1149

1149 - Events. Castle of Carimate destroyed. Nur ad-Din defeats the Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Inab. 1149 - Births. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Persian theologian and philosopher (died 1209) 1149 - Deaths. June 27 - Raymond of Antioch August 28 - Mu'in ad-Din Unur, regent of Damascus Category: 1149 ...

Including:

• 1149 - Events
• 1149 - Births
• 1149 - Deaths

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1214 - Events. Simon Apulia becomes Bishop of Exeter. July 27 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Foundation of the German city of Bielefeld 1214 - Births. April 25 - King Louis IX of France (died 1270) Isabella of England, daughter of John of England (died 1241) 1214 - Deaths. September 14 - Albert Avogadro, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem (born ...

Including:

• 1214 - Events
• 1214 - Births
• 1214 - Deaths

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Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 – August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond of Burgundy. Alfonso was a dignified and somewhat enigmatic figure. A vague tradition had always assigned the title of emperor to the sovereign who held Leon. This sovereign was considered the most direct representative of the Visigoth kings, who were themselves the representatives of the Roman empire. But though given in charters, and claimed by Alfonso VI of Castile and Alfonso I of Aragon ...

Including:

• Alfonso VII of Castile - Sources

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Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (Fontaines, near Dijon, 1090 – August 21, 1153 in Clairvaux) was a French abbot and theologian who was the main voice of conservatism during the intellectual revival of Western Europe called the Renaissance of the 12th century. The voice of conscience, the dominating figure in the Christian church from 1125 to 1153 (Cantor 1993), he was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1830. Bernard is a saint of the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches and was the ...

Including:

• Bernard of Clairvaux - Early life
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Abbot of the Cistercian abbey of Clairvaux
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Wider influence
• Bernard of Clairvaux - The schism of 1130–1138
• Bernard of Clairvaux - The contest with Abélard
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Bernard and the Cistercian Order
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Bernard and heresy
• Bernard of Clairvaux - The Second Crusade
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Bernard and the veneration of the Virgin Mary
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Bernard's character
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Works

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The Crusades were a series of several military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the Papacy—that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic endeavors to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims, but some were directed against other Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople, the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars ...

Including:

• Crusade - Historical background
• Crusade - Historical context
• Crusade - The major crusades
• Crusade - First Crusade
• Crusade - Second Crusade
• Crusade - Third Crusade
• Crusade - Fourth Crusade
• Crusade - Albigensian Crusade
• Crusade - Children's Crusade
• Crusade - Fifth Crusade
• Crusade - Sixth Crusade
• Crusade - Seventh Crusade
• Crusade - Eighth Crusade
• Crusade - Ninth Crusade
• Crusade - Crusades in Baltic and Central Europe
• Crusade - Crusade legacy
• Crusade - Europe
• Crusade - Islamic world
• Crusade - Jewish community
• Crusade - The Caucasus
• Crusade - Usage of the term crusade
• Crusade - Popular reputation
• Crusade - Eastern Orthodoxy
• Crusade - References and further reading

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The largest, and most powerful of the Christian military orders, the Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon, originally named The Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple which is in Jerusalem is widely known as the Knights Templar. It was founded in 1118, in the aftermath of the First Crusade of 1096, to help the new Kingdom of Jerusalem maintain itself against its hostile Muslim neighbors, and to ensure the safety of the large numbers of European pilgrims who flowed towards Jerusalem after its conquest.Including:

• Knights Templar - Organization
• Knights Templar - History
• Knights Templar - Banking
• Knights Templar - Suppression
• Knights Templar - Charges of heresy
• Knights Templar - Claims of descent and revival
• Knights Templar - Legends
• Knights Templar - Grand Masters from 1118 to 1314
• Knights Templar - Places associated with the Knights Templar

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The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i.e. "the monotheists" or "the Unitarians," the name being corrupted in Spanish) were a Berber Muslim religious power which founded the fifth Moorish dynasty in the 12th century, and conquered all northern Africa as far as Egypt, together with Muslim Spain. Almohad - Origins. It originated with Ibn Tumart, a member of the Masmuda, a Berber tribe of the Atlas Mountains. Ibn Tumart was the son of a lamplighter in a mosque and had been not ...

Including:

• Almohad - Origins
• Almohad - The ruling
• Almohad - Muwahhadi Almohad Caliphs 1145-1269
• Almohad - Publications

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The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, called the Church of the Resurrection (Anastasis in Greek and Սուրբ Հարություն Surp Harutyun in Armenian) by Eastern Christians, is a Christian church now within the walled Old City of Jerusalem. The ground on which the church rests is venerated by most Christians as Golgotha, the Hill of Calvary, where the New Testament describes that Jesus was crucified. It also is said to contain the place where Jesus was reportedly buried (the sepulchre). The church has been an ...

Including:

• Church of the Holy Sepulchre - History
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre - Modern arrangement of the church
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre - Authenticity

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Albert Avogadro (1149-September 14, 1214), was a canon lawyer who served as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1204 until his death. Born in Parma, Albert was educated in theology and law and served as Bishop of Bobbio until 1184, when he was appointed Bishop of Vercelli. He served the Papacy as a mediator and diplomat between Pope Clement III and Frederick Barbarossa. He served as papal legate in 1 ...

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1209 - Events. Albigensian Crusade against Cathars (1209-1218) the Franciscans are founded. Cambridge University founded. In August, Simon De Monfort, leader of Albigensian Crusade, takes over Carcassonne Genghis Khan conquers Turkestan 1209 - Births. January 5 - Richard, Earl of Cornwall, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1272) Hajji Bektash Wali, Turkish mystic (died 1271) 1209 - Deaths. Including:

• 1209 - Events
• 1209 - Births
• 1209 - Deaths

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The Crusades were a series of several military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the Papacy—that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic endeavors to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims, but some were directed against other Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople, the Albigensian Crusade against the Ca ...

Including:

• The Crusades - Historical background
• The Crusades - Historical context
• The Crusades - The major crusades
• The Crusades - First Crusade
• The Crusades - Second Crusade
• The Crusades - Third Crusade
• The Crusades - Fourth Crusade
• The Crusades - Albigensian Crusade
• The Crusades - Children's Crusade
• The Crusades - Fifth Crusade
• The Crusades - Sixth Crusade
• The Crusades - Crusade versus the Stedingers
• The Crusades - Seventh Crusade
• The Crusades - Eighth Crusade
• The Crusades - Ninth Crusade
• The Crusades - Crusades in Baltic and Central Europe
• The Crusades - Crusade legacy
• The Crusades - Europe
• The Crusades - Islamic world
• The Crusades - Jewish community
• The Crusades - The Caucasus
• The Crusades - Usage of the term crusade
• The Crusades - Popular reputation
• The Crusades - Eastern Orthodoxy
• The Crusades - References and further reading

Read more here: » The Crusades: Encyclopedia - The Crusades

1183 - Events. Three-year old Emperor Go-Toba ascends to the throne of Japan after the forced abdication of his brother Emperor Antoku during the Genpei War William of Tyre excommunicated by the newly appointed Heraclius of Jerusalem, firmly ending their struggle for power Andronicus I Comnenus becomes the Byzantine emperor First written account of a sport resembling cricket, by Joseph of Exeter Peace of Constance 1183 - Births. ...

Including:

• 1183 - Events
• 1183 - Births
• 1183 - Deaths

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Yuánguāng(元光) Yuánshuò (元朔) Yuánshòu (元狩) Yuándǐng (元鼎) Yuánfēng (元封) Tàichū (太初) Tiānhàn (天漢) Tàishǐ (太始) Zhēnghé (征和) 134 BC – 129 BC 128 BC – 123 BC 122 BC – 117 BC 116 BC – 111 BC 110 BC – 105 BC 104 BC – 101 BC 100 BC – 97 BC 96 BC – 93 BC 92 BC – 89 BC Yuánfèng (元鳳) 80 BC – 75 BC Dìjié (地節) Yuánkāng (元康) Shénjué (神 ...

See also:

Table of Chinese monarchs, Table of Chinese monarchs - Xia Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Shang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Zhou Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Qin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Han Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Three Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Jin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sixteen Kingdoms Period, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sovereignties established by Wu Hu, Table of Chinese monarchs - Northern and Southern Dynasties, Table of Chinese monarchs - Sui Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Tang Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms, Table of Chinese monarchs - Liao Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Song Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Western Xia, Table of Chinese monarchs - Jin Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Yuan Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Ming dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Shun Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Southern Ming Dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Qing dynasty, Table of Chinese monarchs - Taiping Rebellion, Table of Chinese monarchs - Yuan Shikai's Chinese Empire

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To Robert and the other supporters of the Empress this was good news, as Ranulf was a major magnate, and gave their cause more momentum, and additional resources. Robert acted swiftly and raised an army and immediately set out for Lincoln, joining forces on the way with Ranulf. Stephen held a council of war in Lincoln and his advisors councilled that he leave a force to protect the town and watch the castle, and depart to safety. Stephen, very conscious of his own father's reputation in front of Antioch during the first crusade, disregarded ...

See also:

Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester, Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester - The Loss of the Earl’s Northern lands to King David of Scotland 1136/1139, Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester - Ranulf takes Lincoln 1140, Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester - The Battle of Lincoln 2 February 1141, Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester - The Capture of Robert of Gloucester, Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester - The Second Siege of Lincoln 1144, Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester - Ranulf defects to the King 1145-6, Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester - Agreement between King David and Earl Ranulf, Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester - Ranulf’s Treaty with Robert Earl of Leicester, Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester - The Death of the Earl 1153

Read more here: » Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester: Encyclopedia II - Ranulph de Gernon 2nd Earl of Chester - The Battle of Lincoln 2 February 1141

King of the Britons - House of Troy. Brutus I (Brute) 1149–1125 BC Locrinus (Locrine) 1125–1105 BC Queen Gwendolen 1105–1090 BC jointly with... Maddan (Madan) 1105–1065 BC Mempricius 1065–1045 BC Ebraucus (Ebranck) 1045–1005 BC Brutus II Greenshield 1005–993 BC Leil 993–968 BC Rud Hud Hudibras (Lud) 968–929 BC Bladud (Blaedud) 929–909 BC Leir (Lear) 909–855 BC (died 849 BC) King of the Britons - House of Albany. See also:

King of the Britons, King of the Britons - Kings of the Britons, King of the Britons - House of Troy, King of the Britons - House of Albany, King of the Britons - House of Cornwall, King of the Britons - House of Troy, King of the Britons - House of Albany, King of the Britons - House of Cornwall, King of the Britons - House of Loegria, King of the Britons - House of Monmouth, King of the Britons - Kings Chosen by Lot, King of the Britons - House of Beldgabred, King of the Britons - Kings Chosen by Lot, King of the Britons - House of Capoir, King of the Britons - Anti–Roman Resistance Leader, King of the Britons - House of the Severi, King of the Britons - Usurping British Rulers, King of the Britons - Roman Commander, King of the Britons - House of the Votadini, King of the Britons - House of the Constantii, King of the Britons - House of the Gewissei, King of the Britons - House of the Votadini, King of the Britons - House of the Gewissei, King of the Britons - House of the Votadini, King of the Britons - House of the Dumnonii, King of the Britons - Usurping British Ruler, King of the Britons - House of Brittany, King of the Britons - House of the Gewissei, King of the Britons - House of Brittany, King of the Britons - House of the Dumnonii, King of the Britons - House of Brittany, King of the Britons - House of Dyfed, King of the Britons - House of Gwynedd, King of the Britons - House of Wessex, King of the Britons - House of Gwynedd, King of the Britons - Aftermath

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Medieval warfare - Deployment of forces. Medieval European armies were typically divided into three sections called 'battles' or 'battalions'—the vanguard or vaward, the centre or main-battle, and the rearguard or rearward. The vanguard was often composed of archers and other optional long-range weapons,like slings and stones and the rare and completely optional lightweight simple catapults, while the center was composed of infantry and armored cavalry (knights), and the rearguard was often comprised of more ag ...

See also:

Medieval warfare, Medieval warfare - Origins of medieval warfare, Medieval warfare - Strategy and tactics, Medieval warfare - Deployment of forces, Medieval warfare - Employment of forces, Medieval warfare - Retreat, Medieval warfare - Fortifications, Medieval warfare - Medieval siege craft, Medieval warfare - Organization, Medieval warfare - Knights, Medieval warfare - Heavy cavalry, Medieval warfare - Infantry, Medieval warfare - Recruiting or drafting soldiers, Medieval warfare - Equipment, Medieval warfare - Personal equipment for, Medieval warfare - Weaponry, Medieval warfare - Supplies and logistics, Medieval warfare - Plunder and foraging, Medieval warfare - Supply chains, Medieval warfare - Famine and disease, Medieval warfare - Naval warfare, Medieval warfare - Significant medieval battles, Medieval warfare - Medieval wars

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In 1140 Jamal ad-Din died, and Mu'in ad-Din continued to rule as regent for Jamal ad-Din's son Mujir ad-Din. That year, Mu'in ad-Din besiged Banias with help from King Fulk of Jerusalem and Prince Raymond of Antioch; Mu'in ad-Din offered 20 000 pieces of gold per month to pay for their expenses. When it was captured, Mu'in ad-Din handed it over to Fulk and returned to Damascus. A more thorough alliance, to protect Damascus against Zengi, was negotiated during a visit by Mu'in ad-Din to Jerusalem ...

See also:

Mu'in ad-Din Unur, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Origins, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Governor of Damascus, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - The Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Death, Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Sources

Read more here: » Mu'in ad-Din Unur: Encyclopedia II - Mu'in ad-Din Unur - Governor of Damascus

The first test of Manuel's reign came in 1144, when he was faced with a demand by Raymond, Prince of Antioch for the cession of Cilician territories. However, later that year the crusader County of Edessa was engulfed by the tide of a resurgent Islamic jihad under Imad ad-Din Atabeg Zengi. With Raymond's eastern flank now dangerously exposed to this new threat, there seemed little option but to prepare for a humiliating visit to Constantinople. Raymond realised that immediate help from the west was out of the question, so swallowing his prid ...

See also:

Manuel I Comnenus, Manuel I Comnenus - Accession to the throne, Manuel I Comnenus - The Second Crusade and Raynald of Chatillon, Manuel I Comnenus - The Italian campaign and Pope Alexander III, Manuel I Comnenus - The Danube frontier: Hungary is defeated Greece flourishes, Manuel I Comnenus - Manuel's invasion of Egypt, Manuel I Comnenus - Kilij Arslan II and the Seljuk Turks, Manuel I Comnenus - Character, Manuel I Comnenus - Assessment, Manuel I Comnenus - Family, Manuel I Comnenus - Sources

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It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the Euphrates and the Nile to make a common front against the crusaders. In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a younger brother, Qutb ad-Din, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as overlord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under one man. Damascus was all that remained as an obstacle to the unification of Syria. After the failure of the Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din had renewed his treaty with the crusaders, and after his d ...

See also:

Nur ad-Din, Nur ad-Din - The war against the crusaders, Nur ad-Din - Unification of the Muslim kingdom, Nur ad-Din - The problem of Egypt, Nur ad-Din - Death and succession, Nur ad-Din - Legacy, Nur ad-Din - Sources

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After the First Crusade and the minor Crusade of 1101 there were three crusader states established in the east: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa. A fourth, the County of Tripoli, was established in 1109. Edessa was the most northerly of these, and also the weakest and least populated; as such, it was subject to frequent attacks from the surrounding Muslim states ruled by the Ortoqids, Danishmends, and Seljuk Turks. Count Baldwin II and future count Joscelin of Courtenay were taken captive after ...

See also:

Second Crusade, Second Crusade - Background, Second Crusade - Reaction in the west, Second Crusade - Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade, Second Crusade - Preparations, Second Crusade - The crusade in Spain and Portugal, Second Crusade - German departure, Second Crusade - French departure, Second Crusade - Journey to Jerusalem, Second Crusade - Council of Acre, Second Crusade - Siege of Damascus, Second Crusade - Aftermath

Read more here: » Second Crusade: Encyclopedia II - Second Crusade - Background