See also Veneti. The city was founded as a result of the influx of refugees into the marshes of the Po estuary following the invasion of northern Italy by the Lombards in 568. In the mid-8th century, the Venetians resisted the empire-building efforts of Pepin III and remained subject to the Byzantine Empire, at least theoretically. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, an increasingly anti-Eastern character emerged, leading to the growth of autonomy and eventual independence under the rulership of ...

See also:

Venice, Venice - History, Venice - Naval and military affairs, Venice - Transport, Venice - Demographics, Venice - Places of note, Venice - Sestieri, Venice - Piazzas and Campi of Venice, Venice - Palaces, Venice - Churches, Venice - Other buildings, Venice - Bridges and channels, Venice - Surroundings, Venice - Sinking of Venice, Venice - Venice in culture the arts and fiction, Venice - Miscellaneous, Venice - Famous Venetians, Venice - Foreign words of Venetian origin, Venice - Bibliography, Venice - Scholarship, Venice - Other

Read more here: » Venice: Encyclopedia II - Venice - History

Following closure of the Bunhill Fields Burial Ground, its future remained uncertain for a while since its lessee, the City of London Corporation, was perilously close to expiry of its lease, scheduled for Christmas 1867. In a move to prevent the land from being built upon on expiry of the lease, the Corporation formed a Special Bunhill Fields Burial Ground Committee in 1865 which became for ...

See also:

Bunhill Fields, Bunhill Fields - Historical background, Bunhill Fields - Opening as a burial ground, Bunhill Fields - Closure as a burial ground, Bunhill Fields - Opening as a community garden, Bunhill Fields - Notable graves

Read more here: » Bunhill Fields: Encyclopedia II - Bunhill Fields - Opening as a community garden

Warangal was the capital of a Hindu kingdom ruled by the Kakatiya dynasty from the 12th to the 14th centuries. The Kakatiyas left many monuments, including an impressive fortress, four massive stone gateways, the Swayambhu temple dedicated to Shiva, and the Ramappa temple situated near Ramappa Lake. The cultural and administrative distinction of the Kakatiyas was mentioned by the famous traveller Marco Polo. Famous or well-known rules included Ganapathi Deva, Prathapa Ru ...

See also:

Warangal, Warangal - History, Warangal - Tourist attractions

Read more here: » Warangal: Encyclopedia II - Warangal - History

The Venice Arsenal provides the first example of a factory in the modern sense of the word. Founded in 1104 in Venice, Italy, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, it mass-produced ships on assembly lines using manufactured parts. The Venice Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day and, at its height, employed 16,000 people. Apart from that, many historians regard Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory (established in 1761 in Birmingham) as the first modern factory. (Other claims might be made for John Lombe ...

See also:

Factory, Factory - Word usage, Factory - History of the factory, Factory - Siting the factory, Factory - Governing the factory

Read more here: » Factory: Encyclopedia II - Factory - History of the factory

The diocese was formed in 1060, in what was then Danish territory, by seperation of the Diocese of Roskilde. The provinces of (north-western) Scania and Halland were under its juridiction. The two other provinces in terra Scaniae, Blekinge and Bornholm, were on the other hand under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Dalby. At earliest 1067, the Dalby diocese was however merged into the Lund diocese. In 1104, the diocese became the primate over Denmark, but also over both Norway and Sweden. Before soon however, Norway got its own archbishop -- in 1152 -- and in 1164, St ...

See also:

Diocese of Lund, Diocese of Lund - History, Diocese of Lund - Resource

Read more here: » Diocese of Lund: Encyclopedia II - Diocese of Lund - History

from: H.Grote: Stammtafeln, Leipzig 1877, S. 506 ==> "http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Bisch%C3%B6fe_von_Bremen" ...

See also:

Archbishopric of Bremen, Archbishopric of Bremen - Archbishops of Bremen 787-865, Archbishopric of Bremen - in Personal-Union with Archbishops of Hamburg 865-1072, Archbishopric of Bremen - Archbishops of Bremen 1072-, Archbishopric of Bremen - Protestant Administrators of Bremen 1558-1648

Read more here: » Archbishopric of Bremen: Encyclopedia II - Archbishopric of Bremen - Archbishops of Bremen 1072-

Written mention of Halych by Slavic chronicles dates back to 1138. Most comprehensive records about Halych are found in the Hypatian Codex of the Primary Chronicle. In 1141 Prince (knyaz) Volodymyrko Volodarovych (1104-1152) who united the competing principalities of Peremyshl, Zvenyhorod and Terebovlya into the state of Halychyna transferred his capital from Zvenyhorod, to Halych making it the seat of his Rurikid dynasty and c ...

See also:

Halych, Halych - Name, Halych - Old Halych, Halych - New Halych

Read more here: » Halych: Encyclopedia II - Halych - Old Halych

After the First Crusade and the minor Crusade of 1101 there were three crusader states established in the east: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa. A fourth, the County of Tripoli, was established in 1109. Edessa was the most northerly of these, and also the weakest and least populated; as such, it was subject to frequent attacks from the surrounding Muslim states ruled by the Ortoqids, Danishmends, and Seljuk Turks. Count Baldwin II and future count Joscelin of Courtenay were taken captive after ...

See also:

Second Crusade, Second Crusade - Background, Second Crusade - Reaction in the west, Second Crusade - Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade, Second Crusade - Preparations, Second Crusade - The crusade in Spain and Portugal, Second Crusade - German departure, Second Crusade - French departure, Second Crusade - Journey to Jerusalem, Second Crusade - Council of Acre, Second Crusade - Siege of Damascus, Second Crusade - Aftermath

Read more here: » Second Crusade: Encyclopedia II - Second Crusade - Background

The Latin population of the kingdom was always small; although a steady stream of settlers and new crusaders continually arrived, most of those who fought in the First Crusade simply went home. The Latins were little more than a superstrate over the native Muslim and Syrian population. But Jerusalem came to be known as Outremer, the French word for "overseas," and as new generations grew up in the kingdom, they also began to think of themselves as native easterners, rather than immigrants. Thus, in many senses, they behaved and thought more ...

See also:

Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Foundation and early history, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Demographics, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Economy, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Government and legal system, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Jerusalem in the mid-12th century, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Disaster and recovery, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, Kingdom of Jerusalem - The Kingdom of Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Arms of Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Primary sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Secondary sources

Read more here: » Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom

The major part of the Punic Wars, fought between the Punic Carthaginians and the Romans, was fought on Iberian lands. Rome gained control of the Iberian Peninsula in 201 BC after the defeat of Carthage in the Second Punic War. By then the Romans had adopted the Carthaginian name, romanized first as Ispania. The term later received an H, much like what happened with Hibernia, and was pluralized as Hispanias< ...

See also:

Hispania, Hispania - Origin of the Name, Hispania - Prehistory and Early History, Hispania - Roman Hispania, Hispania - The Hispaniae 'Spains', Hispania - Later History, Hispania - Visigoths and Arabs, Hispania - Sources and References, Hispania - Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese, Hispania - Other Modern sources, Hispania - Classical sources

Read more here: » Hispania: Encyclopedia II - Hispania - Roman Hispania

After Godfrey's death in July of 1100 he was invited to Jerusalem by the supporters of a secular monarchy. He granted Edessa to a cousin, Baldwin of Bourcq, and on the way to Jerusalem he was ambushed by Duqaq of Damascus near Beirut. Duqaq’s troops were defeated and there was no further trouble on the way to Jerusalem, where he arrived at the beginning of November. In Jerusalem Baldwin was opposed by his old enemy Tancred, as well as the new patriarch, Dagobert of Pisa, who would have preferred to set up a theocratic state while Go ...

See also:

Baldwin I of Jerusalem, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Early life, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - First Crusade, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Count of Edessa, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - King of Jerusalem, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Expansion of the kingdom, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Death, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Personal life, Baldwin I of Jerusalem - Sources

Read more here: » Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Baldwin I of Jerusalem - King of Jerusalem

Montlhéry lay on the strategically important road from Paris to Orléans. It was an old Gaulish site, called Mons Aetricus by the Romans. Under the Merovingians it was owned by the church in Reims, and in 768 it was given to the abbey of St. Denis in Paris. is famous for its castle, of which only the tower remains today. The castle was built in the 11th century to replace an older castle, built from 991 to 1015. It was the site of a number of battles between the lords ...

See also:

Montlhéry, Montlhéry - History, Montlhéry - List of lords of Montlhéry, Montlhéry - Economy, Montlhéry - Famous residents

Read more here: » Montlhéry: Encyclopedia II - Montlhéry - History

The major part of the Punic Wars, fought between the Punic Carthaginians and the Romans, was fought on Iberian lands. Rome gained control of the Iberian Peninsula in 201 BC after the defeat of Carthage in the Second Punic War. By then the Romans had adopted the Carthaginian name, romanized first as Ispania. The term later received an H, much like what happened with Hibernia, and was pluralized as Hispanias< ...

See also:

Hispania, Hispania - Origin of the Name, Hispania - Prehistory and Early History, Hispania - Roman Hispania, Hispania - The Hispanias, Hispania - Later History, Hispania - Visigoths and Arabs, Hispania - Sources and References, Hispania - Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese, Hispania - Other Modern sources, Hispania - Classical sources, Hispania - Exterior links

Read more here: » Hispania: Encyclopedia II - Hispania - Roman Hispania

In 1144, Joscelin was able to make an alliance with Kara Aslan, the Ortoqid ruler of Diyarbakir, against the growing power and influence of Zengi. Joscelin marched out of Edessa with almost his entire army to support Kara Aslan against Aleppo. Zengi, already seeking to take advantage of Fulk's death in 1143, hurried north to besiege Edessa, arriving on November 28. The city had been warned of his arrival and was prepared for a siege, but there was little they could d ...

See also:

Siege of Edessa, Siege of Edessa - Background, Siege of Edessa - The siege, Siege of Edessa - Aftermath, Siege of Edessa - Sources

Read more here: » Siege of Edessa: Encyclopedia II - Siege of Edessa - The siege

Lordships in the Kingdom of Jerusalem were usually hereditary, in principle, but in practice the circumstances were such that their holders did not form long uninterrupted lines of inheritance, which was contrary to the usual patterns of succession in Europe. Firstly, in the early years of the kingdom, lords sought out their own territories, and lordships changed hands often. Secondly, the average lifespan of male lords in Palestine was rather low, due to the constant state of warfare and violence, which led to inheritances by females and/or ...

See also:

Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

Read more here: » Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem

The earliest recorded eruption of Hekla took place in the ninth century, although very likely there had been many before that date. Since then there have been between twenty and thirty considerable eruptions, with the mountain sometimes remaining active for periods of six years with little pause. Hekla took a long rest of more than sixty years duration prior to 1845, when it suddenly burst forth on September 2 (Anonymous, 1872): After a violent storm on the night of the 2nd of September in that year, the surface of the ground ...

See also:

Hekla, Hekla - Famous eruptions, Hekla - Eruptions in historical times

Read more here: » Hekla: Encyclopedia II - Hekla - Famous eruptions

In 1098, Baldwin of Boulogne left the main Crusading army, which was travelling south towards Antioch and Jerusalem, and went first south into Cilicia, then east to Edessa. There, he convinced its lord, Thoros, to adopt him as a son and heir. Thoros was a Greek Orthodox, and was disliked by his Armenian Orthodox subjects; he was soon assassinated, although it is unknown if Baldwin had any part in this. In any case, Baldwin became the new ruler, taking the title of Count (having been Count o ...

See also:

County of Edessa, County of Edessa - Foundation, County of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours, County of Edessa - Fall of the county, County of Edessa - Population and demographics, County of Edessa - Vassals of Edessa, County of Edessa - Lordship of Turbessel, County of Edessa - Counts of Edessa 1098-1149

Read more here: » County of Edessa: Encyclopedia II - County of Edessa - Foundation

Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad emirs. Khalid ibn al-Walid (635-636) Abu Ubaid (636-637) Amr ibn al-Aas (637-640) Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan (640) Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (640-661) Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty ruling in Damascus. Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan (661-680) Yazid I ibn Muawiyah (680-683) Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683-684) Marwan I ibn Hakam (684-685) Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705)See also:

Rulers of Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Canaanite, Rulers of Damascus - Aram Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Period of non-independence, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty ruling in Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Abbasid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Fatimid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Seljuk emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Burid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Zengid atabegs, Rulers of Damascus - Ayyubid sultans, Rulers of Damascus - Mameluk Bahrid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Ottoman walis, Rulers of Damascus - Hashemite kingdom, Rulers of Damascus - Capital of Syria

Read more here: » Rulers of Damascus: Encyclopedia II - Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty

In September 1108, Alexius requested that Bohemund negotiate with him at the imperial camp at Diabolis (Devol). Bohemund had no choice but to accept, now that his disease-stricken army would no longer be able to defeat Alexius in battle. He admitted that he had violated the oath sworn in 1097, but refused to acknowledge that it had any bearing on the present circumstances, as Alexius, in Bohemund's eyes, had also violated the agreement by turning back from the siege of Antioch in 1098. Alexius agreed to consider the oaths of 1097 invalid. Th ...

See also:

Treaty of Devol, Treaty of Devol - Background, Treaty of Devol - Settlements, Treaty of Devol - Outcome

Read more here: » Treaty of Devol: Encyclopedia II - Treaty of Devol - Settlements

The Japanese calendars prior to 1873 were derived from the Chinese. Japan adopted the Chinese calendar in 645. To convert a Japanese year to a Western year, find the first year of the nengō (=era name, see list below). When found, subtract 1, and add the number of the Japanese year. For example, the 23rd year of the Showa Era (Showa 23) would be 1948 ... 1926 − 1 = 1925, then 1925 + 23 = 1948. 645 大化 Taika 650 白雉 Hakuchi (era) 686 朱鳥 Shuchō 701 ...

See also:

Japanese era name, Japanese era name - Overview, Japanese era name - Historical nengō, Japanese era name - Nengō in Modern Japan, Japanese era name - Conversion table from nengō to Gregorian calendar years, Japanese era name - Unofficial nengō system 私年号

Read more here: » Japanese era name: Encyclopedia II - Japanese era name - Conversion table from nengō to Gregorian calendar years

A letter to TV Guide written by a former M*A*S*H doctor in about 1973 stated that the most insane jokes and idiotic pranks on the show were the most true to life, including Klinger's crossdressing. The hellish reality of the M*A*S*H units encouraged this behavior out of a desperate need for something to laugh at. (Another former M*A*S*Her, though, pointed out later that a habitual crossdresser wouldn't last long ...

See also:

M*A*S*H TV series, M*A*S*H TV series - Synopsis, M*A*S*H TV series - Goodbye Farewell and Amen, M*A*S*H TV series - Change in tone, M*A*S*H TV series - Facts, M*A*S*H TV series - Continuity errors and anachronisms, M*A*S*H TV series - Main characters, M*A*S*H TV series - Recurring characters, M*A*S*H TV series - Notable guest stars

Read more here: » M*A*S*H TV series: Encyclopedia II - M*A*S*H TV series - Synopsis