1145

1145 - Events. Pope Lucius II is succeeded by Pope Eugenius III Pope Eugenius III issues Quantum praedecessores, calling for the Second Crusade Construction begins on Notre-Dame d'Chartres in Chartres, France Korean historian Kim Pusik compiled the historical text Samguk Sagi. Woburn Abbey founded 1145 - Births. Maria of Antioch, Byzantine Empress (died 1182) Marie de Champagne, Countess of Champagne< ...

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• 1145 - Events
• 1145 - Births
• 1145 - Deaths

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Arnold of Brescia, (1090-1155), was a monk from Italy who participated in the Commune of Rome and started the subsequent rebellion. Arnold of Brescia - Arnold's life in France. As a young priest, Arnold studied under the tutelage of famed reformer and poet, Pierre Abélard. He took to Abélard's philosophy of reform ways and became very critical of the Catholic Church when it became involved in a land struggle in Brescia. He called on the Church to renounce ownership of property and return it to the ...

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• Arnold of Brescia - Arnold's life in France
• Arnold of Brescia - Arnold's Life and Death in Rome

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Audita tremendi was a papal bull issued by Pope Gregory VIII on October 29, 1187, calling for the Third Crusade. It was issued just days after Gregory had succeeded Urban III as pope, in response to the defeat of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin on July 4 of 1187. Jerusalem itself had fallen to Saladin on October 2 (see Siege of Jerusalem), but news of this had not yet reached Europe by ...

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• Audita tremendi - Sources

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April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining. April 1 - Events. 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. 1318 - Berwick-upon-Tweed is captured by the Scottish from the English 1572 - The Watergeuzen succeeded in capturing Den Briel, effectively sealing off the Meuse from the Spaniards. 1789 - In New York City, the United States House of R ...

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• April 1 - Events
• April 1 - Births
• April 1 - Deaths
• April 1 - Holidays and observances

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The Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands is the mother church related to the Old Catholic Churches, closely related to (and arguably the ancestor of) the Liberal Catholic Church. Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands - Early history. Catholicism came to the Netherlands by means of the proselytising of St. Willibrord in the 7th century. Willibrord had been consecrated by Pope Sergius I in 696 in Rome. In 1145 Pope Eugene III granted the Cathedral Chapter of Utrecht the right to elect bishops after such ha ...

Including:

• Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands - Early history
• Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands - Reformation
• Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands - Vatican I
• Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands - Doctrine
• Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands - Old Catholic Archbishops of Utrecht

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Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years. In 711 AD, a Moorish Islamic army from North Africa invaded Visigoth Hispania. Under their leader Tariq ibn-Ziyad, a small force landed at Gibraltar on April 30, 711. After a decisive victory at the Battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic rule in a seven-year campaign. They moved northeast across the Pyrenees but were defeated by the Frank Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732. The Iberian peninsula, exc ...

Including:

• Al-Andalus - History
• Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years
• Al-Andalus - The Emirate and Caliphate of Córdoba
• Al-Andalus - The First Taifa Period
• Al-Andalus - Almoravids Almohads and Marīnids
• Al-Andalus - The Emirate of Granada
• Al-Andalus - Aftermath
• Al-Andalus - Culture
• Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims Dhimmi under the Caliphate
• Al-Andalus - Philosophy
• Al-Andalus - Etymology of al-Andalus
• Al-Andalus - Vandalícia
• Al-Andalus - Atlántida
• Al-Andalus - Landahlauts

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Modern Baalbek (Arabic: بعلبك) is a town in the Bekaa valley of Lebanon, altitude 3,850 ft (1,170 m), situated east of the Litani River. It is famous for its exquisitely detailed but monumentally scaled temple ruins of the Roman period, when Baalbek, known as Heliopolis was one of the largest sanctuaries in the Empire. 19th century Bible archaeologists wanted to connect Baalbek to the "Baalgad" mentioned in Joshua 11:17, but the assertion has not been taken up in modern times. In fact, this minor Phoenician c ...

Including:

• Baalbek - Heliopolis the City of the Sun
• Baalbek - Islam
• Baalbek - Ottoman
• Baalbek - Modern day

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Brother Cadfael is a fictional character, the detective in a series of murder mysteries by Edith Pargeter writing under the name "Ellis Peters." Cadfael is a Benedictine monk, the herbalist at Shrewsbury Abbey in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, near the Welsh border. Cadfael himself is of Welsh extraction; his full name is Cadfael ap (son of) Meilyr ap Dafydd and he was born around 1080 to a villein (serf) family in Trefriw, in Gwynedd (northern Wales). The stories are set between about 1135 and about 1145, during the civil wa ...

Including:

• Brother Cadfael - The Brother Cadfael stories
• Brother Cadfael - Short stories
• Brother Cadfael - Novels
• Brother Cadfael - BBC Radio 4 Adaptations
• Brother Cadfael - Telemovies
• Brother Cadfael - Reference

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Viterbo is an ancient town and comune in the Lazio region of central Italy, the capital of Viterbo province. It is approximately 100 kilometers (60 mi) north of Rome on the Via Cassia, and it is surrounded by the Monti Cimini and Monti Volsini. Apart from agriculture, the main resources of Viterbo's area are pottery, marble and wood. The town also hosts the Italian gold reserves, an important Academy of Fine Arts, the University of Tuscia and is located in a wide thermal area attracting many tourist from the whole c ...

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• Viterbo - History
• Viterbo - Landmarks
• Viterbo - Patron Saints
• Viterbo - La Macchina di Santa Rosa
• Viterbo - Stampate

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Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Qur'an • Hadith • Sharia Jurisprudence • Theology Biographies of Muhammad Sunni • Shi'a • Sufi Art • Architecture Cities • Calendar Science • Philosophy Religious leaders Women in Islam Politi ...

Including:

• Caliph - Origins of the caliphate
• Caliph - Succession to Muhammad
• Caliph - The authority of the caliph
• Caliph - The history of the caliphate
• Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end
• Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate
• Caliph - Famous caliphs
• Caliph - Dynasties
• Caliph - Claims to the caliphate
• Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats
• Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided
• Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus
• Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad
• Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo
• Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs
• Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey
• Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia
• Caliph - Sources and references

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The Coptic Orthodox Church is a member of the Oriental Orthodox churches, not to be mistaken with the Eastern Orthodox group of churches. The Coptic Orthodox Chruch has its own Pope and Patriarch, whom is currently His Holiness Pope Shenouda III, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and the See of St. Mark. The following is a list of all the Popes who have held led the Coptic Orthodox Church since the Council of Chalcedon. For the earlier Patriarchs of Alexandria prior to the schism, see List of Patriarchs of Alexandr ...

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The Cathedral of Chartres ("Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres," French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), located in Chartres, about 50 miles from Paris, is considered the finest example in all France of the "high Gothic" style of architecture. Construction of a new building on the Romanesque foundations was begun in 1145, but a fire in 1194 destroyed all but the west front of the cathedral (and much of the town), so that part is in the "early Gothic" style. The body of the cathedral was rebuilt between 119 ...

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• Cathedral of Chartres - Literature

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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan is a particular church of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy. It is led by the Archbishop of Milan who serves as metropolitan to the dioceses of Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Crema, Cremona, Lodi, Mantova, Pavia and Vigevano. The Church in Milan was first established in the 1st century as a small diocese. It was elevated to the rank of an archdiocese in the 4th century. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan - Bishops and Archbishops. St. Barnabas (ca.50-5 ...

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• Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan - Bishops and Archbishops
• Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan - Resources

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1218 - Ongoing events. Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) 1218 - Births. February 12 - Kujo Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (died 1256) May 1 - John I, Count of Hainaut (died 1257) May 1 - Rudolph I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1291) October 30 - Emperor Chūkyō of Japan (died 1234) Abel of Denmark (died 1252) 1218 - Deaths. February 2 - Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (b ...

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• 1218 - Events
• 1218 - Ongoing events
• 1218 - Births
• 1218 - Deaths

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1198 - Events. End of the reign of Emperor Go-Toba, emperor of Japan Emperor Tsuchimikado ascends to the throne of Japan January 8 - Pope Innocent III ascends Papal Throne Frederick II, infant son of German King Henry VI, crowned King of Sicily 1198 - Births. August 24 - King Alexander II of Scotland (died 1249) Ertugrul, Turkish leader, father of Osman I Ferdinand III of Castile (died 1252) Sybilla of Lus ...

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• 1198 - Events
• 1198 - Births
• 1198 - Deaths

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1182 - Events. Canute VI crowned king of Denmark. Serbia allies itself with Hungary to gain independence. First Sejm, or Polish Parliment, convenes at Łęczyca. Jews expelled from Paris by Philip II of France. Maronites reestablish their affiliation with Catholicism. Venetians massacred during a riot in Constantinople. Raynald of Chatillon instigates another war between Saladin and Baldwin IV of Jerusalem. Béla III of Hungary sacks the city of ...

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• 1182 - Events
• 1182 - Births
• 1182 - Deaths

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Comet Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley, more generally known as Halley's Comet after Edmond Halley. The most standard pronunciation of "Halley" is [hæli] (IPA), to rhyme with "valley". The once-standard alternate pronunciation [heɪli] (to rhyme with "Bailey") led to rock and roll singer Bill Haley naming his band Bill Haley and the Comets. Comet Halley - Composition. The ...

Including:

• Comet Halley - Composition
• Comet Halley - Early history
• Comet Halley - Recent history
• Comet Halley - Dates of perihelia
• Comet Halley - Trivia
• Comet Halley - Halley's Comet in fiction

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1205 - Events. January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin I's death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire 1205 - Births. Walter IV of Brienne 1205 - Deaths. April 1 - King Amalric II of Jerusalem (born 1145) July 13 - Hubert Walter, Archbisho ...

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• 1205 - Events
• 1205 - Births
• 1205 - Deaths

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A Papal bull is a special kind of patent or charter issued by a pope and named for the seal (bulla) that was appended to the end to authenticate it. Papal bulls were originally issued by the pope for many kinds of communication of a public nature, but after the 15th century, only for the more formal or solemn of occasions. Modern scholars have retroactively used the term "bull" to describe any elaborate papal document issued in the form of a decree or privilege (solemn or simple), and to some less elaborate ones issued in the form of a letter. Popularly, the name is used f ...

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• Papal bull - Format
• Papal bull - Content
• Papal bull - Examples of papal bulls

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The comet returned in 1835, 1910 and 1986. The 1910 approach was notable for several reasons: as well as being the first approach of which photographs exist, it was relatively close, making the comet a spectacular sight. Indeed, on 19 May, the comet transited the Sun's disk, and the Earth actually passed through its tail. At the time the comet's tail was known to contain poisonous cyanogen gas. The popular media picked up this fact and, over the pleas of astronomers, wove sensational tales of mass cyanide poisoning engulfing the planet. In reality the gas is so dilute that the world suffered no ...

See also:

Comet Halley, Comet Halley - Composition, Comet Halley - Early history, Comet Halley - Recent history, Comet Halley - Dates of perihelia, Comet Halley - Trivia, Comet Halley - Halley's Comet in fiction

Read more here: » Comet Halley: Encyclopedia II - Comet Halley - Recent history