1104

The French crusaders departed from Metz in June, led by Louis, Thierry of Alsace, Renaut I of Bar, Amadeus III of Savoy, William VII of Auvergne, William III of Montferrat, and others, along with armies from Lorraine, Brittany, Burgundy, and Aquitaine. A force from Provence, led by Alphonse of Toulouse, chose to wait until August, and to cross by sea. At Worms, Louis joined with crusaders from Normandy and England. They followed Conrad’s route fairly peacefully, although Louis came into conflict with Geza of Hungary when Geza discovered Louis had allow ...

See also:

Second Crusade, Second Crusade - Background, Second Crusade - Reaction in the west, Second Crusade - Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade, Second Crusade - Preparations, Second Crusade - The crusade in Spain and Portugal, Second Crusade - German departure, Second Crusade - French departure, Second Crusade - Journey to Jerusalem, Second Crusade - Council of Acre, Second Crusade - Siege of Damascus, Second Crusade - Aftermath

Read more here: » Second Crusade: Encyclopedia II - Second Crusade - French departure

Besides the official nengō system, one encounters in pre-modern works the use of private or unofficial nengō system, known as shinengō (私年号). Little is known about the origin of shinengō. However, scholars have pointed out that the shinengō Hakuho (白鳳) was used during the period from 673 to 686, when no official nengō was designated. Another shinengō Hoko (法興) is said to have been in use during the reign of Emperor Suiko (推古天皇), by the Prince Shotoku (聖徳太子) ...

See also:

Japanese era name, Japanese era name - Overview, Japanese era name - Historical nengō, Japanese era name - Nengō in Modern Japan, Japanese era name - Conversion table from nengō to Gregorian calendar years, Japanese era name - Unofficial nengō system 私年号

Read more here: » Japanese era name: Encyclopedia II - Japanese era name - Unofficial nengō system 私年号

Nengō, originated in China in 140 BC, was adopted by Japan in AD 645 during the reign of Empress Kōtoku (孝徳天皇). The first era name was Taika (大化), celebrating the revolutionary political changes following the great Taika reform (大化改新). Although the practice of nengō was once interrupted in the latter half of the seventh century, it was re-adopted in 701 and has been used continuously ever since. Japane ...

See also:

Japanese era name, Japanese era name - Overview, Japanese era name - Historical nengō, Japanese era name - Nengō in Modern Japan, Japanese era name - Conversion table from nengō to Gregorian calendar years, Japanese era name - Unofficial nengō system 私年号

Read more here: » Japanese era name: Encyclopedia II - Japanese era name - Overview

This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia, which was accessed in the version of February 27, 2005. Hispania - Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese. Altamira y Crevea, Rafael Historia de España y de la civilización española. Tomo I. Barcelona, 1900. Altamira was a professor at the University of Oviedo, a member of the Royal Academy of History, of the Geographic Society of Lisbon and of the Instituto de Coimbra. (In Spanish.) Aznar, ...

See also:

Hispania, Hispania - Origin of the Name, Hispania - Prehistory and Early History, Hispania - Roman Hispania, Hispania - The Hispanias, Hispania - Later History, Hispania - Visigoths and Arabs, Hispania - Sources and References, Hispania - Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese, Hispania - Other Modern sources, Hispania - Classical sources, Hispania - Exterior links

Read more here: » Hispania: Encyclopedia II - Hispania - Sources and References

Main article: Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen "Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen" was the final episode of M*A*S*H. The episode aired on February 28, 1983 and was 2½ hours long. It was viewed by nearly 106 million Americans (77% of viewership that night) which established it as the most watched episode in USA's television history, a record which stands as of today. ...

See also:

M*A*S*H TV series, M*A*S*H TV series - Synopsis, M*A*S*H TV series - Goodbye Farewell and Amen, M*A*S*H TV series - Change in tone, M*A*S*H TV series - Facts, M*A*S*H TV series - Continuity errors and anachronisms, M*A*S*H TV series - Main characters, M*A*S*H TV series - Recurring characters, M*A*S*H TV series - Notable guest stars

Read more here: » M*A*S*H TV series: Encyclopedia II - M*A*S*H TV series - Goodbye Farewell and Amen

As the series progressed, it made a significant shift from pure comedy to become far more dramatically focused. In addition, the episodes became more political, often appearing to "preach" to its viewers. This has generally been connected with Alan Alda taking a more involved role in production, and many of the episodes in which this change is particularly notable were written and/or directed by Alda. Another significant factor was the change in the cast, as Henry Blake, Trapper John, Frank Burns, and Radar gradually left the show. Still another change as the series progressed was a greater focus on the supp ...

See also:

M*A*S*H TV series, M*A*S*H TV series - Synopsis, M*A*S*H TV series - Goodbye Farewell and Amen, M*A*S*H TV series - Change in tone, M*A*S*H TV series - Facts, M*A*S*H TV series - Continuity errors and anachronisms, M*A*S*H TV series - Main characters, M*A*S*H TV series - Recurring characters, M*A*S*H TV series - Notable guest stars

Read more here: » M*A*S*H TV series: Encyclopedia II - M*A*S*H TV series - Change in tone

Rashi was born at Troyes, northern France, in 1040 and died there in 1104 or 1105. He was reputedly descended from the Davidic line with lineage to the royal house of King David. He studied at Worms under Jacob ben Yakar, and at Mainz under Isaac ben Judah. He returned to Troyes at age 25, probably serving as Rabbi. About 1070 he founded a Yeshiva which attracted many disciples. It is thought by some that Rashi earned his living as a vintner, but there is no evidence for this. [1]. Although there are many legends about his travels, Rashi likely never went farther than from the Seine to the Rhine - the utmost limit of his tra ...

See also:

Rashi, Rashi - Biography, Rashi - Works, Rashi - Commentary on the Tanakh, Rashi - Commentary of the Talmud

Read more here: » Rashi: Encyclopedia II - Rashi - Biography

Note: Arranged alphabetically by actor. Years in parenthesis mark when the character appeared on the show; those without years were on the show for the entire series. Alan Alda as Captain Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce Gary Burghoff as Corporal Walter Eugene "Radar" O'Reilly (1972–1979) * William Christopher as 1st Lieutenant/Captain John Patrick Francis Mulcahy, Chaplain ** Jamie Farr as Corporal/Sgt. Maxwell Q. Klinger Mike Farrell as Captain B.J. Hunnicutt (1975–1983) See also:

M*A*S*H TV series, M*A*S*H TV series - Synopsis, M*A*S*H TV series - Goodbye Farewell and Amen, M*A*S*H TV series - Change in tone, M*A*S*H TV series - Facts, M*A*S*H TV series - Continuity errors and anachronisms, M*A*S*H TV series - Main characters, M*A*S*H TV series - Recurring characters, M*A*S*H TV series - Notable guest stars

Read more here: » M*A*S*H TV series: Encyclopedia II - M*A*S*H TV series - Main characters

With time, a secondary form of the word Hispania gained usage: Spania. According to Isidore of Seville, it is with the Visigothic domination of the zone that the idea of a peninsular unity is sought after, and the phrase Mother Hispania is first spoken. Up to that date, Hispania designated all of the peninsula's lands. In Historia Gothorum, the Visigoth Suinthila appears as the first king of "totius Spaniae"; the history's prologue is the well-known De laude Spaniae ("About Hispania's pride") ...

See also:

Hispania, Hispania - Origin of the Name, Hispania - Prehistory and Early History, Hispania - Roman Hispania, Hispania - The Hispanias, Hispania - Later History, Hispania - Visigoths and Arabs, Hispania - Sources and References, Hispania - Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese, Hispania - Other Modern sources, Hispania - Classical sources, Hispania - Exterior links

Read more here: » Hispania: Encyclopedia II - Hispania - Visigoths and Arabs

Christianity was introduced into Hispania in the first century and it became popular in the cities in the second century. Little headway was made in the countryside, however, until the late fourth century, by which time Christianity was the official religion of the Roman Empire. Some heretical sects emerged in Hispania but the Hispanic church remained subordinate to the Bishop of Rome. Bishops who had official civil as well as ecclesiastical status in the late empire continued to exercise their authority to maintain order when civil governme ...

See also:

Hispania, Hispania - Origin of the Name, Hispania - Prehistory and Early History, Hispania - Roman Hispania, Hispania - The Hispanias, Hispania - Later History, Hispania - Visigoths and Arabs, Hispania - Sources and References, Hispania - Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese, Hispania - Other Modern sources, Hispania - Classical sources, Hispania - Exterior links

Read more here: » Hispania: Encyclopedia II - Hispania - Later History

The name of the city, although spelled identically "Галич" in modern East Slavic languages, is pronounced as Halych in Ukrainian and as Galich in Russian. The Russian transliteration should be distinguished from Galich, Russia. In Polish the name is rendered as Halicz; in Yiddish - as העליטש (Helitsh/Heylitsh); in Latin - as Galic. The origin of this Slavic toponym is uncertain. Historians formerly believed it was of Celtic origin, relating it to many similar place names found across Europe, such as Gal ...

See also:

Halych, Halych - Name, Halych - Old Halych, Halych - New Halych

Read more here: » Halych: Encyclopedia II - Halych - Name

County of Edessa - Lordship of Turbessel. Turbessel was firstly the lordship of Joscelin I when he was not yet the Count of Edessa. It controlled the area west of the Euphrates, and held the border against Antioch. It then was a special holding of Courtenay counts of Edessa, and again became their seat after the loss of the city of Edessa. It was sold with the remaining parts of the County to the Byzantines just before it was conquered by Muslims. After the sale, the wife and family of Joscelin II moved wit ...

See also:

County of Edessa, County of Edessa - Foundation, County of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours, County of Edessa - Fall of the county, County of Edessa - Population and demographics, County of Edessa - Vassals of Edessa, County of Edessa - Lordship of Turbessel, County of Edessa - Counts of Edessa 1098-1149

Read more here: » County of Edessa: Encyclopedia II - County of Edessa - Vassals of Edessa

Baldwin II quickly became involved in the affairs of northern Syria and Asia Minor. He helped secure the ransom of Bohemund I of Antioch from the Danishmends in 1103, and, with Antioch, attacked the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia in 1104. Later in 1104, Edessa was attacked by Mosul, and both Baldwin and Joscelin were taken prisoner when they were defeated at the Battle of Harran. Bohemund's brother Tancred became regent in Edessa (although Richard of Salerno actually governed the territory), until Baldwin and Joscelin were ransomed in 1108. How ...

See also:

County of Edessa, County of Edessa - Foundation, County of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours, County of Edessa - Fall of the county, County of Edessa - Population and demographics, County of Edessa - Vassals of Edessa, County of Edessa - Lordship of Turbessel, County of Edessa - Counts of Edessa 1098-1149

Read more here: » County of Edessa: Encyclopedia II - County of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours

This volcano erupted in 2000, 1991, 1980, 1970, 1947, 1845, 1766, 1693, 1636, 1597, 1510, 1434, 1389, 1341, 1300, 1222, 1206, 1158 and 1104. One of the most significant eruptions was the massive Hekla III eruption of 1159 BC which threw 12 cubic kilometres of volcanic rock into the atmosphere and caused global tree ring events(arrested tree growth) which lasted for 18 years as well as numerous crop failures in Ancient Egypt. Its effects on the environment lasted almost 2 decades until approximately 1141 BC. Main eruptions in prehistoric times: H5: 6600 BP H4: 4 ...

See also:

Hekla, Hekla - Famous eruptions, Hekla - Eruptions in historical times

Read more here: » Hekla: Encyclopedia II - Hekla - Eruptions in historical times

The term Hispania is Latin and the term Iberia Greek. Surviving Roman texts always use "Hispania" (first mentioned 200 BC by the poet Quintus Ennius) while Greek texts always employ "Iberia." To substitute Spanish for Iberian or for Hispanicus is anachronistic and misleading, since Iberia and Hispania refer not just to modern Spain but to the whole peninsula; Hispania can also rarely include the western part of ...

See also:

Hispania, Hispania - Origin of the Name, Hispania - Prehistory and Early History, Hispania - Roman Hispania, Hispania - The Hispanias, Hispania - Later History, Hispania - Visigoths and Arabs, Hispania - Sources and References, Hispania - Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese, Hispania - Other Modern sources, Hispania - Classical sources, Hispania - Exterior links

Read more here: » Hispania: Encyclopedia II - Hispania - Origin of the Name

During the first stages of romanization, the peninsula was divided in two by the Romans for administrative purposes, and so there were two Hispanias. The closest one to Rome was called Citerior and the more remote one Ulterior. The frontier between both Hispanias was a sinuous line which ran from Cartago Nova (now Cartagena) to the Cantabrian Sea. Hispania Ulterior comprised what are now Andalusia, Portugal, Extremadura, León, a great portion of the former Castilla la Vieja, Galicia, As ...

See also:

Hispania, Hispania - Origin of the Name, Hispania - Prehistory and Early History, Hispania - Roman Hispania, Hispania - The Hispanias, Hispania - Later History, Hispania - Visigoths and Arabs, Hispania - Sources and References, Hispania - Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese, Hispania - Other Modern sources, Hispania - Classical sources, Hispania - Exterior links

Read more here: » Hispania: Encyclopedia II - Hispania - The Hispanias

The Iberian peninsula has long been inhabited, first by Early Hominids, such as Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis and Homo antecessor. In the Paleolithic period, the Neanderthal enters Iberia and there will eventually take refuge from the advancing migrations of Modern Humans. In the 40th millennium BC, during the Upper Paleolithic and the Last Ice Age, the first large settlement of Europe by Modern Humans occurs, these where Nomadic Hunter-gathereres coming from the of the Steppes of Central Asia, characterized by the M173 mutation in the ...

See also:

Hispania, Hispania - Origin of the Name, Hispania - Prehistory and Early History, Hispania - Roman Hispania, Hispania - The Hispanias, Hispania - Later History, Hispania - Visigoths and Arabs, Hispania - Sources and References, Hispania - Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese, Hispania - Other Modern sources, Hispania - Classical sources, Hispania - Exterior links

Read more here: » Hispania: Encyclopedia II - Hispania - Prehistory and Early History

Before the advent of mass transportation, factories' needs for ever-greater concentrations of workers meant that they typically grew up in an urban setting or fostered their own urbanisation. Industrial slums developed, and re-enforced their own development through the interactions between factories, as when one factory's output or waste-product became the raw materials of another factory (preferably nearby). Canals and railways grew as factories spread, each clustering around sources of cheap energy, available materials and/or mass markets. ...

See also:

Factory, Factory - Word usage, Factory - History of the factory, Factory - Siting the factory, Factory - Governing the factory

Read more here: » Factory: Encyclopedia II - Factory - Siting the factory

Venice is famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of more than 100 islands (118 in total) formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot. In the 19th century a causeway to the mainland brought a railway station to Venice, and an automobile causeway and parking lot was added in the 20th century. Beyond these land entrances at the northern edge of ...

See also:

Venice, Venice - History, Venice - Naval and military affairs, Venice - Transport, Venice - Demographics, Venice - Places of note, Venice - Sestieri, Venice - Piazzas and Campi of Venice, Venice - Palaces, Venice - Churches, Venice - Other buildings, Venice - Bridges and channels, Venice - Surroundings, Venice - Sinking of Venice, Venice - Venice in culture the arts and fiction, Venice - Miscellaneous, Venice - Famous Venetians, Venice - Foreign words of Venetian origin, Venice - Bibliography, Venice - Scholarship, Venice - Other

Read more here: » Venice: Encyclopedia II - Venice - Transport

Another invitation came from Thoros of Edessa, where Baldwin was adopted as Thoros' son and successor. When Thoros was assassinated in March of 1098, Baldwin became the first count of Edessa, although it is unknown if he played any role in the assassination. He ruled the county until 1100, marrying Arda, the daughter of Thoros I of Armenia, and acting as an ambassador between the crusaders and Armenians. During these two years he captured Samosata and Seruj (Sarorgia) from the Muslims, and defeated a conspiracy by some of his Armenian ...

See also:

Baldwin I of Jerusalem, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Early life, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - First Crusade, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Count of Edessa, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - King of Jerusalem, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Expansion of the kingdom, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Death, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Personal life, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Sources

Read more here: » Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Count of Edessa

In 1096 he joined the First Crusade with his brothers Godfrey and Eustace III of Boulogne, selling much of his property to the church in order to pay for his expenses. His wife Godehilde (or Godvera) also accompanied him. This was the second movement of crusaders; the first, the People's Crusade, had been composed of the lower classes and caused much destruction on their march before being destroyed in Asia Minor. When Godfrey passed through Hungary, King Coloman demanded a hostage to ensure their good conduct, and Baldwin was handed ...

See also:

Baldwin I of Jerusalem, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Early life, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - First Crusade, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Count of Edessa, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - King of Jerusalem, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Expansion of the kingdom, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Death, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Personal life, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Sources

Read more here: » Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Baldwin I of Jerusalem - First Crusade

The German crusaders, consisting of Franconians, Bavarians, and Swabians, left by land, also in May 1147. Ottokar III of Styria joined Conrad at Vienna, and Conrad's enemy Geza II of Hungary was finally convinced to let them pass through unharmed. When the army arrived in Byzantine territory, Manuel feared they were going to attack him, and Byzantine troops were posted to ensure that there was no trouble. There was a brief skirmish with some of the more unruly Germans near Philippopolis and in Adrianople, where the Byzantine general Prosouch ...

See also:

Second Crusade, Second Crusade - Background, Second Crusade - Reaction in the west, Second Crusade - Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade, Second Crusade - Preparations, Second Crusade - The crusade in Spain and Portugal, Second Crusade - German departure, Second Crusade - French departure, Second Crusade - Journey to Jerusalem, Second Crusade - Council of Acre, Second Crusade - Siege of Damascus, Second Crusade - Aftermath

Read more here: » Second Crusade: Encyclopedia II - Second Crusade - German departure