1128

William II (called "Rufus", perhaps because of his red-faced appearance) (c. 1056 – 2 August 1100) was the second son of William the Conqueror and was King of England from 1087 until 1100, with powers also over Normandy, and influence in Scotland. He was less successful in extending his control in Wales. Although William was an effective soldier, he was a ruthless ruler and was little liked by those he governed; according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was "hated by almost all his people." However, it is not s ...

Including:

• William II of England - Early years
• William II of England - Appearance
• William II of England - England and France
• William II of England - Power struggles
• William II of England - The Court of William II
• William II of England - The unusual death of William II
• William II of England - The Rufus Stone
• William II of England - Fictional treatments

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Afonso I of Portugal (English Alphonzo), more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (pron. IPA /ɐ.'fõ.su ẽ.'ʁi.kɨʃ/), or also Affonso (Archaic Portuguese), Alfonso or Alphonso (Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonsus (Latin version), (Guimarães, 1109, traditionally July 25 – Coimbra, 1185 December 6), also known as the Conqueror (Port. o Conquistador), was the first King of Portugal, declaring his independence from León. ...

Including:

• Afonso I of Portugal - Life
• Afonso I of Portugal - Afonso's descendants

Read more here: » Afonso I of Portugal: Encyclopedia - Afonso I of Portugal

Tyre (Arabic الصور aṣ-Ṣūr, native Phoenician Ṣur, Latin Tyrus, Akkadian Ṣurru, Tiberian Hebrew צר Ṣōr, Greek Τύρος Týros) is an ancient Phoenician city in modern Lebanon on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, about 23 miles north of Acre, and 20 miles south of Sidon. The modern city is still named Sur. The name of the city means 'Rock'. Tyre consisted of two distinct parts, a rocky fortress on the shore, called "Old Tyre", and the city, buil ...

Including:

• Tyre - Foundation
• Tyre - Early history
• Tyre - Later history
• Tyre - Modern references
• Tyre - List of kings of Tyre:

Read more here: » Tyre: Encyclopedia - Tyre

The Ulaid or Ulaidh (singular Ulad or Uladh) were a Celtic people of Early Ireland who gave their name to the Irish Province of Ulster. They may appear in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geography as the Voluntii. Their capital was traditionally at Emain Macha near modern Armagh. Their territory at its height extended as far south as the River Boyne and as far west as County Leitrim, but by early Christian times they were pressed by the northern Uí Néill and they were reduced to eastern County Down, where they became kno ...

Including:

• Ulaid - Kings of the Ulaid
• Ulaid - Legendary kings
• Ulaid - Historical kings

Read more here: » Ulaid: Encyclopedia - Ulaid

Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 – August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond of Burgundy. Alfonso was a dignified and somewhat enigmatic figure. A vague tradition had always assigned the title of emperor to the sovereign who held Leon. This sovereign was considered the most direct representative of the Visigoth kings, who were themselves the representatives of the Roman empire. But though given in charters, and claimed by Alfonso VI of Castile and Alfonso I of Aragon ...

Including:

• Alfonso VII of Castile - Sources

Read more here: » Alfonso VII of Castile: Encyclopedia - Alfonso VII of Castile

The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistery of St John) is believed to be the oldest building in Florence. It is particularly famed for its three sets of magnificent and artistically important bronze doors. It stands in the Piazza del Duomo, just to the west of the Duomo. Until the end of the 19th c. all Florentines were baptized in this church. Battistero di San Giovanni Florence - History. For long time, it was believed, that Roman temple dedicated to Mars, the tutelar god of the old Fiorentina. As ...

Including:

• Battistero di San Giovanni Florence - History
• Battistero di San Giovanni Florence - Exterior
• Battistero di San Giovanni Florence - Baptistery doors
• Battistero di San Giovanni Florence - Interior
• Battistero di San Giovanni Florence - Mosaic ceiling
• Battistero di San Giovanni Florence - Reference works

Read more here: » Battistero di San Giovanni Florence: Encyclopedia - Battistero di San Giovanni Florence

The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i.e. "the monotheists" or "the Unitarians," the name being corrupted in Spanish) were a Berber Muslim religious power which founded the fifth Moorish dynasty in the 12th century, and conquered all northern Africa as far as Egypt, together with Muslim Spain. Almohad - Origins. It originated with Ibn Tumart, a member of the Masmuda, a Berber tribe of the Atlas Mountains. Ibn Tumart was the son of a lamplighter in a mosque and had been not ...

Including:

• Almohad - Origins
• Almohad - The ruling
• Almohad - Muwahhadi Almohad Caliphs 1145-1269
• Almohad - Publications

Read more here: » Almohad: Encyclopedia - Almohad

1143 - Events. Celestine II is elected pope. October 5 - Portugal is recognized by the Kingdom of Leon as an independent kingdom although it had acted like one since the battle of June 24 of 1128 Robert of Ketton makes the first European translation of the Qur'an, into Latin The exploration of the uncharted eastern parts of Germany begins and results in the founding of cities such as Lübeck Baldwin III crowned King of Jerusalem, succeeding his father Fulk. ...

Including:

• 1143 - Events
• 1143 - Births
• 1143 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1143: Encyclopedia - 1143

1101 - Events. A second wave of crusaders arrives in the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, after being heavily defeated by Kilij Arslan I at Heraclia. See Crusade of 1101. Raymond IV of Toulouse, count of Tripoli, takes Ankara from the Seljuk Turks. Baldwin I of Jerusalem, King of Jerusalem, captures Arsuf (in April) and Caesarea (in May) Robert Curthose signs the Treaty of Alton, giving up his claim to the Anglo-Norman throne and establishing Henry I as King of England.Including:

• 1101 - Events
• 1101 - Births
• 1101 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1101: Encyclopedia - 1101

1202 - Births. Margaret II of Flanders (died 1278) 1202 - Deaths. March 8 - Sverre Sigurdsson, King of Norway Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht Canute VI of Denmark (born 1163) Alain de Lille, French theologian and poet (born c. 1128) Hamelin de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey 1202 - Heads of states. England - John, King of England (reigned 1199 - 1216). Fra ...

Including:

• 1202 - Events
• 1202 - Births
• 1202 - Deaths
• 1202 - Heads of states

Read more here: » 1202: Encyclopedia - 1202

Graz [graːts] (Slovenian: Gradec IPA: /gra.deʦ/), with a population of 300,000 (in 2005) is the second-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Styria (Steiermark in German). It has a long tradition as a student city, with six Universities with over 55,000 students. Graz's "Old Town" is one of the best-preserved city centers in Central Europe, and was recently included in the UNESCO list of World Cultural Heritage Sites. In 2003 Graz was named Cultural Capital of Europe. Graz - Geog ...

Including:

• Graz - Geography
• Graz - History
• Graz - Sister Cities
• Graz - Famous Grazer

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As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages. See also: Renaissance of the 12th century 12th century - Events. The Song dynasty loses power over Northern China. The Kamakura Shogunate deprives the Emperor of Japan of political power. First, Second, and Third Crusades of western European kingdoms against Islam ...

Including:

• 12th century - Events
• 12th century - Significant people
• 12th century - Inventions discoveries and introductions
• 12th century - Decades and years

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Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of northeastern Italy, population 100,507 (2001). Ancona is situated on the Adriatic Sea and is the center of an eponymous province and the capital of the region. The city is located 133 miles northeast of Rome and 127 miles southeast of Bologna. The name Ancona means "elbow" (from Greek *ankon 'elbow'), referring to the shape of its geographical position. We can find similar references to the shape of the human body in other cities with similar geo-morphological features, like Genova and Geneva (which names originate from th ...

Including:

• Ancona - Ancona sights
• Ancona - Cathedral church of S. Ciriaco
• Ancona - Other monuments
• Ancona - History

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After the murder of his cousin Charles the Good in 1127, Thierry claimed the county of Flanders as grandson of Robert I, but William Clito became count instead with the support of King Louis VI of France. William's politics and attitude towards the autonomy of Flanders made him unpopular, and by the end of the year Bruges, Gand, Lille, and Saint-Omer recognized Thierry as a rival count. Thierry's supporters came from the Imperial faction of Flanders, and upon his arrival he engaged in battle against William. Louis VI had the Archbishop of Re ...

See also:

Thierry Count of Flanders, Thierry Count of Flanders - Life, Thierry Count of Flanders - Family, Thierry Count of Flanders - Sources

Read more here: » Thierry Count of Flanders: Encyclopedia II - Thierry Count of Flanders - Life

The Templars were founded around 1118 and soon formed commanderies around Europe to support their efforts in the Holy Land, settling in Portugal in 1128 Dom Gualdim Pais, provincial Master of the Order of the Temple in Portugal, constructed the Convento de Cristo in 1160. According to folklore he chose the location after drawing lots and receiving a sign to build a new Templar fortress on a hill between the river Fria and ...

See also:

Order of Christ Portugal, Order of Christ Portugal - The precursors of the order – the foundation of Tomar, Order of Christ Portugal - Suppression of the Templars – Birth of the Order of Christ, Order of Christ Portugal - The Order of Christ under Henry the Navigator, Order of Christ Portugal - The Order of Christ after Henry the Navigator's command, Order of Christ Portugal - The Reform of John III and fra Antonius, Order of Christ Portugal - The contrareform of Dom Sebastian, Order of Christ Portugal - Other reforms movements, Order of Christ Portugal - The Secularization of the Order, Order of Christ Portugal - Grades, Order of Christ Portugal - Insignia, Order of Christ Portugal - Outstanding People Associated with Order of the Christ, Order of Christ Portugal - Locations associated with the Order of Christ

Read more here: » Order of Christ Portugal: Encyclopedia II - Order of Christ Portugal - The precursors of the order – the foundation of Tomar

Upon the death of Baldwin I in 1118, the crown was offered to the king's elder brother Eustace III, but Joscelin of Courtenay insisted that the crown pass to Baldwin of Bourcq, despite Count Baldwin having exiled Joscelin from Edessa in 1113. Baldwin of Edessa accepted and was crowned king of Jerusalem as Baldwin II on Easter Sunday, April 14, 1118. Almost immediately, the kingdom was simultaneously invaded by the Seljuks from Syria and the Fatimids from Egypt, although by showing himself ready and willing to defend his territory, Baldwin fo ...

See also:

Baldwin II of Jerusalem, Baldwin II of Jerusalem - Ancestry, Baldwin II of Jerusalem - Count of Edessa, Baldwin II of Jerusalem - King of Jerusalem, Baldwin II of Jerusalem - Succession, Baldwin II of Jerusalem - Sources

Read more here: » Baldwin II of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Baldwin II of Jerusalem - King of Jerusalem

Jerusalem had recently been conquered by Christian Franks in 1099 during the First Crusade, and was ruled by a dynasty from the County of Boulogne in France. Melisende was the heir of this dynasty, and was designated her father's successor before 1129. Women who inherited territory usually did so because war and violence brought many men to premature death, and women who were recognized as queen regnant rarely exercised their authority. Contemporaries of Melisende who did rule, however, included Urraca of Castile (1080-1129), Empress Matilda ...

See also:

Melisende of Jerusalem, Melisende of Jerusalem - Inheritance, Melisende of Jerusalem - Palace intrigue, Melisende of Jerusalem - Patroness of the church and arts, Melisende of Jerusalem - Second Crusade, Melisende of Jerusalem - Mother and son, Melisende of Jerusalem - Retirement, Melisende of Jerusalem - Death, Melisende of Jerusalem - Sources, Melisende of Jerusalem - Historical Fiction

Read more here: » Melisende of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Melisende of Jerusalem - Inheritance

Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad emirs. Khalid ibn al-Walid (635-636) Abu Ubaid (636-637) Amr ibn al-Aas (637-640) Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan (640) Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (640-661) Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty ruling in Damascus. Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan (661-680) Yazid I ibn Muawiyah (680-683) Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683-684) Marwan I ibn Hakam (684-685) Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705)See also:

Rulers of Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Canaanite, Rulers of Damascus - Aram Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Period of non-independence, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty ruling in Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Abbasid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Fatimid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Seljuk emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Burid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Zengid atabegs, Rulers of Damascus - Ayyubid sultans, Rulers of Damascus - Mameluk Bahrid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Ottoman walis, Rulers of Damascus - Hashemite kingdom, Rulers of Damascus - Capital of Syria

Read more here: » Rulers of Damascus: Encyclopedia II - Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty

After his return to Morocco at the age of twenty-eight, he began preaching and agitating, heading riotous attacks on wine-shops and on other manifestations of laxity. He even went so far as to assault the sister of the Almoravid (Murabit) amir `Ali III, in the streets of Fez, because she was going about unveiled after the manner of Berber women. `Ali, who was very deferential to any exhibition of p ...

See also:

Almohad, Almohad - Origins, Almohad - The Dynasty, Almohad - Muwahhadi Almohad Caliphs 1145-1269, Almohad - Publications

Read more here: » Almohad: Encyclopedia II - Almohad - The Dynasty

Late 1st century: Roman brooch and fine pottery from this period have been found c638: The Gododdin are defeated and the site is captured by Edwin of Northumbria 731: Edinburgh is possibly the town of Guidi mentioned by Bede 854: The first St Giles kirk is founded 960: Edinburgh temporarily falls into Scottish hands ...

See also:

Timeline of Edinburgh history, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1-999, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1000-1099, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1100-1199, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1200-1299, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1300-1399, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1400-1499, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1500-1599, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1600-1699, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1700-1799, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1800-1899, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1900-1999, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 2000-2005, Timeline of Edinburgh history - Sources

Read more here: » Timeline of Edinburgh history: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1-999