1135

Fergus of Galloway first appears in the historical sources in 1136. His origins, though, and his parentage, are something of a mystery. Over the years, Fergus’ origins have been the subject of much discussion, and even more fanciful fictional elaboration by historical writers. One theory is that Fergus was descended from a great pedigree of Gall-Gaidhel kings, who might have been known as Clann Dubgaill, claiming descent from a certain Dubgall. Adding believability to this view is the fact that the chief branch of descendents of Som ...

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Fergus of Galloway, Fergus of Galloway - Origins of Fergus, Fergus of Galloway - Origins of the Galloway Kingdom, Fergus of Galloway - Marriage & the Building of the Lordship, Fergus of Galloway - Western Galloway and 1st Marriage, Fergus of Galloway - England and 2nd Marriage, Fergus of Galloway - Marriage of Affraic to Man, Fergus of Galloway - Elevation of Whithorn, Fergus of Galloway - Fergus & David I, Fergus of Galloway - Fergus & Máel Coluim IV, Fergus of Galloway - Fergus and the Meic Fergusa, Fergus of Galloway - Legend of Fergus, Fergus of Galloway - Roman de Fergus

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List of Hispanics - Architects. Luis Barragán (1902–1988), 1980 Pritzker Prize Laureate. Ricardo Bofill (b. 1939), one of the main representatives of postmodern architecture. Santiago Calatrava (b. 1951), 2005 AIA Gold Medal Laureate. Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926), known for his unfinished masterwork La Sagrada Familia. Ricardo Legorreta (b. 1931) Enric Miralles (1955–2000), built the Scottish Parliament ( ...

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List of Hispanics, List of Hispanics - Actors, List of Hispanics - Artists, List of Hispanics - Architects, List of Hispanics - Explorers, List of Hispanics - Film directors, List of Hispanics - Leaders and politicians, List of Hispanics - Literature, List of Hispanics - A–D, List of Hispanics - E–H, List of Hispanics - I–L, List of Hispanics - M–P, List of Hispanics - Q–T, List of Hispanics - U–Z, List of Hispanics - Military, List of Hispanics - Musicians, List of Hispanics - Classical, List of Hispanics - Singers, List of Hispanics - Philosophers and humanists, List of Hispanics - Science and technology, List of Hispanics - Social scientists, List of Hispanics - Sports, List of Hispanics - Others, List of Hispanics - Lists by nationality

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List of monarchs of England - Angevins. Henry II (1154-1189) Henry, the Young King (1170-1183)4 Richard I, the Lionheart (1189-1199) John (1199-1216) Henry III (1216-1272) Edward I (1272-1307) Edward II (1307-1327) (deposed, died 1327) Edward III (1327-1377) Richard II (1377-1399) (deposed, died 1400) List of monarchs of England - Lancastrians. Henry IV (1399-1413) Henry V (1 ...

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List of monarchs of England, List of monarchs of England - West Saxons, List of monarchs of England - Danes, List of monarchs of England - West Saxons restored, List of monarchs of England - Normans, List of monarchs of England - Plantagenets, List of monarchs of England - Angevins, List of monarchs of England - Lancastrians, List of monarchs of England - Yorkists, List of monarchs of England - Tudors, List of monarchs of England - Stuarts, List of monarchs of England - Interregnum, List of monarchs of England - Stuarts restored, List of monarchs of England - Hanoverians, List of monarchs of England - Windsors, List of monarchs of England - Footnotes, List of monarchs of England - External link

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History of the British constitution - Before the Norman Conquest. The Kingdom of England was formed in the mid 9th Century and what is now recognised as being England came about in 927 when the last of the Heptarchy kingdoms fell under the rule of the English King. Until 1066 England was ruled by monarchs that were elected by the witan, (which means wise). There were various elements of democracy at a local level too. This ended with the Norman conquest. ...

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History of the British constitution, History of the British constitution - Pre-Civil War, History of the British constitution - Before the Norman Conquest, History of the British constitution - The Norman Conquest, History of the British constitution - Henry I, History of the British constitution - The Plantagenates, History of the British constitution - The Tudors, History of the British constitution - James I and VI, History of the British constitution - The Civil War, History of the British constitution - Charles I and the Civil War, History of the British constitution - Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth, History of the British constitution - Richard Cromwell and Charles II, History of the British constitution - Post-Civil War, History of the British constitution - Popular political movements, History of the British constitution - Expansion of the electoral franchise, History of the British constitution - New Labour's Reforms, History of the British constitution - First Term, History of the British constitution - Second Term, History of the British constitution - The Key Documents of the United Kingdom's Constitution

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While a real artist, Huizong neglected the army, and Song China became increasingly weak and at the mercy of foreign enemies. When the Jurchen of Manchuria founded the Jin Dynasty and attacked the Liao kingdom to the north of the Song empire, the Song court allied with the Jin and attacked the Liao from the south. This succeeded in destroying the Liao kingdom, a long time enemy of the Song. However, an enemy even more formidable, the Jin, was now on the northern border. Not content with the annexation of the Liao kingdom, and measuring right ...

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Emperor Huizong Song Dynasty, Emperor Huizong Song Dynasty - Biography, Emperor Huizong Song Dynasty - Art, Emperor Huizong Song Dynasty - Era names

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Archaeological evidence indicates that what is now southern England was colonised by humans long before the rest of the British Isles due to its more hospitable climate between and during the various ice ages of the distant past. The first historical mention of the region is from the Massaliote Periplus, a sailing manual for merchants thought to date to the 6th century BC, although cultural and trade links with the continent had existed for millennia prior to this. Pytheas of Massilia wrote of his trading journey to the island around 325 BC. ...

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History of England, History of England - England before the English, History of England - The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Celtic Britain, History of England - England during the Middle Ages, History of England - Tudor England, History of England - Religious Conflict and the Civil War, History of England - The Industrial Revolution, History of England - Recent history

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King Henry is famed for holding the record for the largest number of acknowledged illegitimate children born to any English king, with the number being around 20 or 25. He had many mistresses, and identifying which mistress is the mother of which child is difficult. His illegitimate offspring for whom there is documentation are: Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester. His mother was probably a member of the Gai family. Maud FitzRoy, married Conan III, Duke of Brittany Constance FitzRoy, married Roscelin de BeaumontSee also:

Henry I of England, Henry I of England - Early life, Henry I of England - Seizing the throne of England, Henry I of England - First marriage, Henry I of England - Conquest of Normandy, Henry I of England - Activities as a King, Henry I of England - Legitimate children, Henry I of England - Second marriage, Henry I of England - Death and legacy, Henry I of England - Illegitimate Children, Henry I of England - With Edith, Henry I of England - With Ansfride, Henry I of England - With Sibyl Corbet, Henry I of England - With Edith FitzForne, Henry I of England - With Princess Nest, Henry I of England - With Isabel de Beaumont

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At first a supporter of Stephen of Blois during this king's struggle with the empress Matilda. His initiation in history was on the death of Henry I in 1135, when Maud expected to succeed to the throne of England, but her cousin, Stephen of Blois usurped the throne, breaking an oath he had previously made to defend her rights. It was Bigod who claimed that Henry I (Maud's father, and Stephen's uncle) intended for Stephen to become king at the expense of the empress. Civil War followed, but neither side seem to gain the upper hand. It was not ...

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Hugh Bigod 1st Earl of Norfolk, Hugh Bigod 1st Earl of Norfolk - Early years, Hugh Bigod 1st Earl of Norfolk - During King Stephen's reign, Hugh Bigod 1st Earl of Norfolk - Rise of King Henry II, Hugh Bigod 1st Earl of Norfolk - The Revolt of 1173, Hugh Bigod 1st Earl of Norfolk - Final days, Hugh Bigod 1st Earl of Norfolk - Marriage and family

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History of Shropshire - The kingdom of Mercia. The district which is now Shropshire was annexed to the kingdom of Mercia by Offa, who in 765 constructed Watt's Dyke to defend his territory against the Welsh, and in 779, having pushed across the River Severn, drove the king of Powys from Shrewsbury, then known as Pengwerne, and secured his conquests by a second defensive earthwork known as Offa's Dyke, which, entering Shropshire at Knighton, traverses moor and mountain by Llanymynech and Oswestry, in many places forming the boun ...

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History of Shropshire, History of Shropshire - Shropshire before the Norman Conquest of 1066, History of Shropshire - The kingdom of Mercia, History of Shropshire - Danish invasions, History of Shropshire - The establishment of Shropshire, History of Shropshire - Shropshire from 1066 to the Late Middle Ages, History of Shropshire - The conquest, History of Shropshire - Forests, History of Shropshire - Castles, History of Shropshire - Religious foundations, History of Shropshire - Hundreds, History of Shropshire - Administration, History of Shropshire - Ecclesiastical organisation

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List of historians - A. Irving Abella, Canadian historian & author Robert G. Albion, maritime history Gar Alperovitz, American historian, Hiroshima Ida Altman, American historian, colonial Spain & Latin America Stephen Ambrose, (1936–2002), American; WW2, U.S. political Charles McLean Andrews, (1863–1943), American; U.S. colonial history Joyce Appleby, American; US early national Herbert Aptheker, (1915–2003), American; African Ame ...

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List of historians, List of historians - Ancient historians, List of historians - Medieval historians/chroniclers, List of historians - Early modern historians 1600–1900, List of historians - Modern historians after 1900, List of historians - A, List of historians - B, List of historians - C, List of historians - D-E, List of historians - F, List of historians - G, List of historians - H-I, List of historians - J-K, List of historians - L, List of historians - M, List of historians - N-Q, List of historians - R, List of historians - S, List of historians - T, List of historians - W, List of historians - X-Y-Z, List of historians - Unsorted

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The fire consumed a staggering 13,200 houses and 87 churches, among them the beloved St. Paul's Cathedral, which at that time was St. Paul's Church. While only 9–16 people were reported as having died in the fire, author Neil Hanson (The Dreadful Judgement) believes the true death toll numbered in the hundreds or the thousands. Hanson believes most of the fatalities were poor people whose bodies were cremated by the intense heat of the fire, and thus their remains were n ...

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Great Fire of London, Great Fire of London - Events, Great Fire of London - Destruction, Great Fire of London - Aftermath and consequences, Great Fire of London - Cultural impact, Great Fire of London - Predictions of a fire in London, Great Fire of London - Footnotes, Great Fire of London - External link

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History of the Jews in England - William I to Henry I: 1066–1135. There is no evidence of Jews residing in England before the Norman Conquest; all permanent Jewish residents came from Normandy and other areas of northern France. The Norman Jews were primarily moneylenders, because they could not own land nor participate in trades (except for medicine). Catholic doctrine held that moneylending for interest was a sin; therefore, Jews dominated this business. The few references in the Anglo-Saxon laws of th ...

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History of the Jews in England, History of the Jews in England - Early history, History of the Jews in England - William I to Henry I: 1066–1135, History of the Jews in England - Stephen to Henry II: 1126–1189, History of the Jews in England - Massacres at London and York 1189–1190, History of the Jews in England - Ordinance of the Jewry 1194, History of the Jews in England - Under John 1205-1216, History of the Jews in England - Increasing Persecution 1200s, History of the Jews in England - The Statutum de Judaismo 1275, History of the Jews in England - Leadership of the Chief Rabbis 1200s, History of the Jews in England - The Expulsion 1290, History of the Jews in England - Resettlement Period 1655-1800s, History of the Jews in England - Hidden Jews in England, History of the Jews in England - The Resettlement 1655, History of the Jews in England - Jews in England during the 1700s, History of the Jews in England - Emancipation and Growing Influence 1800s, History of the Jews in England - Modern Times, History of the Jews in England - Through the First World War, History of the Jews in England - Before and During World War II, History of the Jews in England - Today, History of the Jews in England - External link

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History of measurement - Units of length. The Indus Valley units of length referred to above and the Mesopotamian cubit were both used in the 3rd millennium BC and are the earliest known units used by ancient peoples to measure length. There were several cubits of different magnitudes that were used. The common cubit was the length of the forearm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. It was divided into the span of the hand (one-half cubit), the palm or width of the hand (one sixth), and the digi ...

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History of measurement, History of measurement - Introduction, History of measurement - History of units, History of measurement - Units of length, History of measurement - Typographical units, History of measurement - Units of mass, History of measurement - Units of time and angle

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Born in the small village of Celico near Cosenza in Calabria, at the time part of the Kingdom of Sicily, he was the son of Mauro the notary, who was well placed, and Gemma, his wife. He was educated at Cosenza, where he became first a clerk in the courts, and then a notary himself, and worked in 1166–67 for Etienne du Perche, archbishop of Palermo and chancellor of Marguerite, regent for the young William II of Sicily. About 1169, he went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, an episode about which we know very little, save that he underwent a s ...

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Joachim of Fiore, Joachim of Fiore - Biography, Joachim of Fiore - Books, Joachim of Fiore - Theory of the three ages, Joachim of Fiore - Condemnation, Joachim of Fiore - Neojoachimism

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The Japanese calendars prior to 1873 were derived from the Chinese. Japan adopted the Chinese calendar in 645. To convert a Japanese year to a Western year, find the first year of the nengō (=era name, see list below). When found, subtract 1, and add the number of the Japanese year. For example, the 23rd year of the Showa Era (Showa 23) would be 1948 ... 1926 − 1 = 1925, then 1925 + 23 = 1948. 645 大化 Taika 650 白雉 Hakuchi (era) 686 朱鳥 Shuchō 701 ...

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Japanese era name, Japanese era name - Overview, Japanese era name - Historical nengō, Japanese era name - Nengō in Modern Japan, Japanese era name - Conversion table from nengō to Gregorian calendar years, Japanese era name - Unofficial nengō system 私年号

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Anglo-Norman literature - Epic and romance. The French epic came over to England at an early date. It is believed that the Chanson de Roland was sung at the battle of Hastings, and we possess Anglo-Norman MSS. of a few chansons de geste. The Pélerinage de Charlemagne (Eduard Koschwitz, Altfranzösische Bibliothek, 1883) was, for instance, only preserved in an Anglo-Norman manuscript of the British Museum (now lost), although the author was certainly a Parisian. The oldest manuscript o ...

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Anglo-Norman literature, Anglo-Norman literature - Introduction, Anglo-Norman literature - Narrative literature, Anglo-Norman literature - Epic and romance, Anglo-Norman literature - Fableaux fables and religious tales, Anglo-Norman literature - History, Anglo-Norman literature - Didactic literature, Anglo-Norman literature - Hagiography, Anglo-Norman literature - Lyric poetry, Anglo-Norman literature - Satire, Anglo-Norman literature - Drama

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The Norman monarchs were: William I 1066–1087 known as William the Conqueror William II 1087–1100 William I's son Henry I 1100–1135 William I's son Stephen 1135–1154 William I's grandson ...

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Norman dynasty, Norman dynasty - The Norman Period, Norman dynasty - Monarchs of England

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Through the Guide for the Perplexed and the philosophical introductions to sections of his commentaries on the Mishna, Maimonides exerted an important influence on the Scholastic philosophers, especially on Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, and Duns Scotus. He was himself a Jewish Scholastic. Educated more by reading the works of Arab Muslim philosophers than by personal contact with Arabian teachers, he acquired an intimate acquaintance not only with Arab Muslim philosophy, but with the doctrines of Aristotle. Maimonides strove to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and science, with the teachings of the Torah. < ...

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Maimonides, Maimonides - Biography, Maimonides - Works and bibliography, Maimonides - Influence, Maimonides - The 13 principles of faith, Maimonides - Halakhic works, Maimonides - Philosophy, Maimonides - Negative theology, Maimonides - Prophecy, Maimonides - The problem of evil, Maimonides - Astrology, Maimonides - True beliefs versus necessary beliefs, Maimonides - Resurrection acquired immortality and the afterlife

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Following its royal foundation, the abbey was established by a party of monks from the French abbey of Cluny, together with monks from the Cluniac priory of St Pancras at Lewes in Sussex. According to the twelfth century chronicler William of Malmesbury, the abbey was built on a gravel spur "between the rivers Kennet and Thames, on a spot calculated for the reception of almost all who might have occasion to travel to the more populous cities of England". The adjacent rivers provided convenient transport, and the abbey established whar ...

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Reading Abbey, Reading Abbey - History, Reading Abbey - Remains, Reading Abbey - Sources

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The first settlements in Regensburg date to the Stone Ages. The Celtic name Radasbona was the oldest name given to a settlement near the present city. Around AD 90 the Romans built a small "cohort-fort" in what would now be the suburbs. In 179 the Roman fort Castra Regina ("fortress by the river Regen") was built for Legio III Italica during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It was an important camp on what was then the northern fringe of the empire: it corresponds to what is today the Regensburg's Altstadt ...

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Regensburg, Regensburg - History, Regensburg - Buildings, Regensburg - Economy, Regensburg - Transportation, Regensburg - Partner Cities

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Palermo is among the richest cities of monuments in Italy, and perhaps in the world. It is also the main centre of Norman architecture in Europe. Palermo - Churches. The Cathedral of Palermo (a former mosque turned into a church from 1135) San Giovanni degli Eremiti (1132) Martorana (Santa Maria dell'Ammiragliato, 1143) San Cataldo (12th century) Santa Maria della Gangia San Giuseppe dei Teatini Oratori ...

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Palermo, Palermo - History, Palermo - Demographics, Palermo - Historical population, Palermo - Main monuments, Palermo - Churches, Palermo - Palaces and Museums, Palermo - Teatro Massimo, Palermo - Other interesting sights, Palermo - Patron Saints, Palermo - Transport

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Palermo was founded in the 8th century BC by Phoenician tradesmen around a natural harbour on the north-western coast of Sicily. The Phoenician name for the city may have been Zîz, but Greeks called it Panormus (see also List of traditional Greek place names), meaning all-port, because of its fine natural harbour. It should be noted however that the city was never Greek. Palermo is widely considered to be the most conquered city in the world, as showed in the following article. Palermo remained a Phoenician city until the Firs ...

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Palermo, Palermo - History, Palermo - Demographics, Palermo - Historical population, Palermo - Main monuments, Palermo - Churches, Palermo - Palaces and Museums, Palermo - Teatro Massimo, Palermo - Other interesting sights, Palermo - Patron Saints, Palermo - Transport

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