1154

List of Maronite Patriarchs - Patriarchs during the Roman and Byzantine Rule. St. Maron (d. 410) Cyr Gabriel I Paul Tawaghan List of Maronite Patriarchs - Patriarchs during the Marada States 628-1099. John Maron (685-707) John el Damlassi Theophilus Gregory I Stephan I Mark Eusebius John I (c. 896) Joshua I David Theofelix (Habib) Josh ...

See also:

List of Maronite Patriarchs, List of Maronite Patriarchs - List of Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch, List of Maronite Patriarchs - Patriarchs during the Roman and Byzantine Rule, List of Maronite Patriarchs - Patriarchs during the Marada States 628-1099, List of Maronite Patriarchs - Patriarchs during the Crusades 1099-1305, List of Maronite Patriarchs - Patriarchs during the Mameluke rule 1305-1516, List of Maronite Patriarchs - Patriarchs during the Ottomans 1516-1918, List of Maronite Patriarchs - Patriarch during modern Lebanon

Read more here: » List of Maronite Patriarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Maronite Patriarchs - List of Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch

Swedish influence in Finland was considerable in pre-Christian times. The Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in commerce and plundering. Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden did or did not began in approximately 1154 with the introduction of Christianity by a Crusade and an expedition by a svea (Uplandic) nobleman Eric Jedvardson, later known as Saint Eric who became King Eric IX of Sweden. In 1362 Finnish representatives received for the first time entitlement to participate in the election of the Swedish king, whereby ...

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List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers in Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of the Palatinate, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland

Read more here: » List of Finnish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers in Finland

List of Japanese anthologies - pre-Heian period chronicles. Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) completed in 712, Japan's first book, includes 113 poem-songs. Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) completed in 720, includes 131 poem-songs fudoki (records of wind and earth) compiled at Imperial command beginning in 713, 23 songs from fragmented records Shoku Nihongi (Chronicles of Japan Continued) submitted to Emperor Kammu ...

See also:

List of Japanese anthologies, List of Japanese anthologies - Waka and Tanka, List of Japanese anthologies - pre-Heian period chronicles, List of Japanese anthologies - from the Heian period till the early Kamakura period, List of Japanese anthologies - from the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period, List of Japanese anthologies - Renga, List of Japanese anthologies - Haikai and Haiku, List of Japanese anthologies - Kanshi, List of Japanese anthologies - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » List of Japanese anthologies: Encyclopedia II - List of Japanese anthologies - Waka and Tanka

Jerusalem had recently been conquered by Christian Franks in 1099 during the First Crusade, and was ruled by a dynasty from the County of Boulogne in France. Melisende was the heir of this dynasty, and was designated her father's successor before 1129. Women who inherited territory usually did so because war and violence brought many men to premature death, and women who were recognized as queen regnant rarely exercised their authority. Contemporaries of Melisende who did rule, however, included Urraca of Castile (1080-1129), Empress Matilda ...

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Melisende of Jerusalem, Melisende of Jerusalem - Inheritance, Melisende of Jerusalem - Palace intrigue, Melisende of Jerusalem - Patroness of the church and arts, Melisende of Jerusalem - Second Crusade, Melisende of Jerusalem - Mother and son, Melisende of Jerusalem - Retirement, Melisende of Jerusalem - Death, Melisende of Jerusalem - Sources, Melisende of Jerusalem - Historical Fiction

Read more here: » Melisende of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Melisende of Jerusalem - Inheritance

The Norman monarchs were: William I 1066–1087 known as William the Conqueror William II 1087–1100 William I's son Henry I 1100–1135 William I's son Stephen 1135–1154 William I's grandson ...

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Norman dynasty, Norman dynasty - The Norman Period, Norman dynasty - Monarchs of England

Read more here: » Norman dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Norman dynasty - Monarchs of England

York has had a Christian presence from the 300s. The first church on the site was a wooden structure built hurriedly in 627 to provide a place to baptise Edwin, King of Northumbria. Moves toward a more substantial building began in the 630s. A stone structure was completed in 637 by Oswald and was dedicated to Saint Peter. The church soon fell into disrepair and was dilapidated by 670 when Saint Wilfred ascended to the see of York; he put in place efforts to repair and renew the structure. The attached school and library were established and by the 8th century were some of ...

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York Minster, York Minster - History, York Minster - The Towers and Bells, York Minster - External link

Read more here: » York Minster: Encyclopedia II - York Minster - History

Vladimir - Foundation date controversy. The area occupied by the city of Vladimir has been inhabited by humans (at least intermittently) for approximately 25,000 years. Traditionally, the founding date of Vladimir has been acknowledged as 1108, which is the date of the first mention of Vladimir in the Primary Chronicle. This view attributes the founding of the city, and its name, to Vladimir Monomakh, who inherited the region as part of the Rostov-Suzdal principality in the 11th century. Its foundation is traditi ...

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Vladimir, Vladimir - History, Vladimir - Foundation date controversy, Vladimir - Golden Age, Vladimir - Decline, Vladimir - Sightseeings, Vladimir - Sister cities

Read more here: » Vladimir: Encyclopedia II - Vladimir - History

Common law originally developed under the adversarial system in England from judicial decisions that were based in tradition, custom, and precedent. Such forms of legal institutions and culture bear resemblance to those which existed historically in continental Europe and other societies where precedent and custom have at times played a substantial role in the legal process, including Germanic law recorded in Roman historical chronicles. The form of reasoning used in common law is known as casuistry or case-based reasoning. The common law, a ...

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Common law, Common law - History of the common law, Common law - Common law legal systems, Common law - Basic principles of common law, Common law - Works on the common law

Read more here: » Common law: Encyclopedia II - Common law - History of the common law

Between 1030 and 1197 pagan Estonia was attacked no less than thirteen times by Russians and also by Sweden and Denmark. In addition to military campaigns there were also peaceful attempts by the western Christians to convert the Estonians, starting with missions despatched by Adalbert, Archbishop of Bremen from 1045-72. However these peaceful efforts seem to have had very limited success. Moving in the wake of German merchants who were now following the old trading routes of the Vikings, a monk named Meinhard landed at the mouth of the Daug ...

See also:

Northern Crusades, Northern Crusades - Subjugation of Livonians and Estonians, Northern Crusades - Teutonic Order, Northern Crusades - Selected Bibliography

Read more here: » Northern Crusades: Encyclopedia II - Northern Crusades - Subjugation of Livonians and Estonians

Normandy - Languages. The Norman language, a regional language, is spoken by a minority of the population, especially in the Cotentin peninsula in the far West and in the Pays de Caux in the East. Many place names show the influence of this Norse-influenced oïl language; for example -bec (stream), -fleur (river), -hou (island), -tot (homestead). Normandy - Arts. Main article is ...

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Normandy, Normandy - Population, Normandy - Geography, Normandy - Regions, Normandy - Rivers, Normandy - History, Normandy - Channel Islands, Normandy - Culture, Normandy - Languages, Normandy - Arts, Normandy - Religion, Normandy - Food and drink, Normandy - Symbols

Read more here: » Normandy: Encyclopedia II - Normandy - Culture

There is a good deal of discussion in regard to the authorship of the works ascribed to William. It seems probable, however, that he wrote glosses on Plato's "Timaeus", a commentary on Boethius's "Consolation of Philosophy" and Priscian's Institutiones Grammaticae, , and Macrobius's In Somnium Scipionis. He is probably the author of a dialogue called "Dragmaticon", and a treatise, "Magna de naturis philosophia". Moralium Dogma Philosophorum, a book on ethics was attributed to him from the 1920s, but authorship ...

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William of Conches, William of Conches - Works, William of Conches - Editions

Read more here: » William of Conches: Encyclopedia II - William of Conches - Works

The first test of Manuel's reign came in 1144, when he was faced with a demand by Raymond, Prince of Antioch for the cession of Cilician territories. However, later that year the crusader County of Edessa was engulfed by the tide of a resurgent Islamic jihad under Imad ad-Din Atabeg Zengi. With Raymond's eastern flank now dangerously exposed to this new threat, there seemed little option but to prepare for a humiliating visit to Constantinople. Raymond realised that immediate help from the west was out of the question, so swallowing his prid ...

See also:

Manuel I Comnenus, Manuel I Comnenus - Accession to the throne, Manuel I Comnenus - The Second Crusade and Raynald of Chatillon, Manuel I Comnenus - The Italian campaign and Pope Alexander III, Manuel I Comnenus - The Danube frontier: Hungary is defeated Greece flourishes, Manuel I Comnenus - Manuel's invasion of Egypt, Manuel I Comnenus - Kilij Arslan II and the Seljuk Turks, Manuel I Comnenus - Character, Manuel I Comnenus - Assessment, Manuel I Comnenus - Family, Manuel I Comnenus - Sources

Read more here: » Manuel I Comnenus: Encyclopedia II - Manuel I Comnenus - The Second Crusade and Raynald of Chatillon

There is no contemporaneous account of Prince Edmund's life until 21 August 1485. His first appearance on record seems to have been at a feast on the eve of the Battle of Bosworth Field. There King Richard III of England (cf. Peter Cook) gathered his supporters to make war against Henry Tudor. Lord Edmund Plantagenet, as he then was, arrived in the company of his father the Duke of York and brother, Harry, Earl of March. However, when Edmund cheered for the King the latter had to enquire as to the former's identity. As his own father ...

See also:

Prince Edmund Blackadder, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Battle of Bosworth Field, Prince Edmund Blackadder - The Black Adder, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Service under a regent, Prince Edmund Blackadder - First encounter with Dougal McAngus, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Claiming the throne, Prince Edmund Blackadder - The murder of an Archbishop, Prince Edmund Blackadder - A shrewd prince, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Archbishop of Canterbury, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Assassination attempt, Prince Edmund Blackadder - The next few years, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Engagement, Prince Edmund Blackadder - First attempt at marriage, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Marriage, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Black plague, Prince Edmund Blackadder - A witch-hunt begins, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Introduction to the Witchsmeller, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Accused of being a witch, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Beginning of a witch trial, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Incarceration, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Conclusion of the witch trial, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Awaiting execution, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Failed execution, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Disgruntled Prince, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Recruiting conspirators, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Conspiracy plans, Prince Edmund Blackadder - The Hawk, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Treachery, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Poisoned, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Further comments, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Legacy, Prince Edmund Blackadder - Titles and honours

Read more here: » Prince Edmund Blackadder: Encyclopedia II - Prince Edmund Blackadder - Battle of Bosworth Field

The southern coast of the Gulf of Finland is thought to have been settled by Finnic-speaking tribes already in the 2nd millennium BC. In 1154 Tallinn was marked on the world map of the Arab cartographer Al Idrisi. As an important port for trade between Russia and Scandinavia it became a target for the expansion of the Kingdom of Denmark, who ruled the region after 1219. During this period the local population accepted Christianity during the Northern Crusades. In 1285 the city became the northernmost member of the Hansea ...

See also:

Tallinn, Tallinn - Etymology, Tallinn - Historical names, Tallinn - Geography, Tallinn - History, Tallinn - Administrative districts, Tallinn - Population, Tallinn - Economy, Tallinn - Education, Tallinn - Transport, Tallinn - Air, Tallinn - Rail and road, Tallinn - Ferry

Read more here: » Tallinn: Encyclopedia II - Tallinn - History

Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad emirs. Khalid ibn al-Walid (635-636) Abu Ubaid (636-637) Amr ibn al-Aas (637-640) Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan (640) Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (640-661) Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty ruling in Damascus. Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan (661-680) Yazid I ibn Muawiyah (680-683) Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683-684) Marwan I ibn Hakam (684-685) Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705)See also:

Rulers of Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Canaanite, Rulers of Damascus - Aram Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Period of non-independence, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty ruling in Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Abbasid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Fatimid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Seljuk emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Burid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Zengid atabegs, Rulers of Damascus - Ayyubid sultans, Rulers of Damascus - Mameluk Bahrid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Ottoman walis, Rulers of Damascus - Hashemite kingdom, Rulers of Damascus - Capital of Syria

Read more here: » Rulers of Damascus: Encyclopedia II - Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty

Today, the Peterborough Chronicle is recognized as one of the four distinct versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (along with the Winchester Chronicle or Parker Chronicle, the Abingdon Chronicle and the Worcester Chronicle), but it is not wholly distinct (Bennett, "Early"). There was a fire at Peterborough that destroyed the monastery's library, and so the earliest part of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle at Peterborough is a copy of Winchester Cathedral's chronicle (Ramsay). For the 11th century, th ...

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Peterborough Chronicle, Peterborough Chronicle - The fire and the continuations, Peterborough Chronicle - First continuation 1122–1131, Peterborough Chronicle - Second continuation 1132–1154, Peterborough Chronicle - Unique authorial voice, Peterborough Chronicle - History of the manuscript

Read more here: » Peterborough Chronicle: Encyclopedia II - Peterborough Chronicle - The fire and the continuations

The last years of Owain's life were spent in disputes with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, over the appointment of a new Bishop of Bangor. When the see became vacant Owain had his nominee, Arthur of Bardsey, elected. The archbishop refused to accept this, so Owain had Arthur consecrated in Ireland. The dispute continued, and the see remained officially vacant until well after Owain's death. He was also put under pressure by the Archbishop and the Pope to put aside his second wife, Cristin, who was his first cousin, this relation ...

See also:

Owain Gwynedd, Owain Gwynedd - Early life, Owain Gwynedd - Accession to the throne and early campaigns, Owain Gwynedd - War with King Henry II, Owain Gwynedd - Disputes with the church and succession, Owain Gwynedd - Fiction

Read more here: » Owain Gwynedd: Encyclopedia II - Owain Gwynedd - Disputes with the church and succession

The first test of Manuel's reign came in 1144, when he was faced with a demand by Raymond, Prince of Antioch for the cession of Cilician territories. However, later that year the crusader County of Edessa was engulfed by the tide of a resurgent jihad under Imad ad-Din Atabeg Zengi. With Raymond's eastern flank now dangerously exposed to this new threat, there seemed little option but to prepare for a humiliating visit to Constantinople. Raymond realised that immediate help from the west was out of the question, so swallowing his pride he mad ...

See also:

Manuel I Comnenus, Manuel I Comnenus - Accession to the throne, Manuel I Comnenus - The Second Crusade and Raynald of Chatillon, Manuel I Comnenus - The Italian campaign and Pope Alexander III, Manuel I Comnenus - The Danube frontier: Hungary is defeated Greece flourishes, Manuel I Comnenus - Manuel's invasion of Egypt, Manuel I Comnenus - Kilij Arslan II and the Seljuk Turks, Manuel I Comnenus - Character, Manuel I Comnenus - Assessment, Manuel I Comnenus - Family, Manuel I Comnenus - Sources

Read more here: » Manuel I Comnenus: Encyclopedia II - Manuel I Comnenus - The Second Crusade and Raynald of Chatillon

In 1140 Jamal ad-Din died, and Mu'in ad-Din continued to rule as regent for Jamal ad-Din's son Mujir ad-Din. That year, Mu'in ad-Din besiged Banias with help from King Fulk of Jerusalem and Prince Raymond of Antioch; Mu'in ad-Din offered 20 000 pieces of gold per month to pay for their expenses. When it was captured, Mu'in ad-Din handed it over to Fulk and returned to Damascus. A more thorough alliance, to protect Damascus against Zengi, was negotiated during a visit by Mu'in ad-Din to Jerusalem ...

See also:

Mu'in ad-Din Unur, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Origins, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Governor of Damascus, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - The Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Death, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Sources

Read more here: » Mu'in ad-Din Unur: Encyclopedia II - Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Governor of Damascus

It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the Euphrates and the Nile to make a common front against the crusaders. In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a younger brother, Qutb ad-Din, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as overlord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under one man. Damascus was all that remained as an obstacle to the unification of Syria. After the failure of the Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din had renewed his treaty with the crusaders, and after his d ...

See also:

Nur ad-Din, Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders, Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom, Nur ad-Din - The problem of Egypt, Nur ad-Din - Death and succession, Nur ad-Din - Legacy, Nur ad-Din - Sources

Read more here: » Nur ad-Din: Encyclopedia II - Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom

The Munqidhites controlled territory east of Shaizar, across the Nosairi Mountains to the Mediterranean coast, from the coastal cities of Latakia in the north to Tortosa in the south. During the First Crusade, the emir assisted the crusaders passing through his land, giving them horses and food and other provisions. After the crusade it was bordered by the crusader Principality of Antioch and was subject to raids from both Antioch and the County of Tripoli; in 1106 the emirs Murshid and Sultan defeated William-Jordan of Tripoli, and in 1108 ...

See also:

Shaizar, Shaizar - Early history, Shaizar - Munqidhite Shaizar, Shaizar - Description of the city, Shaizar - Life in the city, Shaizar - Emirs of Shaizar, Shaizar - Sources

Read more here: » Shaizar: Encyclopedia II - Shaizar - Munqidhite Shaizar

The crusaders decided to attack Damascus from the west, where orchards would provide them with a constant food supply. They arrived at Daraiya on July 23, with the army of Jerusalem in the vanguard, followed by Louis and then Conrad in the rearguard. The Muslims were prepared for the attack and constantly attacked the army advancing through the orchards outside Damascus on July 24. The orchards were defended by towers and walls and the crusaders were constantly pelted with arrows and lances along the narrow paths. Thanks to a charge by Conra ...

See also:

Siege of Damascus, Siege of Damascus - Background, Siege of Damascus - Council of Acre, Siege of Damascus - Siege, Siege of Damascus - Aftermath, Siege of Damascus - Sources

Read more here: » Siege of Damascus: Encyclopedia II - Siege of Damascus - Siege