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Cologne Cathedral (German: Kölner Dom) is one of the best-known architectural monuments in Germany and has been Cologne's most famous landmark for centuries. The cathedral is under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne. From 1880, when its spires were completed, until 1884 it was the world's tallest structure, losing its title on the completion of the Washington Monument in Washington DC. Cologne Cathedral remains the tallest Gothic structure in th ...

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Cologne (German: Köln ▶ (help·info) [kœln]; Kölsch: Kölle) is Germany's fourth largest city after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich. Cologne lies on the River Rhine in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia about half way between Frankfurt and Amsterdam. It is the largest city in the Rhine-Ruhr Area, one of the largest European metropol ...

Including:

• Cologne - Geography
• Cologne - The Coat of Arms of Cologne
• Cologne - History
• Cologne - Sister cities
• Cologne - Buildings and places of interest in Cologne
• Cologne - Legalities
• Cologne - Born in Cologne

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Uppsala [ˈɵpˌsɑ:la] (older spelling Upsala) 59°51′N 17°38′E is a Swedish City in central Sweden, located about 70 km north of Stockholm. It is the fourth largest city in Sweden with its 130,000 inhabitants; including immediate surroundings, Uppsala Municipality amounts to 180,000. Uppsala is the capital of Uppsala County (Uppsala län), and Sweden's ecclesiastical centre, being the seat of Sweden's archbishop since 1164. < ...

Including:

• Uppsala - History
• Uppsala - Politics
• Uppsala - Geography
• Uppsala - Economy
• Uppsala - Universities
• Uppsala - Sites of interest
• Uppsala - Notable natives

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Ulm is a city in the German Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg (about 100 km south-east of Stuttgart). Its population is around 120,000. The independent city is the seat of the Alb-Donau district. Ulm - Geography. Ulm lies at the entry of the Blau river and the Iller river into the Danube. Most of the city lies on the left bank of the Danube; only the city district Wiblingen, Gögglingen, Donaustetten and Unterweiler lie on the right bank. On the other side of the river lies the "twin city" of Neu-Ulm in the ...

Including:

• Ulm - Geography
• Ulm - History
• Ulm - Industry
• Ulm - University of Ulm
• Ulm - Sights
• Ulm - Other landmarks
• Ulm - People from Ulm
• Ulm - Historical
• Ulm - Recent

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Tver (Russian: Тверь) is a city in Russia, an administrative center of Tver Oblast. Formerly the capital of a powerful medieval state and the model provinical town of Imperial Russia, it has a population of 453,000 (as of 2003). Tver is located at 56°52′N 35°55′E, at the confluence of Volga and Tvertsa rivers. The city was known as Kalinin (Калинин) from 1931 to 1990. Tver - Medieval origins. The first written record of Tver is dated 1164. Origin ...

Including:

• Tver - Medieval origins
• Tver - Grand princedom
• Tver - Later history

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An antipope is one whose claim to being Pope is the result of a disputed or contested election. These antipopes were usually in opposition to a specific person chosen by the papal electors (since the Middle Ages, the College of Cardinals; in the twentieth century, their special secret meeting, called conclave, however applies the age limit for eligibility). Some self-appointed leaders of smaller churches are also called "antipopes." During certain periods of turbulence in the Roman Catholic Church, controversial Papal elections ...

Including:

• Antipope - List of antipopes
• Antipope - Sedevacantist antipopes
• Antipope - Antipopes of the 20th-21st centuries
• Antipope - Sources an References

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56°09′N 40°25′E Vladimir (Russian: Влади́мир) is a city in Russia, an administrative center of Vladimir Oblast. It is located on the river Klyazma 200 km to the east of Moscow. Geographical location is 56°09′N 40°25′E, and population is 315,954 inhabitants (2002). Vladimir is the medieval capital of Russia, and two of its cathedrals are a World Heritage Site. Vladimir - History. Vladimir - Foundation date controversy. Including:

• Vladimir - History
• Vladimir - Foundation date controversy
• Vladimir - Golden Age
• Vladimir - Decline
• Vladimir - Sightseeings
• Vladimir - Sister cities

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Viterbo is an ancient town and comune in the Lazio region of central Italy, the capital of Viterbo province. It is approximately 100 kilometers (60 mi) north of Rome on the Via Cassia, and it is surrounded by the Monti Cimini and Monti Volsini. Apart from agriculture, the main resources of Viterbo's area are pottery, marble and wood. The town also hosts the Italian gold reserves, an important Academy of Fine Arts, the University of Tuscia and is located in a wide thermal area attracting many tourist from the whole c ...

Including:

• Viterbo - History
• Viterbo - Landmarks
• Viterbo - Patron Saints
• Viterbo - La Macchina di Santa Rosa
• Viterbo - Stampate

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1176 - Events. May 22 - Murder attempt by the Hashshashin on Saladin near Aleppo Raynald of Chatillon released from prison in Aleppo May 29 - Frederick Barbarossa is defeated in the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League leading to the pactum Anagninum (the Agreement of Anagni) September 17 - Seljuk Turks defeat Manuel I Comnenus at the Battle of Myriokephalon Construction begins on the London Bridge Cathedral in Sens installs first "horologe" Ab ...

Including:

• 1176 - Events
• 1176 - Births
• 1176 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1176: Encyclopedia - 1176

1119 - Events. February 2 - Callixtus II becomes Pope August 20 - Henry I of England routes Louis VI at the Battle of Bremule. Battle of Ager Sanguinis - Crusaders defeated outside Antioch 1119 - Births. July 7 - Emperor Sutoku of Japan (died 1164) Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine (died 1176) 1119 - Deaths. January 24 - Pope Gelasius II July 17 - Baldwin VII of Flan ...

Including:

• 1119 - Events
• 1119 - Births
• 1119 - Deaths

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August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. August 23 - Events. 1305 - William Wallace is executed. 1328 - Battle of Kassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers 1328 - King Philip VI of France is crowned. 1541 - French explorer Jacques Cartier lands near Quebec City in his third voyage to Canada. 1566 - Calvinists are granted rights in the NetherlandsIncluding:

• August 23 - Events
• August 23 - Births
• August 23 - Deaths
• August 23 - Holidays and observances

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Baron is a specific title of nobility or a more generic feudal qualification. The word baron comes from French baron, itself from Frankish baro meaning "freeman, warrior"; it merged with cognate Old English beorn meaning "nobleman." Ultimately it seems to mean a burden bearer. Baron - Western European feudal titles. Baron - The British Isles. In the British peerage system, barons come after viscounts. A female of baronial rank has the honorific bar ...

Including:

• Baron - Western European feudal titles
• Baron - The British Isles
• Baron - Germany
• Baron - In other languages
• Baron - Elsewhere

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Bologna (from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in the local dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, between the Po River and the Apennines. Bologna - History. Bologna was founded by the Etruscans with the name Felsina (ca. 534 BC) in an area previously long inhabitated by the villanovians, a people of farmers and shepherds. The Etruscan city grew around a sanctuary built on a hill, and was surrounded by a necropolis. In the 4th century BC the city was conquered by the ...

Including:

• Bologna - History
• Bologna - Overview
• Bologna - Transport
• Bologna - Demographics
• Bologna - Cuisine
• Bologna - The University
• Bologna - Famous residents

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Vladimir - Foundation date controversy. The area occupied by the city of Vladimir has been inhabited by humans (at least intermittently) for approximately 25,000 years. Traditionally, the founding date of Vladimir has been acknowledged as 1108, which is the date of the first mention of Vladimir in the Primary Chronicle. This view attributes the founding of the city, and its name, to Vladimir Monomakh, who inherited the region as part of the Rostov-Suzdal principality in the 11th century. Its foundation is traditi ...

See also:

Vladimir, Vladimir - History, Vladimir - Foundation date controversy, Vladimir - Golden Age, Vladimir - Decline, Vladimir - Sightseeings, Vladimir - Sister cities

Read more here: » Vladimir: Encyclopedia II - Vladimir - History

Mikhail of Tver, who ascended the throne of Vladimir in 1305, was one of the most beloved of medieval Russian rulers. His policy of open conflict with the Golden Horde led to his assassination there in 1318. It is an opinion of many historians that he was in fact killed en route to the Golden Horde by a band of Muscovite soldiers. The Moscow duke Ivan Kalita had agreed to murder his rival in exchange for the all-Russia reign, that was granted by the Horde. His son Alexander "the Terrible Eyes" succeeded him, and, concluding an alliance with the mighty Lithuania, mana ...

See also:

Tver, Tver - Medieval origins, Tver - Grand princedom, Tver - Later history

Read more here: » Tver: Encyclopedia II - Tver - Grand princedom

The first written record of Tver is dated 1164. Originally a minor settlement of Novgorodian traders, it passed to the Grand Prince of Vladimir in 1209. In 1246, Alexander Nevsky granted it to his younger brother Yaroslav Yaroslavich (d. 1271), from whom a dynasty of local princes descends. Four of them were killed in the Golden Horde and were proclaimed saints by the Russian Orthodox church. Formerly a land of woods and bogs, the Tver principality was quickly transformed into one of the richest and most populous Russian states. ...

See also:

Tver, Tver - Medieval origins, Tver - Grand princedom, Tver - Later history

Read more here: » Tver: Encyclopedia II - Tver - Medieval origins

It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the Euphrates and the Nile to make a common front against the crusaders. In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a younger brother, Qutb ad-Din, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as overlord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under one man. Damascus was all that remained as an obstacle to the unification of Syria. After the failure of the Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din had renewed his treaty with the crusaders, and after his d ...

See also:

Nur ad-Din, Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders, Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom, Nur ad-Din - The problem of Egypt, Nur ad-Din - Death and succession, Nur ad-Din - Legacy, Nur ad-Din - Sources

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Baron - The British Isles. In the British peerage system, barons rank after viscounts. A female of baronial rank has the honorific baroness. A baron may hold a barony (plural baronies). William the Conqueror introduced "baron" as a rank into England to distinguish the men who had pledged their loyalty to him (see Feudalism). Previously, in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England, the king's companions held the title of earls and in Scotland, the title of thane. All who held their bar ...

See also:

Baron, Baron - Western European feudal titles, Baron - The British Isles, Baron - Coronet, Baron - Germany, Baron - In other languages, Baron - Elsewhere

Read more here: » Baron: Encyclopedia II - Baron - Western European feudal titles

Ulm lies at the entry of the Blau river and the Iller river into the Danube. Most of the city lies on the left bank of the Danube; only the city district Wiblingen, Gögglingen, Donaustetten and Unterweiler lie on the right bank. On the other side of the river lies the "twin city" of Neu-Ulm in the state of Bavaria, smaller than Ulm and until 1810 a part of it (pop. ~50,000). Neighboring municipalities on the Baden-Württemberg side include Illerkirchberg, Illerrieden, Staig, Hüttisheim, Erbach (Donau), Blaubeuren, Blaustein, Dornst ...

See also:

Ulm, Ulm - Geography, Ulm - History, Ulm - Industry, Ulm - University of Ulm, Ulm - Sights, Ulm - Other landmarks, Ulm - People from Ulm, Ulm - Historical, Ulm - Recent

Read more here: » Ulm: Encyclopedia II - Ulm - Geography

Uppsala was originally located a few kilometers to the north, at a location now known as Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala). Today's Uppsala was then called Östra Aros. (Old) Uppsala was, according to medieval writer Adam of Bremen, the main heathen centre of Sweden, and the Temple at Uppsala contained magnificent idols of the Æsir gods. After Christianization in the 11th century, the city withstood the Christian forces for an additional 50 years, but eventually the temple was demolished in the 11th century. As a replacement ...

See also:

Uppsala, Uppsala - History, Uppsala - Politics, Uppsala - Geography, Uppsala - Economy, Uppsala - Universities, Uppsala - Sites of interest, Uppsala - Notable natives

Read more here: » Uppsala: Encyclopedia II - Uppsala - History