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The Swedish vikings also played a role in the west during the later Viking Age. This first occurred during the conquest of England under the Danish kings Svein Forkbeard and his son Cnut from 1007-1013. Swedes, along with Norwegians, were recruited as mercenaries to participate in this conquest. Indeed, there is at least one rune stone monument in Sweden attesting to a warrior who won much booty during one of these English campaigns. Later on, Swedes were recruited by the infamous King Harald III of Norway (Harald Hardrada), to help h ...

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Early Swedish history, Early Swedish history - 9th century, Early Swedish history - 10th century, Early Swedish history - Christianization and struggle for power, Early Swedish history - The first union of Sweden and Norway, Early Swedish history - Kalmar Union

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See also: Kalmar Union In 1388, at the request of the Swedes themselves, Albert was driven out by Queen Margaret of Denmark and at a convention of the representatives of the three Scandinavian kingdoms (held at Kalmar in 1397), Margaret's great-nephew, Eric of Pomerania, was elected the common king, although the liberties of each of the three realms were expressly reserved and confirmed. The union was to be a personal, not a political union. Neither Margaret herself nor her successors observed the stipulation that in each of th ...

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Early Swedish history, Early Swedish history - 9th century, Early Swedish history - 10th century, Early Swedish history - Christianization and struggle for power, Early Swedish history - The first union of Sweden and Norway, Early Swedish history - Kalmar Union

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In the 10th century a part of Styria was separated from Carinthia under the name of the Carinthian March; it was also named the Windic March. The margraves ruling the march (known as the Otakars) took from the name of the fortified castle of Steier the title of Margraves of Styria, and the country received its German name Steiermark. During the reign of Margrave Ottokar IV (1164-92) Styria was raised to a duchy by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, in 1180 a ...

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Styria duchy, Styria duchy - Styria in the first millennium, Styria duchy - Steiermark, Styria duchy - Religious history of Styria, Styria duchy - 19th century Styria, Styria duchy - 20th century, Styria duchy - Margraves and Dukes of Styria, Styria duchy - Coat of Arms

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Knighthood was closely connected with the feudal system. Originating largely in what later became known as France, this was a social organization in which warfare and the protection of the common people became the specialised skill of a select group. Instead of having them paid in cash — of which everyone, even the monarch, was short — they were paid in land. These rather extensive pieces of land were the fiefs. Though a fief did not have to be land — it could be any payment — it is generally thought of as being the land that the kni ...

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Knight, Knight - History, Knight - Early heavy cavalry, Knight - Becoming a Knight, Knight - Knighthood and the Feudal system, Knight - Chivalric code, Knight - Military-monastic orders, Knight - Honorific orders, Knight - Literature

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Main article: Lordship of Oultrejordain The Lordship of Oultrejordain, consisting of land with an undefined boundary to the east of the Jordan River, was one of the largest and most important seigneuries. It was an important source of revenue, from the Muslim caravan routes that existed there. The last lord, Raynald of Chatillon, received Oultrejordain by marrying its heiress, Stephanie of Milly. Raynald considered himself Prince of Oultrejordain, not subject to the King, and was especially hostile to the Muslims. He was largel ...

See also:

Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

Read more here: » Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain